Aeration Method Research Articles

Experimental investigation of dissolved oxygen improving aeration efficiency by hydraulic jumps

The dissolved oxygen (DO) level in water is vital for water quality and supporting aquatic life. Hydraulic jumps involve rapid flow changes from super-critical to sub-critical, visible at abrupt bed slope shifts, like at spillway bases in rivers or canals. The hydraulic jump efficiently mixes oxygen from air into water and offers a cost-effective method of aeration by entraining air bubbles in the stream to improve oxygen transfer compared to traditional systems. The objective of this experimental research is to investigate the aeration performance with hydraulic jump parameters and establish correlations crucial to measuring aeration (or transfer) efficiency. Relationships between transfer efficiency, jump height, jump length, sequent depth ratio, discharge, inlet Froude number, and channel bed slope were determined. To investigate the nature of such relationships, a series of experiments were conducted in a rectangular tilt flume to test the aeration performance of forced submerged hydraulic jumps with five different discharges and five different smooth bed slopes. The inlet Froude number before the jump varied from 2.18 to 8.23. Experimental observation confirms a positive relationship between transfer efficiency and jump control parameters. During experimentation, transfer efficiency was found to vary between 9.4 % and 34 %. This research includes estimating the optimal transfer efficiency due to hydraulic jumps, which can help hydraulic engineers in building structures that can revitalize any degraded stream.

Aeration treatment promotes transformation of soil phosphorus fractions to plant-available phosphorus by modulating rice rhizosphere microbiota

Microorganisms play an important role in affecting the content of available phosphorus (P) in plant rhizosphere soil. However, the effect of aeration on available P in rice rhizosphere soil and its microbial mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of aeration strategies on available P and P-solubilizing microorganisms in rhizosphere soil, employing three different aeration methods (continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)). We analyzed the bacterial and fungal community structures in rice rhizosphere soil via Illumina sequencing techniques and quantified the abundance of P transformation functional genes related to inorganic P solubilization (pqqC) and organic P mineralization (phoC, phoD, and appA) through quantitative PCR. Our findings revealed that the AWD treatment significantly increased soil pH and Eh; Both AWD and CFA treatments markedly increased soil Olsen-P content at the tillering and heading stages, as well as the microbial carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (MBC/MBP) at the heading and maturity stages. Cluster analysis showed distinct bacterial communities at the heading and maturity stages under AWD, which differed from those in other treatments. Fungal communities at the tillering and heading stages under CFA and AWD grouped together. AWD and CFA treatments consistently enhanced labile-P in the rhizosphere soil throughout the entire growth stages, while reducing moderately labile-P during the tillering and heading stages. Compared to CF, at the heading and maturity stages, the copy numbers of pqqC, phoD, phoC, and appA were higher under AWD compared to other treatments. In conclusion, this study posits that the increase in Olsen-P in paddy fields due to aeration results from improved oxygen conditions in the rhizosphere, alterations in pH and Eh, effects on microbial stoichiometry, and adjustments in the abundance and composition of P-solubilizing microorganisms, thereby promoting P transformation. This conclusion provides new insights into the conversion of soil P Fractions into plant-available forms.

Experimental Study on the Treatment of Produced Water from Carbon Dioxide Drive by Aeration Method

Abstract To further explore the effective development of produced water treatment technologies suitable for low to ultra-low permeability oil fields, and to clarify the water quality characteristics of produced water from CO2 flooding. A study was conducted on the basic water quality characteristics of produced water from low to ultra-low permeability oil fields. Indoor CO2 gas removal experiments were conducted using the aeration method under 40°C atmospheric pressure conditions. The research results indicate that the CO2 content in the extracted water is one of the important influencing factors for the changes in characteristic parameters such as water pH, mineralization, and corrosion rate; Under the condition of 40°C atmospheric pressure test, the aeration method has a significant treatment effect on the produced water from CO2 flooding, which can effectively remove 70% of the CO2 in the water, thereby improving the pH of the water to 8, and effectively inhibiting the corrosion rate of the produced water below 0.076mm/a.

Numerical investigation of the performance and flow field of an annular jet pump with throat aeration

The method of throat aeration was used to improve the performance of the annular jet pump (AJP). In order to study the influence of throat aeration on the performance and flow field of the AJP, the CFD method was used. The results show that at a low flow rate ratio ( q) the appropriate aeration rate can narrow or even eliminate the recirculation region. Meanwhile, the efficiency of AJP is improved at a medium-to-high q. Notably, the maximum increase in efficiency is 7.32% at q = 0.7 and the optimal aeration rate should be between 1% and 2%. Since the dynamic viscosity of air is much lower than water, a small amount of air attached to the wall can reduce friction loss. The air flows along the wall after the air aerated into the throat, reducing the shear stress between the high-speed jet and the wall. At a low q, most of the area in the throat is the high efficiency drag reduction region which the drag reduction rate exceeds 80%. Moreover, the high efficiency drag reduction region extends toward the diffuser when the q is high. In addition, throat aeration can optimize the pressure distribution near the wall and axis.

Effect of Fine-Pore Aeration Tube Layout on Dissolved Oxygen Distribution and Aeration Performance in Large-Scale Pond

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a crucial water quality characteristic in the cultivation of vannamei shrimp. Increasing the DO concentration in shrimp ponds can be carried out using the aeration method with a tool called an aerator. In this study, types of fine-pore aeration tubes are chosen. This aerator offers multiple benefits, such as superior aeration efficiency, effortless installation, and minimal clogging. In practice, fine-pore aeration tubes can be arranged according to needs, so the layout used can influence the resulting aeration performance. This research uses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to analyze DO distribution, water circulation, and aeration performance (KLa20, SOTR, and SOTE) produced in various aerator layouts, namely straight-type, ring-type, and square-type, in a vannamei shrimp pond. The results show that the straight-type layout has the best DO distribution because it is spread throughout the pond area. The square-type layout has the best water circulation because it has the largest area with water velocities of less than 5 cm/s. The optimal aeration performance was achieved with the straight-type layout, which demonstrated a KLa20 value of 3.16 h−1, SOTR value of 19.20 kg/h, and SOTE of 29.30%.

The Value of Hay Provided in Different Phases of Alfalfa Development

This article presents the results of research on the study of the chemical composition, digestibility, energy value of hay from alfalfa-rump grass mixture, harvested by the method of active aeration in different phases of alfalfa development, the productive properties of hay of different quality when fattening bulls in the dry steppe zone of the Nakhchivan. The amount of digestible energy decreased as the plants aged. Its highest concentration (12.8 MJ per 1 kg of dry matter) was observed during the budding phase. Then a decrease in this indicator was recorded by 0.8 MJ in the flowering phase and by 1.5 MJ during seed formation. The same pattern was noted for the content of metabolic energy in hay. Thus, the greatest amount was in hay harvested during the budding phase — 8.3 MJ per 1 kg. During the flowering phase, the amount of metabolic energy in 1 kg of hay decreased by 0.4 MJ, and seed formation by 1.2. Thus, the coefficient of digestibility of dry matter was higher than similar indicators during later harvesting by 4.01 and 7.05%, respectively. Crude protein in early harvested hay was digested better than in hay prepared in the phase of flowering and the beginning of alfalfa seed formation, by 11.83 and 18.03%, crude fiber — by 3.0-3.26%. A significant difference was also noted in digestion of raw fat. The digestibility of this substance decreased noticeably as plants aged. A decrease in the digestibility of nitrogen-free extractives was observed in hay during the seed formation phase. Calculations carried out on the basis of actual material obtained in the experiment show that when feeding hay harvested at the beginning of alfalfa budding, the yield of bull calves (increase in live weight) per 1 hectare of harvested area increases by 27.6% compared with harvesting in the flowering phase and 3.1 times in the seed formation phase.

Use of Nanobubbles to Improve Mass Transfer in Bioprocesses

Nanobubble technology has emerged as a transformative approach in bioprocessing, significantly enhancing mass-transfer efficiency for effective microbial activity. Characterized by their nanometric size and high internal pressure, nanobubbles possess distinct properties such as prolonged stability and minimal rise velocities, allowing them to remain suspended in liquid media for extended periods. These features are particularly beneficial in bioprocesses involving aerobic strains, where they help overcome common obstacles, such as increased culture viscosity and diffusion limitations, that traditionally impede efficient mass transfer. For instance, in an experimental setup, nanobubble aeration achieved 10% higher soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal compared to traditional aeration methods. Additionally, nanobubble-aerated systems demonstrated a 55.03% increase in caproic acid concentration when supplemented with air nanobubble water, reaching up to 15.10 g/L. These results underscore the potential of nanobubble technology for optimizing bioprocess efficiency and sustainability. This review delineates the important role of the mass-transfer coefficient (kL) in evaluating these interactions and underscores the significance of nanobubbles in improving bioprocess efficiency. The integration of nanobubble technology in bioprocessing not only improves gas exchange and substrate utilization but also bolsters microbial growth and metabolic performance. The potential of nanobubble technology to improve the mass-transfer efficiency in biotechnological applications is supported by emerging research. However, to fully leverage these benefits, it is essential to conduct further empirical studies to specifically assess their impacts on bioprocess efficacy and scalability. Such research will provide the necessary data to validate the practical applications of nanobubbles and identify any limitations that need to be addressed in industrial settings.

Aerobic composting characteristics of corn straw and pig manure under dynamic aeration

ABSTRACT The conventional aeration method is compulsorily continuous ventilation or aeration at equal intervals, and a uniform aeration rate does not vary during composting. A dynamic on-demand aeration approach based on the diverse oxygen consumption of microorganisms at different composting stages could solve the problems of insufficient oxygen supply or excessive aeration. This study aims to design an aerobic composting system with dynamic aeration, investigate the effects of dynamic aeration on the temperature rise and physicochemical characteristics during the aerobic composting of corn straw and pig manure, and optimise the control parameters of oxygen concentration. Higher temperatures and longer high-temperature durations were achieved under dynamic aeration, thereby accelerating the decomposition of organic compounds. Dynamic aeration effectively reduced the aeration frequency, the convective latent heat and moisture losses, and the power consumption in the middle and later stages of composting. The dynamic aeration regulated according to the oxygen concentration of 14%–17% in the exhaust was optimum. Under the optimal conditions, the period above 50 ℃ lasted 8.5 days, and the highest temperature, organic matter removal, and seed germination index reached 65.82 ℃, 37.59%, and 74.59%, respectively. The power consumption was decreased by 33.58% compared to the traditional intermittent aeration. Dynamic aeration would be a competitive approach for improving aerobic composting characteristics and reducing the power consumption and the hot exhaust gas emissions, especially in the cooling maturation stage, which was of great significance for realising the low-cost production of composting at scale and promoting the blossom of the organic fertiliser industry.

Reusing biofloc-culture water and microbubble aeration for culturing the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study investigated the effects of reusing biofloc-culture water for culturing the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Experiments were conducted for two continuous cycles without water exchange for 30 days during the nursery stage. The studies were performed with two different aeration systems, namely microbubbles (MB) and large air bubbles (LB). Water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, settleable solids (SS), and total suspended solids (TSS) were recorded throughout the culture days. Also, comparisons were performed on parameters of the shrimp growth, i.e., body weight and length, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rates (SGR) for the 30-day culture for Cycles 1 and 2. Cycle 2 showed no deterioration in water quality and no significant difference in growth performance compared to Cycle 1 for either aeration method (MB and LB). However, when comparing between aeration methods, MB aeration significantly improved the DO of the water and accelerated the conversion of TAN to nitrate. Shrimps in the MB aeration system were significantly larger (by 39%) with a lower FCR value (reduced by 30%) than in the LB aeration system. Harmful bacteria from the Vibro group were detected. However, they occurred at a minimum level in both cycles and aeration types. Overall, the biofloc-culture water might be reused for the subsequent cycle, while the MB aeration might promote the growth of biofloc and L. vannamei.

Research on development and quantitative control preparation technology of array-type microfine bubbles generator

In traditional wastewater treatment, ozone injection efficiency is low. There is a need for the quantitative preparation of ozone-based microfine bubbles to balance bubble stability and ozone reactivity. To address this, we developed coaxial and T-type ozone-based microfine bubble generators and conducted experiments to compare their bubble production effects. The more effective generator was then compared with the traditional aeration method. The results indicate the following: 1. The coaxial type is more effective in producing ozone-based microfine bubbles. 2. The bubbles produced by the coaxial type have an average diameter of 0.2–0.4 mm and a residence time of ∼2 min, meeting microfine bubble standards. Experimental data analysis shows compliance with the force process and bubble growth mechanism under coaxial flow, meeting the requirements for quantitative and controllable ozone-based microfine bubble production. 3. Ozone bubbles from the coaxial method surpass those from traditional aeration in volume and concentration. More than 99.73% are microfine bubbles, with an ozone concentration of ∼84.5%. 4. The coaxial method more effectively reduces COD values in water, contributing to efficient wastewater treatment. This research presents new avenues for efficient sewage treatment.

Enhancing wastewater treatment with a novel separated algae membrane oxygenated activated sludge reactor

In this investigation, a separated algae membrane oxygenated activated sludge wastewater treatment reactor was developed. During the phase of aeration pump absence, the system, featuring a separated algae biofilm oxygenation activated sludge mechanism with an internal reflux ratio of 5 and a C/N ratio of 10, demonstrated remarkable efficiency in pollutant removal. Specifically, it achieved COD, TN, NH4+-N, and TP removal rates of 96.6 %, 81.9 %, 98.6 %, and 95.5 %, respectively. Despite a decline in dissolved oxygen (DO) during the transition of wastewater from the algae membrane reactor to the aerobic tank, the internal circulation reflux ratio of 5 ensured that the oxygen-enriched effluent from the algae membrane photoreactor maintained a stable DO level in the aerobic tank, ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 mg/L, thus meeting the oxygen demand of the activated sludge. Alterations in the aeration method had a notable impact on the diversity of the microbial community. Notably, the community shifted from bacteria adapted to intermittent aeration to those acclimated to internal recirculation for oxygen supply. The dominant microbial position was reinforced, with the Patescibacteria phylum and the norank_f__norank_o __ Saccharimonadales genus emerging as the dominant entities within the community. Under internal circulation reflux aeration, filamentous green algae persisted, resulting in a significant increase in biomass and chlorophyll content by 3.07 and 2.93 times, respectively. Furthermore, microalgae exhibited elevated protein and polysaccharide content, which increased by 3.14 and 3.16 times, respectively, due to the influence of the internal circulation reflux process, promoting the maturation of the algae membrane.

The Efektivitas Jet Aerator dalam Pengolahan Limbah Cair Penyamakan Kulit

Finished leather, a primary material for making shoes, bags, and wallets, is processed through tanning to remove veins and feathers. Liquid waste contains a high demand for chemical oxygen (COD), chloride, chromium, and sulfide that can affect river water quality if not treated further. This research was conducted at PT X in Malang City, where liquid waste treatment using an aerator is considered less effective. The tool used in this study is a jet aerator to increase the spread of oxygen in the aeration process. The study aimed to assess changes in the characteristics of tanning liquid waste (pH, temperature, total suspended solids/TSS), and COD) and the effectiveness of using jet aerators in aeration methods in tanning liquid waste treatment. Aeration is carried out for three days. The treatment carried out is aerator + 15 L (A15), jet aerator + 15 L (JA15), and jet aerator + 20 L (JA20). The data were analyzed using Factorial Complete Randomized Design followed by the Smallest Significant Difference test. pH and temperature have met quality standards, while TSS and COD have not. The results showed that the jet aerator +15 L (JA15) decreased maximum tanning liquid waste characteristics on day 1. In contrast, aerator +15 L (A15) and jet aerator +20 L (JA20) decreased maximum waste characteristics on day 2. The jet aerator+15 L (JA15) treatment provides the highest effectiveness value compared to other treatments. COD decreased 49.2%, and TSS decreased 49.7%. Keywords: jet aerator, leather tanning liquid waste

Removal efficiency and mechanism of geosmin by modified micro-nano bubbles in drinking water treatment process

The problem of odor and taste caused by geosmin had been widely discussed globally. While existing water treatment processes were difficult to remove geosmin cleanly and efficiently, and the traditional aeration method of micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) led to low removal efficiency due to the low probability of collision between the bubbles and the contaminants. In this study, micro-nano bubble modification technique was used to improve the removal efficiency. Three surface modifiers, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), chitosan (CTS), and poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDADMAC), were selected for this study. The effects of the surface modifiers on the properties of MNBs and the effects of these changes on the removal efficiency of GSM were explored. The experimental results showed that when all three modifiers were dosed at 5 mg/L, the PDADMAC-modified MNBs had the best GSM removal effect of 70.9 %, while the Zeta potential of the effluent was lower at 4.17 mV, which had less influence on the downstream process, and was an ideal modifier. The contribution of various removal pathways to GSM removal was also explored through intermediate product analysis combined with variable control experiments. The experimental results showed that the enhanced removal of GSM was attributed to the enhanced capture of GSM by PDADMAC-modified MNBs and the enhanced oxidation of GSM by PDADMAC-modified MNBs. At the same time, the removal efficiency of this process in natural waters decreased by <5 % only. This study could provide data and theoretical support for the enhanced removal of olfactory compounds by modified MNBs for application in practical engineering.

Design and Simulation of Double-Nozzle Venturi Bubble Generator for Aeration System

Aquatic organisms rely heavily on oxygen for survival and maintaining adequate dissolved oxygen (DO) levels is crucial for the health and productivity of aquaculture systems. Aeration methods, such as venturi bubble generators, play a vital role in enhancing DO concentrations by facilitating oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to water. This study explores the performance of traditional venturi bubble generators and introduces a novel double-nozzle design for potential improvements in energy efficiency and oxygen transfer. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we compared the performance of conventional half-inch and one- inch venturi bubble generators to a newly proposed double-nozzle design. Pressure profiles, velocity distributions, turbulence characteristics, bubble size distributions, and energy losses were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of each design. Results revealed significant differences in performance among the three venturi bubble generator designs. Compared to traditional designs, the double-nozzle configuration demonstrated superior characteristics, including smaller bubble sizes, more uniform bubble distribution, and higher turbulence levels. However, the double- nozzle venturi bubble generator also exhibited notable power losses due to pressure fluctuations.

Characteristics and Comparison of Biofilm and Activated Sludge Sewage Treatment Technologies

Sewage treatment is a key environmental protection task and is of great significance to sustainable development. In this paper, biological filter method, rotating biological plate method, traditional push-flow activated sludge method and gradually reduced aeration method are selected to summarize and compare their principles, advantages and disadvantages, and removal objects. Biofilm method is similar to the principle of soil self-purification. It is a kind of aerobic biological treatment technology juxtaposed with activated sludge, and it is a fixed membrane process. The activated sludge is similar to the self-purification principle of water. It is an aerobic biological treatment method for sewage, removing dissolved and colloidal biochemical organic matter from the effluent, as well as suspended solids and other substances that can be adsorbed by activated sludge. It also removes some of the phosphorus and nitrogen. Both methods belong to wastewater biological treatment of suspended microorganisms in the water. They have their advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions, so there is no competition between the two methods.

Performance of a Drip Irrigation System under the Co-Application of Water, Fertilizer, and Air

The co-application of water, fertilizer, and air is a new water-saving irrigation method based on drip irrigation technology, which can effectively alleviate the phenomenon of soil rhizosphere hypoxia, improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, and inhibit the clogging of irrigation equipment in drip irrigation systems. The performance of drip irrigation systems is one of the important factors affecting the effectiveness of the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air. However, the impact of factors such as the aeration method, fertilization device, and working parameters on the performance of drip irrigation systems for the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air is still unclear. Therefore, based on two typical aeration methods, i.e., micro-nano and Venturi aeration, the performance of a drip irrigation system under the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air was studied by comparing and analyzing the effects of different aeration methods, working pressures of the drip irrigation system, and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of fertilizer irrigation on the spatial distribution uniformity of water, fertilizer, and air in the drip irrigation pipeline network. The results showed that the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of fertilization irrigation had no significant impact on system performance, while the working pressure significantly affected system performance. Compared with the effective effect of Venturi aeration on system performance, micro-nano aeration can significantly affect drip irrigation system performance and effectively improve drip irrigation system performance. The micro-nano-aerated drip irrigation system with the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air under a working pressure of 0.1 MPa has better system performance. The research results are of great significance for revealing the mechanism underlying the impact of the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air on the performance of drip irrigation systems and constructing efficient drip irrigation technology for the co-application of water, fertilizer, and air.

Pengaruh Waktu Kontak dan Debit Aliran Proses Penyisihan Fe dan Mn pada Air Limbah Elektroplating Menggunakan Cascade Aerator

Electroplating wastewater contains high levels of Fe and Mn. One of the treatment methods to remove Fe and Mn in electroplating wastewater is the aeration method using a cascade aerator. the aeration method using a cascade aerator. Aeration is the process of adding oxygen to the water so that it can cause oxidation reactions of Fe and Mn, which will form precipitates. and Mn, which will form Fe(OH)3 and MnO2 precipitates. The gas transfer coefficient (KLa) value during the aeration process was then determined. The Fe and Mn levels before the aeration process were 9.84 mg/L and 4.78 mg/L, respectively. obtained the highest decrease in Fe levels at 240 minutes with a flow rate of 90 mL/s with an efficiency of 70.63% and the highest decrease in Mn levels occurred contact time of 300 minutes with a flow rate of 90 mL/s with an efficiency of 62.76%. 62,76%. The highest gas transfer coefficient (KLa) value occurred at a contact time of 300 minutes with a flow rate of 90 mL/s of 0.0975 KLa/min. The research results obtained have met the quality standards of wastewater according to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment No. 5 of 2014 on Wastewater Quality Standards

Removal of Suspended Solid, Colour and Ammoniacal-Nitrogen from Leachate Using Aerated Electrochemical Coagulation (AEC) Under the Influence Factors of pH and Electrolysis Duration

The leachate produced by the decomposition of waste in landfills contains toxic substances that pollute the environment and cause health concerns which proper leachate treatment is essential before leachate is directly discharge into the environment. The most important factors to be considered when adopting a leachate treatment are effluent removal performance and the ability of treated effluent to satisfy the standard limit discharge. This study investigates the optimum condition of Aerated Electrochemical Coagulation (AEC), a mix of physical and chemical treatments in removing suspended solid, colour and ammoniacal-nitrogen from leachate under the influence factors of pH and electrolysis duration. Stabilized leachate from Simpang Renggam Landfill was used as samples for this study. From the data analysis, the highest removal effectiveness was achieved at 10 minutes of electrolysis duration and pH 5 for removal of suspended solid, colour and ammonia-nitrogen with 93%, 93%, and 40%, respectively. Based on the data, integration of the aeration method into electrochemical coagulation in leachate treatment has shown enhancement of the removal efficiency of suspended solid, colour and ammoniacal-nitrogen. However, only suspended solid satisfy the standard leachate discharge.

Cleaning efficiency and mechanism of ozone micro-nano-bubbles on ceramic membrane fouling

Membrane separation technology using ceramic membrane as carrier has attracted wide attention in drinking water treatment. However, the inevitable problem of irreversible contamination requires high intensity chemical cleaning in place (CIP) to ensure efficient ultrafiltration performance. Therefore, this study discussed the causes of membrane pollution, and further evaluated the purification effects of sodium hypochlorite, different aeration methods and different dosage of ozone as cleaning agents on membrane pollution. Comparison of the physicochemical properties and surface morphology of ceramic membranes before and after cleaning showed that ozone micro-nano-bubbles (O3-MNBs) had excellent cleaning efficiency at the same dosage. MNBs could provide shear forces, while their high mass transfer efficiency increased the dissolved ozone concentration rapidly. The degradation of fouling on the membrane surface was achieved by direct ozone oxidation and indirect oxidation by the generation of OH, resulting in a 100% flux recovery rate in a short time. Our results suggest that O3-MNBs, as a promising CIP method for ceramic membranes, not only significantly improves cleaning efficiency, but also reduces the negative environmental impact of chemical agents.

Recent Advancement in Agarwood Induction Technology: A Comprehensive Review for the Transformation of Artificial Agar Resin Induction Methods

Agarwood is a high valued resinous wood containing aromatic constituents of sesquiterpenes and phenyl-ethylchromones. They are typically found in the wood tissue of Thymalaeaceae family trees such as Aquilaria and Gyrinops species once they have been physically or chemically damaged or diseased by microbial pathogens. However, the natural occurrence based agarwood production is inadequate to fulfill the worldwide market demand as it never reach to the potential yield. As a result, recent advancements in artificial agarwood induction technology have led to the efficient production of agarwood resin, surpassing conventional methods. These technologies include mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, as well as combinations of these techniques such as fungal inoculation, nailing, drilling, partly trunk pruning, aeration method, agar-wit, C-A kits, Agar-sit, Bottle dipping, ChemJet, Pinhole infusion, Automated transfusion, Agar-Bit and Bamboo stick method. While interdisciplinary approaches have pros and cons, chemical inducers have shown rapid invasion inside particular tree species trunks to produce superior agarwood resin at consistent rate. Therefore, diverse forms of inducers can be utilized to develop this finest fragrance resinous wood in cultivated trees within a short period of time compared to the natural approach and almost similar in the quality compared to the natural agarwood formations. The objective of this review paper was to presents a comprehensive collection of agarwood resin inducing methods and their potential to enhance the total production and the quality of agarwood in the final harvest. The application of these techniques has significant implications to the agarwood industry as it seeks to meet the growing global demand for this highly sought-after and valuable product leading to a high profitable business. Therefore, this review article serves as a valuable collection of resource for the researchers and industry professionals who are ambitious to develop their agarwood industry to a new level.