Absorption Spectrophotometry Method Research Articles

Concentrations of manganese and iron in some woody and herbs plants

Heavy metals are the substances that indicate environmental pollution. The plants polluted with heavy metals may endanger natural environment and cause health problems in humans. In our multidisciplinary research of the concentrations of pollutants in forest ecosystems and natural environment in Belgrade, we examined the contents of heavy metals essential for plants but harmful in greater concentrations on a long-term basis. The fact that heavy metals manganese and iron are accumulated in plants to the greatest extent focused our work on determination of the level of concentrations of Mn and Fe in the vegetative parts of 8 plant types on three locations on the Avala Mountain and one location in the centre of the city of Belgrade. The analyses of heavy metals contents in plants were performed by the method of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The examination of the existence of important differences between the average values was performed by implementation of Duncan?s test for the level of significance of 95%. The current contents of heavy metals in plants in the area of the protected natural resource Avala do not represent danger that would presently cause notable damage to forests but show the tendency of the increase of concentrations. Therefore, this issue should be constantly monitored.

Reversal of Cardiac Iron Loading and Dysfunction in Thalassemic Mice by Curcuminoids

Non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) is found in plasma of β-thalassemia patients and causes oxidative tissue damage. Cardiac siderosis and complications are the secondary cause of death in β-thalassemia major patients. Desferrioxamine (DFO), deferiprone (DFP) and deferasirox (DFX) are promising chelators used to get negative iron balance and improve life quality. DFP has been shown to remove myocardial iron effectively. Curcuminoids (CUR) can chelate plasma NTBI, inhibit lipid peroxidation and alleviate cardiac autonomic imbalance. Effects of CUR on cardiac iron deposition and function were investigated in iron-loaded mice. Wild type ((mu)β(+/+) WT) and heterozygous β-knockout ((mu)β(th-3/+) BKO) mice (C57BL/6) were fed with ferrocene-supplemented diet (Fe diet) and coincidently intervened with CUR and DFP for 2 months. Concentrations of plasma NTBI and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using HPLC techniques. Heart iron concentration was determined based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Perl's staining methods. Short-term electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded with AD Instruments Power Lab, and heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated using MATLAB 7.0 program. Fe diet increased levels of NTBI and MDA in plasma, nonheme iron and iron deposit in heart tissue significantly, and depressed the HRV, which the levels were higher in the BKO mice than the WT mice. CUR and DFP treatments lowered plasma NTBI as well as MDA concentrations (p <0.05), heart iron accumulation effectively, and also improved the HRV in the treated mice. The results imply that CUR would be effective in decreasing plasma NTBI and myocardial iron, alleviating lipid peroxidation and improving cardiac function in iron-loaded thalassemic mice.

Long-term investigation of metal concentrations in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus from the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea

Long-term investigation of metal concentrations in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus from the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea The study was conducted in the coastal area of the Gulf of Riga at three stations (Ainaži, Saulkrasti, Mērsrags) from 1997 till 2010. Brown algae samples were collected at 3.0-m depth from a boat using scuba gear in August and September. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method (model Spektra A 880), and of Hg by FIMS (Flow Injection Mercury System, Perkin Elmer). The aim of this investigation was to determine the concentration levels of metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn) in the dominant species of macroalgae (Fucus vesiculosus) in the Gulf of Riga in different stations and years. Metal concentrations in F. vesiculosus varied between sampling years and stations, and significant differences in Hg, Pb and Ni concentrations between years were detected. In some years the concentrations of metals in F. vesiculosus were similar in all three stations. Brown algae F. vesiculosus can accumulate metals to concentrations thousand times higher than in marine water.

Blood Cadmium Concentrations of Male Cigarette Smokers Are Inversely Associated with Fruit Consumption

Decreased fruit and vegetable consumption, along with elevated blood cadmium concentrations, are frequently observed among cigarette smokers. Few studies have investigated whether the blood cadmium concentrations of cigarette smokers are associated with the consumption of antioxidative nutrients, as well as foods containing high concentrations of antioxidative nutrients and phytochemicals, such as fruits and vegetables. In this study, we aimed to determine where there is any relationship between blood cadmium concentration and the consumption of certain foods and nutrients in adult male smokers. Blood cadmium concentrations in whole blood samples from 546 adult men, whose pregnant wives were registered in the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health Study, were analyzed using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Dietary intakes were assessed using a semiquantitative FFQ. Blood cadmium concentrations were higher in the smokers than in the nonsmokers (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis with covariates revealed that blood cadmium concentrations were negatively associated with intakes of fruit (P = 0.001), vitamin C (P = 0.035), and fiber (P = 0.049), but only in the smokers. These results warrant future studies to explore any mechanisms responsible for fruit’s beneficial role against elevated blood cadmium concentrations in smokers.

Environmental aspect of oil and water-based drilling muds and cuttings from Dibi and Ewan off-shore wells in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Drilling muds and cuttings derived from Ewan and Dibi off-shore wells in the Niger-Delta petroleum province of Nigeria was studied in order to evaluate their toxicity and possible environmental impacts that may result from their indiscriminate disposal. Oil based drilling wastes (muds and cuttings) were collected at prescribed depths and analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbon (AH) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) method. However, both oil based and water-based drilling wastes collected from the same depth were analyzed for metals (iron, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium, manganese, calcium, potassium and magnesium) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Results showed that the values of total petroleum hydrocarbon in the two off-shore wells were in the range of 1,004.95 – 2,052.69 mg/kg for the cuttings and 5,759.11 – 6,546.01 mg/kg for the drill mud. It was observed that the concentration ratio of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon to the aliphatic hydrocarbon in the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is in the ratio of 1:1000 for both the cuttings and drilling muds in both wells. Most of the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) has been found to be relatively lower than the World Health Organization standards. The drill wastes of the Dibi and Ewan off-shore wells also contain high concentration of iron (349.50 mg/kg) calcium (193.72 mg/kg), magnesium (87.50 mg/kg) and potassium (49.31 mg/kg) in that order. It is likely that the drill muds and cuttings wastes will increase the pollution problems in aquatic environment, thereby causing stress for the fish and other aquatic organisms. Therefore, disposal of cuttings and drilling wastes into the offshore environment should be totally discouraged and avoided. Key words: Drilling muds, cuttings, toxicity, petroleum hydrocarbon

A study on elemental contents of medicinally important species of Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) found in Pakistan.

Genus Artemisia is cosmopolitan in distribution and its several species are being used in folk therapeutic treatments worldwide. In this study, elemental compositions of seventeen indigenous species (Artemisia scoparia, Artemisiaabsinthium, Acalypha indica, Artemisia santolinifolia, Abronia maritima, Artemisiavulgaris, Artemisia japonica, Artemisia nilagirica, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisiaannua, Artemisia brevifolia, A. moorcroftiana, Artemisia dracunculus, Aglaiaroxburghiana and Artemisia dubia) that are commonly used against ailments in Pakistan were studied for the first time through atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods. It is observed that these species contain nine trace elements namely Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe and four major elements that are K, Na, Ca and Mg. Further it is observed that in few sepses the concentration of heavy metals are found over and above the normal concentration levels than the international safety standards prescribed for medicinal plants. This study also discusses the impacts of heavy metal toxicity in humans. Key words: Artemisia, elemental analysis, medicinal herbs, medicinal plants, heavy metal poisoning.

Comparison of heavy metal accumulation capacity of some indigenous mosses in Southwest China cities: a case study in Chengdu city

In order to evaluate the accumulation capacity of heavy metals in mosses, the total contents of eight elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr) determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) methods were compared in four types of indigenous mosses (&lt;i&gt;Brachythecium plumosum, Eurhynchium laxirete, Taxiphyllum taxirameum, Haplocladium strictulum&lt;/i&gt;), which were collected from different sampling sites in the Chengdu city, China. The study found that heavy metal concentrations showed significant differences in interspecies and intraspecies comparison, while the accumulation capacity of &lt;i&gt;T. taxirameum&lt;/i&gt; was higher than others. ANOVA analysis indicated that the atmospheric pollution of heavy metals in Wangjiang Park was relatively more serious than that of Ta Zishan Park and Cultural Park. The data also showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the Chengdu city were higher compared to some foreign cities. The results are coincident with the previous conclusions that the difference of heavy metal depositions in mosses was not only related to environment, but also to their biological features.

Environmental aspect of oil and water-based drilling muds and cuttings from Dibi and Ewan off-shore wells in the Niger Delta, Nigeria Gbadebo M. Adewole, Taiwo M. Adewale and Eughele U

Drilling muds and cuttings derived from Ewan and Dibi off-shore wells in the Niger-Delta petroleum province of Nigeria was studied in order to evaluate their toxicity and possible environmental impacts that may result from their indiscriminate disposal. Oil based drilling wastes (muds and cuttings) were collected at prescribed depths and analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbon (AH) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) method. However, both oil based and water-based drilling wastes collected from the same depth were analyzed for metals (iron, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium, manganese, calcium, potassium and magnesium) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Results showed that the values of total petroleum hydrocarbon in the two off-shore wells were in the range of 1,004.95 – 2,052.69 mg/kg for the cuttings and 5,759.11 – 6,546.01 mg/kg for the drill mud. It was observed that the concentration ratio of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon to the aliphatic hydrocarbon in the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is in the ratio of 1:1000 for both the cuttings and drilling muds in both wells. Most of the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) has been found to be relatively lower than the World Health Organization standards. The drill wastes of the Dibi and Ewan off-shore wells also contain high concentration of iron (349.50 mg/kg) calcium (193.72 mg/kg), magnesium (87.50 mg/kg) and potassium (49.31 mg/kg) in that order. It is likely that the drill muds and cuttings wastes will increase the pollution problems in aquatic environment, thereby causing stress for the fish and other aquatic organisms. Therefore, disposal of cuttings and drilling wastes into the offshore environment should be totally discouraged and avoided.

Microelements in Stones, Urine, and Hair of Stone Formers: A New Key to the Puzzle of Lithogenesis?

The role of trace elements in lithogenesis is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of elements in urinary stones and in the urine and hair of stone formers to identify these elements that have synergic correlations in studied materials and may contribute to lithogenesis. A total of 219 consecutive patients with idiopathic upper urinary tract stones were prospectively enrolled in the study. Urine and hair samples were collected from all patients. The content of the stone was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, and colorimetric methods. The analysis of 29 elements in stones and hair and 21 elements in urine was performed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The strength of correlation was described with the value of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The positive correlation between concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium, barium, vanadium, zinc, silicon, phosphorus, and iodine in phosphate stones was observed. Only a few incidental correlations between the composition of stones and the distribution of elements in urine and in hair were found. There were 109 positive two-element correlations between two materials. The most common were observed for vanadium, aluminum, lead, cobalt, and molybdenum. Two-element positive correlations for all samples were established only for three elements: vanadium, lead, and aluminum. Results indicate that analysis of particular elements in hair and urine cannot predict the composition of urinary stones. This study showed, for the first time, correlations between the levels of vanadium, lead, and aluminum in the stones, urine, and hair of stone formers.

Oral sustained release nystatin tablets for the treatment of oral candidiasis: formulation development and validation of UV spectrophotometric analytical methodology for content determination

Objective: In this study, oral sustained release mucoadhesive nystatin tablets were developed to increase nystatin contact time with the oral cavity and mask its unpleasant taste. Methods. The best formulation studied included sustained release agents and it was submitted to physical-mechanical characterization, taste assessment and clinical test in twelve patients. The ultraviolet-visible nystatin methodology was also developed and validated in parallel as an alternative to the pharmacopoeial microbiological dosage method. Results. The best formulation developed in this study included sustained release agents. The efficacy of this formulation was verified through a clinical assessment, showing that this formulation is more effective (100%) than the commercial oral nystatin suspension used traditionally (50%). Moreover, the UV absorption spectrophotometry method developed to validate the methodology for nystatin content analysis for new oral tablets was shown to be specific, linear, exact and reproducible, as recommended by the ICH regulations. Conclusion. The oral nystatin tablets developed showed to present faster therapeutic response than the oral aqueous solution through the preliminary clinical assays. The UV absorption spectrophotometry method showed to be an attractive test for the usual routine in the pharmaceutical industry.

Ion release and pH of a new endodontic cement, MTA and Portland cement.

This in vitro study measured and compared pH and phosphate and calcium ions release of a new endodontic material (CEM cement), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Portland cement (PC) using UV-visible technique, atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods, and pH meter, respectively. Each material was placed in a plastic tube (n=10) and immersed in a glass flask containing deionized water. Half of the samples were tested for determining pH and released ions after 1h, 3h, 24h, 48h, 7d and 28d. Remaining samples (n=5), were evaluated after 28d. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results indicated that all materials were highly alkaline and released calcium and low concentration of phosphate ions in all the time intervals. CEM cement released considerably higher concentration of phosphate during the first hour (P<0.05). This novel endodontic cement promoted alkaline pH in a similar manner to MTA and released calcium and phosphate. These conditions can stimulate the calcification process and explain the basic physico-chemical mechanisms of hard tissue regeneration of CEM cement.

Environmental concentration of selected elements and relation to physicochemical parameters in honey

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content of selected elements and physicochemical indicators of the honey of Apis mellifera. Samples of blossom, blend and honeydew honeys were randomly obtained from the Eastern, Western and Central of Slovakia. Contents of elements were measured with the use of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) method and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) method with CGMDE as working electrode. The content of heavy metals (mg/kg dry weight) ranged as follows: Zn 0.25–3.82; Cu 0.12–1.37; Ni 0.06–0.60; Mg 0.10–50.43; Ca 10.32–87.21; Pb and Cd were under detectable limit (0.001 mg/kg). The physical and chemical indicators ranged as follows: moisture (%) 16.00–19.80; HMF (mg/kg) 10.00–40.00; pH 3.58–5.12; conductivity (mS/m) 13.45–99.12 and a w 0.456–0.659. Significant difference (P < 0.05) for elements and physicochemical indicators was analyzed. Significant correlations between Cu – Zn, Cu – Ni, Cu – Mg, Ca – Zn and Ca – Mg were detected. With reference to Codex Alimentarius of Slovakia, maximal levels of heavy metals content and selected physicochemical properties were not exceeded. On average, the content of trace elements decreased in the order: Ca > Mg > Zn > Cu > Ni and physicochemical indicators decreased: conductivity > HMF > moisture > pH > aw.

Concentration of trace elements in human semen and relation to spermatozoa quality

In this study the concentrations of trace elements such as lead, cadmium, iron, nickel, copper and zinc in the human semen (n = 47), occurrence of pathological spermatozoa, and correlations of these elements to pathological forms were investigated. For each sample of human spermatozoa at least 500 spermatozoa were evaluated. Metal contents were determined by the voltametric method and flame absorption spectrophotometry method. The concentrations of trace elements in human semen were: lead 1.49 ± 0.40 mg.kg− 1, cadmium 0.13 ± 0.15 mg.kg− 1, iron 2.59 ± 0.21 mg.kg− 1, nickel 0.40 ± 0.07 mg.kg− 1, copper 0.28 ± 0.06 mg.kg− 1, and zinc 153.93 ± 67.08 mg.kg− 1, respectively. The total percentage of pathological spermatozoa was 41.61 ± 9.80% with predominancy of broken flagellum, flagellum torso and separated flagellum. In relation to trace elements the analysis showed correlation between copper and lead (r = −0.47), nickel and iron (r = 0.36), lead and flagellum ball (r = −0.39), cadmium and large heads (r = 0.37) and between iron and other forms of pathological spermatozoa (r = −0.32). Results of this study describe possible effects of trace elements on the spermatozoa quality in normal human sperm.

Serum Zinc Level and Urinary Zinc Excretion in Liver Cirrhotic Patient

Background: Zinc deficiency is commonly found in liver cirrhotic patient, and it is usually caused by excessive urinary excretion that is exaggerated by diuretic agents. The objective of this study is to know the differences of zinc serum concentration according to the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score and clinical factors that influence zinc serum level and 24-hour urinary zinc excretion. Method: The design of this study was cross-sectional. In adult patients with liver cirrhosis, blood samples were collected after patients had fasted for at least 8 hours. Zinc levels were measured by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Correlation test was performed among numeric variables, as well as Mann-Whitney U test to measure mean differences of zinc serum concentration and of 24-hours urinary zinc excretion according to clinical factors. The level of significance was p 550 µg/24 hour. The results of mean difference test of zinc serum concentration between CTP score B and C showed no statistical significance (p = 0.052). Urinary zinc excretion correlated to urine volume (r = 0.638, p = 0.000), and it was higher in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients. It also was higher in men compared to women. There were no statistically significant differences in zinc serum level, zinc urinary level, and urinary zinc excretion on the administration of diuretic agents. Conclusion: There were no significant differences of fasting zinc serum concentration in cirrhotic patients between the CTP scores B and C. In liver cirrhotic patients, urinary zinc excretion positively correlates to urine volume. Keywords: liver cirrhosis, serum zinc level, urinary zinc excretion

Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method for the Determination of Arsenic at Ultramicro Levels

A simple and rapid hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG – AAS) for the determination of arsenic in samples at very low concentrations has been developed. The method is based on the reaction of NaBH4 with acidified sample and separation of analyte as hydride from the matrix before determination. The arsine was transported to the quartz T-tube heated at 900°C for detection. The concentrations of HF solution used in the preparation of the samples were carefully controlled to avoid the formation of fluoro-complexed ions. The correlation coefficient (r2) was 0.989. The limit of detection, (LOD), was calculated as 0.71 μg g−1. The sensitivity of the method was found to be 0.000024 μg L−1. The method was applied successfully for the determination of arsenic in slurries from different sources and was found to be effective in the range 0.0002–2.35 μg L−1. Of all the ions tested, no ion was found to have a significant interference effect on the accuracy of the method.

Interactions Between Concentrations of Chemical Elements in Human Femoral Heads

Environmental and occupational exposure to various metals has been a major public health concern and the subject of many studies. With the development of industry and transportation, environmental pollution has markedly worsened. As a result, metals are now ubiquitous and are absorbed into the body with food, drinking water, and polluted air. Exposure to these elements leads to numerous health problems, affecting almost every system of the human body, including the skeletal system. Bone is a specific research material that is difficult to obtain, therefore chemical analyses of metal concentrations in this tissue are rarely found in the literature. Nevertheless, bone, due to its long regeneration period, can serve as a biomarker of a long-term metal accumulation resulting from environmental or occupational exposure. Our study was conducted on bone samples harvested from inhabitants of the Upper Silesia region during hip replacement surgery. Femoral heads removed during surgery were sectioned into slices and further subdivided into samples comprising articular cartilage, cortical bone, and trabecular bone. Concentrations of 12 trace elements were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. We found significant correlation between concentrations of these metal elements in the samples of cortical bone. This is determined not only by the physiological functions of these metals in hydroxyapatite, but also by the specific mineral structure of the bone tissue.

Pengaruh p-Klorofenol terhadap Efektivitas Fotoreduksi Ion Hg(II) yang Dikatalisis TiO2

The objective is to develop photoreduction method catalyzed by TiO2 for the decreasing Hg(II) concentration. Photocatalytic reduction was carried out in a closed reactor equipped with UV lamp, by irradiating and stirring a mixture of Hg(II) solution and TiO2 photocatalyst powder for a certain period of time. The amount of reduced Hg(II) by photoreduction was calculated by substracting initial Hg(II) concentration with unreduced one, which was determined using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The result of the research indicated that the use of TiO2 photocatalyst has increased the effectiveness of Hg(II) photoreduction. In the photocatalysis process TiO2 exposured by photon energy could resulted in •OH radicals and electrons that can recombined in the same time. The presence of p-chlorophenol in the solution mixture increased the photoreduction effectiveness probably due to its capability in capturing •OH radicals.TiO2 decreases in its crystalinity up to 15.54 % after process.Keywords: photoreduction, Hg(II), TiO2, p-chlorophenol

Study on effect of Cassia Seed Budding transforming Organic Vanadium

Objective To Explore the effect of Cassia Seed budding transforming organic vanadium. Methods Separate organic vanadium from inorganic vanadium in Cassia Seed sprouts by dislysis bag. The content of total vanadium and inorganic vanadium were determined by using the method of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The transformation efficiency of organic vanadium in the Cassia Seed spouts was calculated. Results The seed coat of Cassia Seed could accumulate massive inorganic vanadium existing in environment during the process of its natural growing period,but the transformation efficiency of organic vanadium mainly occurred inside seed coat of Cassia Seed. Condusion Cassia Seed budding is one pathway of the biologic organification of vanadium. Key words: Cassia Seed; Vanadium; Transformation efficiency of organic vanadium; Biologic organification

The Study of Catalytic Degradation of Malvidin-3-Glucoside from Red Wines, using Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry

The presence of oxygen and heavy metals naturally found in red wines, leads to the depreciation of their qualities, due to the malvidin-3-glucoside degradation. In this paper, the kinetic of the malvidin-3-glucoside degradation, in synthetic wine model solutions, in the presence of different concentrations of iron and copper, at a temperature of 70oC and two pH values of the wines (2.9 and 3.4 respectively), was studied using the molecular absorption spectrophotometry method.

Tissue‐specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium

The freshwater crabs Sinopotamon henanense were exposed to different concentrations of waterborne cadmium (Cd). The relationship between tissue-specific Cd accumulation and metallothionein (MT) induction was investigated using the Cd saturation assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The results showed that Cd accumulation rose significantly in all tissues studied after Cd exposure, and the Cd accumulation level in various tissues followed the following order: gill > hepatopancreas > muscle > ovary. MT levels were clearly tissue-specific after Cd exposure. Hepatopancreas was found to have the highest MT level, followed by the gill, muscle, and ovary. In conclusion, the results indicated although Cd exposure clearly resulted in MT induction, its synthesis does not correlate with Cd accumulation in the later stage of Cd exposure. The calculated ratios of actual Cd to theoretical maximum Cd-MT in the hepatopancreas were <1.0 under acute waterborne Cd at all sampling points, indicating that the hepatopancreas had much greater Cd-binding potential of MT than the gill, muscle, or ovary. It is clear from our results that a positive correlation was shown between MT induction and Cd accumulation both in hepatopancreas and gill. Therefore, MT induction can be considered as a biomarker for acute waterborne Cd pollution.