Method Of Urinary Tract Reconstruction Research Articles

A Novel Method for Urinary Tract Reconstruction in Transplanted Embryonic Kidneys Using the Hybrid Stent: A Pig Study.

A Novel Method for Urinary Tract Reconstruction in Transplanted Embryonic Kidneys Using the Hybrid Stent: A Pig Study.

Urinary reconstruction after kidney transplantation: Pyeloureterostomy or ureteroneocystostomy

PurposeUreteroneocystostomy (UCN) is the most widely used urinary reconstruction technique during kidney transplantation. Disadvantages of this technique include a high incidence of hematuria and reflux, plus the potential for obstruction resulting from distal ureteral fibrosis. Pyeloureterostomy (PU) avoids these complications but increases the technical complexity. MethodsBetween January 1990 and December 2005, 1066 adults patients underwent kidney transplantations; 768 patients (72.1%) had urinary reconstruction by PU and 298 (27.9%) underwent UNC. ResultsPatients in the PU group underwent simultaneous ipsilateral native nephrectomy. The operative time was longer in the PU group compared with the UNC group: 210 ± 36 min versus 182 ± 24 min (P < 0.001). Overall surgical complications in the PU group were comparable to those in the UNC group (9.5% versus 12.3%). The urinary complication rate was also comparable in both groups: 3.2% (25 of 768) in the PU group and 5% (15 of 298) in the UNC group. However, urinary obstruction comprised 60% of urinary complications in the UNC group, compared with 32% in the PU group (P < 0.01). We treated most urinary complications non-operatively. However, 24% of patients (six of 25) in the PU group needed operative intervention or revision for ureteral reconstruction, compared with 46.6% (seven of 15) in the UNC group (P < 0.01). ConclusionsPyeloureterostomy is a safe and effective method for urinary tract reconstruction in renal transplantation. Pyeloureterostomy should be part of every transplant surgeon's armamentarium.

Clinical advance of orthotopic bladder replacement after radical cystectomy

The surgical technique of total bladder replacement orthotopic intestinal neobladder has already been a well accepted method for urinary tract reconstruction after cystectomy in woad wide medical center in past 20 yeas.In this review,the update advance and viewpoint in some critical aspects of patients selection,reflux prevention,upper tract safety,continence,oncology safety,specific complications and quality of life were evaluated in the orthotopic bladder replacement.It is possible that the orthotopic bladder replacement become a new gold standard in urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. Key words: Urinary bladder neoplasms; Cystectomy; Urinary diversion

Continent urinary diversion

Continent urinary diversion has evolved from an investigational method of urinary tract reconstruction to an accepted, and in many instances preferred, option for men and women facing radical cystectomy. Over the last 15 years, we have learned much about the different procedures, their durability, and their success rates. This article reports on the procedures that the authors believe are associated with the highest success rates and the lowest complication rates. At this time, continent diversion should be offered to all appropriate candidates, and these procedures should be considered a part of the standard urologic armamentarium.

Secondary pyeloureterostomy after ureter necrosis in renal transplant recipients.

After kidney transplantation, urological complications account for significant morbidity necessitating reoperation in a substantial number of patients. In cases with urinary tract necrosis after renal transplantation secondary pyeloureterostomy represents an accepted method for urinary tract reconstruction. In our institution 2% of all kidney grafts required secondary pyeloureterostomy. In all cases the recipient's own ureter was investigated before reoperation by retrograde pyeloureterography. Pyeloureterostomy was performed with a standard technic, the recipients own kidney being removed in all but 5 patients. All 25 patients had normal kidney function immediately after secondary pyeloureterostomy. Urological complications occurred in 7 patients (anastomotic leakages in 4, stenosis in 3); 5 out of 7 complications were managed conservatively (nephrostomy, transureteral stenting). Two patients needed reexploration for reanastomosis. Our results confirm the simple and safe technic of pyeloureterostomy for urinary reconstruction in patients with ureter necrosis after renal transplantation.

Stenting the Extravesical Ureteroneocystostomy in Kidney Transplantation

Extravesical ureteroneocystostomy is becoming a more popular method for urinary tract reconstruction in kidney transplantation (Barry, 1983). The procedure involves a small cystotomy and only limited exposure of the bladder. A technique for stenting the anastomosis has been developed which allows accurate placement of the stent without the need for a large cystotomy.

Experience with Pyeloureterostomy Associated with Simple Ligation of Native Ureter without Ipsilateral Nephrectomy in Renal Transplantation

Ureteroneocystostomy was used as the primary method of urinary tract reconstruction in 282 allograft renal transplants at our center since 1965. A nonrefluxing anastomosis was incorporated whenever possible. Seven patients who suffered major urological complications involving the ureteroneocystostomy required pyeloureterostomy as the method of repair using the patient’s distal native ureter. No ipsilateral nephrectomy was performed and simple ligation of the native ureter with nonabsorbable suture was accomplished. Of the 7 patients 3 suffered hydronephrosis of the native kidney. None of these patients had signs or symptoms secondary to acute and chronic ureteral occlusion. Our experience suggests that intentional ligation of the native ureter during pyeloureterostomy does not result in increased morbidity to the transplant patient, and that the need for ipsilateral nephrectomy with its own added morbidity may not be necessary.

Experience with pyeloureterostomy in renal transplantation.

Pyeloureterostomy was used as the preferred method of urinary tract reconstruction in 260 of 371 consecutive renal allograft procedures performed between September 1967 and December 1980. Initially chromic catgut suture was used for the anastomosis in 96 patients with ten complications developing (10.4%). Because of the high incidence of anastomotic leakage (8.3%) with chromic catgut suture, the next 101 pyeloureterostomies were constructed using 7-0 Tevdek. Although urinary leakage occurred in only five of these patients (4.9%), late stone formation occurred along the suture material in three patients (2.9%), influencing the conversion to 7-0 Prolene for this anastomosis. With this suture material, only two complications have occurred in 63 subsequent pyeloureterostomies (3.1%), neither related to the anastomosis. In comparison, eight complications developed in 111 patients who underwent reconstruction with the Politano-Leadbetter method of ureteroneocystostomy (7.2%). The currently recommended method for pyeloureterostomy, as described, when combined with meticulous attention to technical details has made pyeloureterostomy a safe and effective method of urinary tract reconstruction in renal transplant recipients, with morbidity indistinguishable from that of ureteroneocystostomy.

Urological Complications in Renal Transplantation

The urological complications associated with 128 consecutive renal transplants performed in the Department of Urology of the University Hospital Heidelberg between February 1967 and January 1975 are described. Extravesical ureteroneocystostomy has shown to be the preferable method for urinary tract reconstruction, providing satisfactory results in our hands. The technique of ureteroneocystostomy at the dome of the bladder, performed since 1967 in our series, is described and its advantages discussed. There was an overall incidence of urological complications of 21.2%. Major urological complications occurred in 18 patients (14.1%), urinary fistulae in 11 patients (8.6%), ureteric obstruction in 4 patients (3.2%) and spontaneous parenchymal ruptures in 3 patients (2.3%). Only two grafts were lost, due to spontaneous parenchymal ruptures. The mortality directly due to major urological complications was 5.6%. Minor complications (hydrocele, epididymitis, urethral stricture, urinary calculi) were seen in 9 patients (7%). Lymphoceles were not encountered. The management and outcome of urological complications are described.

Prevention of urological complications after kidney transplantation.

THE MORTALITY rate following kidney transplantation has been gradually reduced during the past few years, as knowledge of the management of the operative procedures and immunosuppressive agents has accumulated. Death in the early posttransplantation period is now almost completely preventable,14 particularly by the prevention of urological complications. The present report is an analysis of the urological complications associated with 200 consecutive kidney transplantations at the University of Minnesota, and an illustration of how a method of urinary tract reconstruction has eliminated death from this cause in the last 100 transplantations.