Visual Method Research Articles

Immediate Effects of Pencil Push-Up Exercise on Visual Accommodation Skills in Amateur Badminton Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Visual skills are crucial for peak athletic performance, with Visual Accommodation (VA) playing a vital role. However, the immediate effects of interventions on VA in sports remain unclear. Objective To investigate the acute effects of a 10-minute Pencil Push-Up (PPU) exercise on VA skills in amateur badminton players. Methods A two-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial was conducted with twenty-eight amateur badminton players. Participants were matched by age, duration, and frequency of badminton practice, as well as visual health, and randomly assigned to either a Trained Group (TG) or an untrained group (NT). The TG performed a 10-minute PPU exercise, while the NT rested with closed eyes for the same duration. VA parameters, including Amplitude of Accommodation (AA), Accommodative Facility (AF), and Near Point of Convergence (NPC), were assessed before and after the intervention. Results Significant improvements in AA and AF were observed in the TG from pre- to post-intervention (AA: p < .0001, Cohen's d = 1.68; AF: p < .0001, Cohen's d = 3.10). However, no significant changes were observed in NPC (p= .45, Cohen's d =0.60). Furthermore, the TG exhibited greater improvements in AA and AF compared to the NT at post-intervention (AA: 95%CI= [-2.812 to -0.2314], p = .02; AF: 95%CI= [-8.363 to -3.680], p < .0001). No changes were observed in the NT group. Conclusion A single session of pencil push-up exercise acutely enhanced visual accommodation skills, specifically amplitude of accommodation and accommodative facility, in amateur badminton players. This suggests that visual accommodation training methods like pencil push-ups could improve visual performance in sports. Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20240531002 (https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20240531002).

Exploring pre-service English teachers’ beliefs about plurilingualism: using visual and spoken methodologies with learners in a CLIL setting

ABSTRACT This study investigates how pre-service Teachers of English in Bilingual Streams’ (TEBs) perceptions of plurilingualism are elicited through carrying out small-scale research with learners. It builds on previous studies showing positive relations between teacher education and shifts in pre-service teachers’ predispositions towards plurilingual education, particularly when opportunities for critical reflection on the interplay between course- and field work is emphasised. TEBs (N = 6) were introduced to visual and spoken data collection methods consisting of language mapping and focus group interviews during coursework and administered these during fieldwork. Spoken and written research reports were analysed deductively using language ideologies adapted from Ricklefs (2023). Results show all participants have a positive disposition to plurilingualism on completion of the course and fieldwork, particularly in relation to valuing plurilingualism as a potential resource in CLIL. Implementing multimodal research methods makes linguistic variation visible and draws out learner experiences. This helps TEBs make connections between their own beliefs and experiences, and those articulated by their learners and in their placement schools. This approach builds on the dynamic nature of the interaction between teacher beliefs and practices and confirms that critical reflection can play a key role in shaping TEBs’ dispositions towards plurilingualism and plurilingual pedagogies.

Computer Vision Method for Automatic Detection of Microstructure Defects of Concrete

Computer Vision Method for Automatic Detection of Microstructure Defects of Concrete

Interactive Mixed Reality Methods for Visualization of Underground Utilities

AbstractThis research aims to overcome the difficulties associated with visualizing underground utilities by proposing six interactive visualization methods that utilize Mixed Reality (MR) technology. By leveraging MR technology, which enables the seamless integration of virtual and real-world content, a more immersive and authentic experience is possible. The study evaluates the proposed visualization methods based on scene complexity, parallax effect, real-world occlusion, depth perception, and overall effectiveness, aiming to identify the most effective methods for addressing visual perceptual challenges in the context of underground utilities. The findings suggest that certain MR visualization methods are more effective than others in mitigating the challenges of visualizing underground utilities. The research highlights the potential of these methods, and feedback from industry professionals suggests that each method can be valuable in specific contexts.

Robust vision detection of pipeline solder joints

Purpose Solder joint inspection plays a critical role in various industries, with a focus on integrated chip (IC) solder joints and metal surface welds. However, the detection of tubular solder joints has received relatively less attention. This paper aims to address the challenges of detecting small targets and complex environments by proposing a robust visual detection method for pipeline solder joints. The method is characterized by its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation. Design/methodology/approach A robust visual detection method based on the characteristics of pipeline solder joints is proposed. With the improved hue, saturation and value (HSV) color space, the method uses a multi-level template matching approach to first segment the pipeline from the background, and then match the endpoint of the pipeline to accurately locate the solder joint. The proposed method leverages the distinctive characteristics of pipeline solder joints and employs an enhanced HSV color space. A multi-level template matching approach is utilized to segment the pipeline from the background and accurately locate the solder joint by matching the pipeline endpoint. Findings The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solder joint detection method in practical detection tasks. The average precision of pipeline weld joint localization exceeds 95%, while the average recall is greater than 90%. These findings highlight the applicability of the method to pipeline solder joint detection tasks, specifically in the context of production lines for refrigeration equipment. Research limitations/implications The precision of the method is influenced by the placement angle and lighting conditions of the test specimen, which may pose challenges and impact the algorithm's performance. Potential avenues for improvement include exploring deep learning methods, incorporating additional features and contextual information for localization, and utilizing advanced image enhancement techniques to improve image quality. Originality/value The proposed pipeline solder joint detection method offers a novel and practical approach. The simplicity, cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation make it an attractive choice for detecting pipeline solder joints in different industrial applications.

Development of a Tabletop Hologram for Spatial Visualization: Application in the Field of Architectural and Urban Design

Architects, engineers, and designers normally visualize architectural, urban planning, urban design, or landscape design projects in different ways to present their ideas. At present, the two most widely utilized and accessible methods for spatial visualization are digital 3D modeling and physical 3D modeling. Despite their popularity, both approaches have intrinsic limitations. These shortcomings are progressively being mitigated through advancements in technology and digitalization. In this study, we propose the utilization of hologram technology as an innovative approach to overcome the limitations of both modeling methods mentioned. This research addresses two main points: the seamless integration of hologram production into the standard workflow of architectural and urban design projects, and the experimental creation of a tabletop hologram prototype using the most advanced stereoscopic visualization capabilities—CHIMERA hologram printer. The experiment’s results indicate that tabletop holograms’ visualization quality can potentially replace traditional methods in the near future. The process of creating holograms can be incorporated into the standard workflow of architectural and urban design projects and utilized in specific contexts.

EzSingleCell: an integrated one-stop single-cell and spatial omics analysis platform for bench scientists

ezSingleCell is an interactive and easy-to-use application for analysing various single-cell and spatial omics data types without requiring prior programing knowledge. It combines the best-performing publicly available methods for in-depth data analysis, integration, and interactive data visualization. ezSingleCell consists of five modules, each designed to be a comprehensive workflow for one data type or task. In addition, ezSingleCell allows crosstalk between different modules within a unified interface. Acceptable input data can be in a variety of formats while the output consists of publication ready figures and tables. In-depth manuals and video tutorials are available to guide users on the analysis workflows and parameter adjustments to suit their study aims. ezSingleCell’s streamlined interface can analyse a standard scRNA-seq dataset of 3000 cells in less than five minutes. ezSingleCell is available in two forms: an installation-free web application (https://immunesinglecell.org/ezsc/) or a software package with a shinyApp interface (https://github.com/JinmiaoChenLab/ezSingleCell2) for offline analysis.

P-149 A visual interpretability method to unbox ‘black-box’ deep learning image-based classification of embryo properties

Abstract Study question Can we decipher the underlying visual properties that drive image-based AI embryo classification models to assist clinical decisions and biological discovery? Summary answer Our framework interpreted which annotated and non-explicitly-annotated phenotypes impact model predictions and rank their importance. These discoveries were aligned with known blastocyst quality criteria. What is known already Deep learning models have shown great promise for complex pattern recognition when applied to embryo images. The success of these models relies on their ability to perform non-linear optimization of feature extraction during model construction. However, this involves their entanglement of multiple classification-driving image properties, thereby producing ‘black-box’ systems that lack user confidence, trust and interpretability. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an interpretability method that can uncover the semantic image properties that contribute to ‘black box’ embryo image-based AI classification model predictions to assist in blastocyst selection. Study design, size, duration 11,211 time-lapse videos were retrospectively collected from three IVF centers. A deep convolutional neural network is first trained to discriminate high-versus-low quality blastocysts. We then developed DISCOVER, a general-purpose interpretability method designed to discover underlying visual properties driving the classifier. DISCOVER encodes an image to an interpretable lower dimensional representation which is correlated to the classifier and encapsulates a different distinct phenotype in each one of the dimensions. Participants/materials, setting, methods The encoding of embryo images to low dimensional representations enables interpretability globally and locally. Globally, the embryo images are synthetically altered by amplifying subtle properties that affect the classification decision. With our method this can be done one property at a time, therefore separating confounding properties. By evaluating the altered images, embryologists can decipher their meaning. Locally, each one of the discovered properties can be ranked by its importance for a specific embryo instance. Main results and the role of chance Using DISCOVER, we interpreted the classification model driving features. We quantitatively linked the top two classification features as blastocyst size (as proxy to degree of expansion and development) and trophectoderm quality, by embryologists evaluation and annotations. We then asked whether DISCOVER can identify non-explicitly annotated latent features that encode morphologic properties not defined by ASEBIR/Gardner criteria. Expert embryologist interpreted the third top classification feature to be the blastocoel. DISCOVER interpreted high quality embryos as having denser and more granular blastocoelic regions, suggesting that this change in the blastocoel appearance is one of the encoded classification-driving morphologic properties. This visualization indicates that there are additional parameters of the blastocoel beyond its volume expansion associated with its quality. We showed how embryo properties can be weighted differently by the classifier on a per embryo basis, giving clinical insight to which properties influence the classification of a specific instance. These results indicate that DISCOVER enables expert-in-the-loop interpretation of the classification model both globally, discovering the overall main properties driving the classifier, and locally, showing a per instance explanation. Limitations, reasons for caution DISCOVER failed to interpret the inner cell mass (ICM) as a classification-driving feature in its latent representation, though it was explicitly used to label the data for training the classification model. It is possible that other properties collectively contained the discriminative information encoded in the ICM. Wider implications of the findings This deep analysis demonstrates the feasibility of providing interpretability for biomedical image-based classification models for clinical use in the IVF clinic. Trial registration number not applicable

One-to-Nine Single Spectroscopic Intelligent Probe for Risk Assessment of Multiple Metals in Drinking Water.

26% of the world's population lacks access to clean drinking water; clean water and sanitation are major global challenges highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicating water security in public water systems is at stake today. Water monitoring using precise instruments by skilled operators is one of the most promising solutions. Despite decades of research, the professionalism-convenience trade-off when monitoring ubiquitous metal ions remains the major challenge for public water safety. Thus, to overcome these disadvantages, an easy-to-use and highly sensitive visual method is desirable. Herein, an innovative strategy for one-to-nine metal detection is proposed, in which a novel thiourea spectroscopic probe with high 9-metal affinity is synthesized, acting as "one", and is detected based on the 9 metal-thiourea complexes within portable spectrometers in the public water field; this is accomplished by nonspecialized personnel as is also required. During the processing of multimetal analysis, issues arise due to signal overlap and reproducibility problems, leading to constrained sensitivity. In this innovative endeavor, machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed to extract key features from the composite spectral signature, addressing multipeak overlap, and completing the detection within 30-300 s, thus achieving a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L and meeting established conventional water quality standards. This method provides a convenient approach for public drinking water safety testing.

Global Trends and Frontier in Research on Pancreatic Alpha Cells: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2013 to 2023.

Over the past 20 years, much of the research on diabetes has focused on pancreatic beta cells. In the last 10 years, interest in the important role of pancreatic alpha cells in the pathogenesis of diabetes, which had previously received little attention, has grown. We aimed to summarize and visualize the hotspot and development trends of pancreatic alpha cells through bibliometric analysis and to provide research direction and future ideas for the treatment of diabetes and other islet-related diseases. We used two scientometric software packages (CiteSpace 6.1.R6 and VOSviewer1.6.18) to visualize the information and connection of countries, institutions, authors, and keywords in this field. A total of 532 publications, published in 752 institutions in 46 countries and regions, were included in this analysis. The United States showed the highest output, accounting for 39.3% of the total number of published papers. The most active institution was Vanderbilt University, and the authors with highest productivity came from Ulster University. In recent years, research hotspots have concentrated on transdifferentiation, gene expression, and GLP-1 regulatory function. Visualization analysis shows that research hotspots mainly focus on clinical diseases as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms and related biochemical indicators. This study provides a review and summary of the literature on pancreatic alpha cells through bibliometric and visual methods and shows research hotspot and development trends, which can guide future directions for research.

Comparing the reliability of inter- and intra-grader using digital scanning vs. traditional visual method for evaluating preclinical class II composite preparation

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-grader reliability of four evaluators using three different digital intraoral scanners and visual methods for typodontic Class II composite preparations. Materials and methodsNinety-five typodont teeth of Class II composite preparations were evaluated using traditional visual grading methods (VGM) and digital grading methods (DGM) using the same rubric. Three intraoral scanners were used to scan the Class II cavity preparation for the composite: i700 (Medit, Korea), Trios 4 (3Shape, Denmark), and Shinning 3D (Shinning 3D, China). The same rubric was used to score the visual and digital evaluations by calibrated examiners. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare method- and evaluator-based scores, accounting for the scanner type used. ResultsThe scores of the prepped typodont teeth were subjected to an interaction between the examiner and the evaluation technique. In addition, the mean total prepped teeth scores differed between examiners using VGM. A statistically significant interaction emerged between examiners and the evaluation technique employed to assess the total score of the prepped teeth:F(9, 1504) = 3.893,P = 0.001, partial η2 = 0.023. The total prepped tooth score differed between the VGM and DGM groups. Lower (P < 0.05) intra-grader consistency was observed for the final scores when Class II preparations were evaluated using the VGM; however, this consistency improved when using the DGM. ConclusionExaminers and evaluation methods affect student performance in Class II cavity preparations. The DGM may be more reliable and consistent within and between evaluators than the VGM is.

Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer: Conventional Techniques and Current Biomarkers

Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the incidence of CRC seems to increase gradually. The survival of CRC varies in different countries, attributed to the screening program. Generally, diagnostic approaches for CRC can be divided into visual detection methods and laboratory methods. Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and computed tomography colonography are considered visual methods widely used in cancer detection. Although visual methods provide some benefits, some disadvantages such as late detection, are present, making them useless in rapidly progressing CRC patients. On the other hand, laboratory tests are developed to compensate for the disadvantages of visual methods. More recent progression in laboratory tests makes them able to superfine detection of CRC. For instance, molecular and genetic methods based on the components of cancer cells, like nucleic acid and proteins, can prognosticate further cancer development in susceptible patients. Alongside new therapeutic approaches developed within decades, the number of CRC detection methods has increased, which aims to reduce the duration between cancer initiation and detection. This review sought to survey the CRC detection methods, including conventional and recently-developed methods, to provide better insight into CRC screening.

A novel rapid visual nucleic acid detection technique for tick-borne encephalitis virus by combining RT-recombinase-aided amplification and CRISPR/Cas13a coupled with a lateral flow dipstick

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a zoonotic pathogen, can cause severe neurological complications and fatal outcomes in humans. Early diagnosis of TBEV infection is crucial for clinical practice. Although serological assays are frequently employed for detection, the lack of antibodies in the early stages of infection and the cross-reactivity of antibodies limit their efficacy. Conventional molecular diagnostic methods such as RT-qPCR can achieve early and accurate identification but require specialized instrumentation and professionals, hindering their application in resource-limited areas. Our study developed a rapid and visual TBEV molecular detection method by combining RT-recombinase-aided amplification, the CRISPR/Cas13a system, and lateral flow dipsticks. The diagnostic sensitivity of this method is 50 CFU/ml, with no cross-reactivity with a variety of viruses. The detection can be carried out within 1 h at a temperature between 37 and 42 °C, and the results can be visually determined without the need for complex instruments and professionals. Subsequently, this assay was used to analyze clinical samples from 15 patients suspected of TBEV infection and 10 healthy volunteers, and its sensitivity and specificity reached 100 %, which was consistent with the results of RT-qPCR. These results indicate that this new method can be a promising point-of-care test for the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis.

Biological Deterioration of Wooden Components of Balla Lompoa Ri Galesong in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Balla Lompoa Ri Galesong, known well as the traditional house of the Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, has become a historical building in Indonesia. Nowadays, it still functions as a residence for the royal family, a repository for historical artifacts, and a venue for annual cultural performances. Maintaining and protecting buildings from damaging factors is crucial to maintaining their life and function. This research focuses on detecting the damage characteristics of wooden parts of buildings, identifying biological deterioration agents, and assessing the level of infestation. Data collection uses the visual detection method. The results showed that the activities of biodeterioration agents, namely subterranean termites (Microcerotermes serrula), drywood termites (Cryptotermes), powder-post beetles, wood-staining fungi, and wood-decaying fungi found on pillars, windows, doors, walls, floors, and ceiling. Most pillars are targets of attacks by wood-destroying organisms, characterized by the highest attack intensity (70.13%) and the moderate category in the degree of attack (50–74). Understanding and mitigating the damage to historic buildings is critical for implementing effective preventive measures. Keywords: Balla Lompoa Ri Galesong, biodeterioration agents, cultural heritage, wood biodeterioration

Automating Video-Based Two-Dimensional Motion Analysis in Sport? Implications for Gait Event Detection, Pose Estimation, and Performance Parameter Analysis.

Two-dimensional (2D) video is a common tool used during sports training and competition to analyze movement. In these videos, biomechanists determine key events, annotate joint centers, and calculate spatial, temporal, and kinematic parameters to provide performance reports to coaches and athletes. Automatic tools relying on computer vision and artificial intelligence methods hold promise to reduce the need for time-consuming manual methods. This study systematically analyzed the steps required to automate the video analysis workflow by investigating the applicability of a threshold-based event detection algorithm developed for 3D marker trajectories to 2D video data at four sampling rates; the agreement of 2D keypoints estimated by an off-the-shelf pose estimation model compared with gold-standard 3D marker trajectories projected to camera's field of view; and the influence of an offset in event detection on contact time and the sagittal knee joint angle at the key critical events of touch down and foot flat. Repeated measures limits of agreement were used to compare parameters determined by markerless and marker-based motion capture. Results highlighted that a minimum video sampling rate of 100 Hz is required to detect key events, and the limited applicability of 3D marker trajectory-based event detection algorithms when using 2D video. Although detected keypoints showed good agreement with the gold-standard, misidentification of key events-such as touch down by 20 ms resulted in knee compression angle differences of up to 20°. These findings emphasize the need for de novo accurate key event detection algorithms to automate 2D video analysis pipelines.

BASSA: New software tool reveals hidden details in visualisation of low-frequency animal sounds.

The study of animal sounds in biology and ecology relies heavily upon time-frequency (TF) visualisation, most commonly using the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) spectrogram. This method, however, has inherent bias towards either temporal or spectral details that can lead to misinterpretation of complex animal sounds. An ideal TF visualisation should accurately convey the structure of the sound in terms of both frequency and time, however, the STFT often cannot meet this requirement. We evaluate the accuracy of four TF visualisation methods (superlet transform [SLT], continuous wavelet transform [CWT] and two STFTs) using a synthetic test signal. We then apply these methods to visualise sounds of the Chagos blue whale, Asian elephant, southern cassowary, eastern whipbird, mulloway fish and the American crocodile. We show that the SLT visualises the test signal with 18.48%-28.08% less error than the other methods. A comparison between our visualisations of animal sounds and their literature descriptions indicates that the STFT's bias may have caused misinterpretations in describing pygmy blue whale songs and elephant rumbles. We suggest that use of the SLT to visualise low-frequency animal sounds may prevent such misinterpretations. Finally, we employ the SLT to develop 'BASSA', an open-source, GUI software application that offers a no-code, user-friendly tool for analysing short-duration recordings of low-frequency animal sounds for the Windows platform. The SLT visualises low-frequency animal sounds with improved accuracy, in a user-friendly format, minimising the risk of misinterpretation while requiring less technical expertise than the STFT. Using this method could propel advances in acoustics-driven studies of animal communication, vocal production methods, phonation and species identification.

Portable on–off visual-mode detection using intrinsic fluorescent zinc-based metal–organic framework for detection of diclofenac in pharmaceutical tablets

On-site, robust, and quantitative detection of diclofenac (DCF) is highly significant in bioanalysis and quality control. Fluorescence-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) play a pivotal role in biochemical sensing, offering a versatile platform for detecting various biomolecules. However, conventional fluorescent MOF sensors often rely on lanthanide metals, which can pose challenges in terms of cost, accessibility, and environmental impact. Herein, an intrinsic blue fluorescent zinc-based metal–organic framework (FMOF-5) was prepared free from lanthanide metals. Coordination-induced emission as an effective strategy was followed wherein a non-fluorescent ligand is converted to a fluorescent one after insertion in a framework. Conventional fluorometry and smartphone-assisted visual methods were employed for the detection of DCF. The fluorescence emission of the FMOF-5 was effectively quenched upon the addition of the DCF, endowing it an “off” condition, which permits the construction of a calibration curve with a wide linear range of 30 – 670 µM and a detection limit of about 4.1 µM. Other analytical figures of merit, such as linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision were studied and calculated. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to quantify DCF in pharmaceutical tablets with reliable recovery and precision. Importantly, the elimination of lanthanide metals from the fluorescence detection system enhances its practicality and sustainability, making it a promising alternative for DCF detection in pharmaceutical analysis applications.

Hyperspectral Imaging coupled with Deep Learning Model for Visualization and Detection of Early Bruises on Apples

Early bruise on apples caused by external impacts during the transportation process is commonly difficult to be detected on the apple surface, limiting the application of traditional machine vision methods in determining fruit quality. In recent years, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a promising technology for identifying early bruise of fruits due to its efficient and nondestructive detection. In this study, HSI data in the shortwave infrared range were collected at 2-hour and 6-hour intervals after mechanical damage. The combination of the successive projections algorithm (SPA) and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to select three key feature bands, namely, 1074nm, 1269nm and 1441nm. Pseudo color transformation and band ratio algorithm were then employed to improve the contrast between damaged and healthy apple tissues for image enhancement. The fast and precise YOLOv5 (FP-YOLOv5) model achieved effective identification of apple bruises, with a high recognition rate of 95% and a fast detection speed at 130 fps. Overall, the proposed framework based on band selection and image enhancement exhibits better performance in the detection of early apple bruises, providing useful insights for HSI combined with a deep learning model in the grading evaluation of fruit quality.

EVALUATION OF EFFICACY OF COLOUR CORRECTED LIGHT SOURCE IN DETERMINING THE ACCURACY OF SHADE MATCHING DONE WITH A COMMONLY USED SHADE GUIDE SYSTEM BY CONVENTIONAL VISUAL METHOD AND AN INTRA ORAL SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of colour corrected light source in shade matching and to determine accuracies and inter-rater agreement of three shade matching methods (conventional visual method, visual method using colour corrected light source and spectrophotometric method). Methodology: In the conventional visual method and the visual method using colour corrected light source, four examiners with normal colour vision matched five target control shade tabs taken from the VITAPAN 3D MasterTM shade guide, with other full set of the same shade guide. Shade matching with the colour corrected light source was done under daylight mode simulating 5500K or natural daylight. Each tab was matched three times to determine repeatability of visual examiners. In the spectrophotometric method, two independent examiners matched the control tabs with three repetitions for each tab. The data was collected and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Visual method using colour corrected light source produced more accurate results (80%) than the conventional visual method (68.3%) and spectrophotometric method (0%), thus proving the efficacy of colour corrected light source (p&lt;0.05). All three methods exhibited poor inter-rater agreement. Conclusion: The question is whether handheld light correcting devices and digital assessments are clinically useful or are they unreliable andunnecessary costly. Even though visual shade matching is subjective, it is not inferior and should not be underrated. The low accuracy value obtained for the spectrophotometer may be a misrepresentation of the machines capabilities due to its inability to measure any reading asclose to the correct value. If both analyses are combined, digital determination of the basic shade and visual determination of the effects, can provide the best possible esthetic outcome. Although human eye will be the finalarbitrator, success can best be achieved by combining traditional artistic techniques with advancements in technology, complemented with innovations in colour-related research, education, and training of dental professionals.

Implementasi Aplikasi Duolingo Dalam Meningkatkan Kosakata Bahasa Inggris Pada Siswa SMPN 19 Mataram

The objective of this research is to enhance English language proficiency, with a particular emphasis on vocabulary, through the utilization of the Duolingo application. This application is a gamification application, which means that users can learn English using visual and auditory methods, much like playing a game. This quantitative research method employs a pre-experimental design, which includes a pre-test and post-test for a single group. The objective is to determine the effect of the application of Duolingo applications as a means of enhancing the vocabulary knowledge of students in class VII at SMPN 19 Mataram. The investigation included a total of 150 students in classes VII A to E, with each class consisting of students. The sample was class A, which was composed of 30 students who were randomly selected through randomization. The research data is collected by administering a pre-test and post-test to assess the learning results of vocabulary subjects. Normality tests, descriptive statistics, and T tests are employed in data analysis. The study's findings indicated that the average post-test score (70, 18) was higher than the pre-test average score. (30,78). The standard level of significance of 0.05 is used to determine whether the zero hypothesis can be rejected by contrasting the p-value. The p-value is less than 0.05, with a value of 0.000. This implies that the zero hypothesis is unfeasible, and it is inferred that the Duolingo Application is effective in enhancing student vocabulary knowledge. This is attributed to the presence of supportive elements, such as the analysis of initial skills, the attraction of student attention or motivation, and the improvement of English scores.