Method For Transmission Loss Allocation Research Articles

Network loss management and allocating the transmission losses to loads and generation units according to their transactions

During recent years, allocating the network losses to loads and generation units based on network transactions is an important issue in the power industry. This study presents an appropriate method to allocate the network losses to loads and generation units according to their network transactions. This method is appropriate and faster than other loss allocation techniques and does not consider unreasonable assumptions in the loss allocation process. This method explicitly assigns the network losses according to individual transactions, and this leads to allocate the network losses among all network transactions. This approach is based on the share of the loads and generation units on active and reactive power flows passing through the lines according to transactions. The implementation of the method on large networks is simple and fast. To approve the performance of the presented method, the proposed loss allocation technique has been applied to a three-bus case study system and the IEEE 14-bus test system. Also, several different transaction modes are used to show the performance of the presented method for transmission loss allocation based on transactions.

Modified penalized quoted cost method for transmission loss allocation including reactive power demand in deregulated electricity market

Abstract Transmission loss/cost allocation to the individual buses in a fair way is an essential issue in restructured electricity market. This paper splits active power transmission loss into two components namely real and reactive loss component. The real and reactive loss components are due to the real power transaction from the generator to the load and reactive power demand of the load respectively. The active power loss changes due to the reactive power loads and this increase in loss are allocated to the relevant loads based on load sensitivity factor (LSF). The loss allocation using LSF is a valid approach as it is derived from solved load flow solution. The cost allocation of real loss component to a transaction and reactive loss component to loads is based on the loss contribution fraction (LCF) and LSF respectively. The highlight of this paper is to allocate real loss component to the respective buses equally and to allocate the cost of reactive loss component to the respective loads in a fair way. This paper also presents a detailed discussion on impact of mathematical loss and comparison with four existing loss allocation methods. All the methods are discussed by considering with and without reactive power load. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated using a sample four bus and 30 bus IEEE system.

A New Methodology for Active Power Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Power System

This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation in a deregulated power system. As the power loss is a nonlinear quantity, so to allocate the loss in a common transmission corrider is a difficult task. It allocates transmission losses to loads based on the actual power flow in the lossy lines due to the concerned load. Each lossy line is subdivided into as many sub-lines as corresponding to the numbers of load attached to it. The tracing of power flow through each sub-line is worked out by using proportional sharing method. The power loss in each lossy line is equal with the total loss due to all the sub-lines under it. Then by using Pro-rata for each lossy line, the individual loss for each sub-line is formulated. As the application of Pro-rata is limited to an individual line of the system, so the error in calculation is minimized. The total loss allocated to a particular load is the sum of losses occurred in each lossy lines through which the power is flowing to the concerned load. As this method is based on the actual flow of power in the transmission line corresponding to the concerned load, hence, the loss allocation made by the method gives proper and justifiable allocations to the different loads which are attached to the system.<strong> </strong>The proposed method is applied to a six-bus system and finds the mismatch in the commonly used methods. Then, it is applied to higher bus systems in which more accurate results are obtained compared to the other methods.

A directional-based branches current method for transmission loss allocation in the pool-based electricity market

This paper proposes a new method for transmission loss allocation. The share of each bus in the transmission line losses is determined using transmission line loss equations with respect to bus-injected currents. Then, it is applied to the total network transmission lines. In the proposed method, comparing with other methods, a solution to remove the negative loss allocation has been introduced. This algorithm is based on the electric network relations and the injected power in various buses considering the network topology. The proposed method is studied on a typical three-bus network, and applied to the IEEE 14-bus networks. In comparison with other methods, a new solution for removing negative loss allocation is proposed.

Algorithm for Transmission Loss Allocation in Market-Based Power Systems with Wind Generation

This paper proposes a novel method for transmission loss allocation in restructured power systems. It is based on circuit laws and the orthogonal projection theory. In this method, the current flow in each branch is divided into two components. The first one is due to the power transfer from generators to loads. The second component is due to the voltage differences between generators’ buses. The later currents are called no-load or circulating currents. These two current components are computed by using the superposition principle. The contribution of each load and generator to power losses in each branch of the network is derived analytically. Hence, the share of each load or generator in the overall transmission network losses is estimated. Furthermore, the impact of bilateral and multilateral contracts is incorporated in the power loss allocation algorithm. The contribution of each contract to the total transmission system power loss is estimated accurately. The method also takes into account the time variation of loads and wind generation. The proposed method is applied to two test systems and compared to the prorate, game theory, and Z-bus approaches.

A Direct Method for Transmission Loss Allocation

Fair allocation of transmission loss among market participants is essential in the present restructured electricity markets. This paper proposes a direct method to find the loss allocation. The methodology is based on simple circuit laws and does not involve any assumptions. Considering the real power injection and real power loss contribution factors loss alloca- tion can be done. Case study of the proposed loss allocation methodology is conducted on an IEEE 14 bus system. Results are compared with the results of the existing methods in the literature.

A new method for transmission loss allocation considering the circulating currents between generators

AbstractA new method is presented for transmission loss allocation based on the separation of transmission loss caused by load and the loss due to circulating currents between generators. The theoretical basis for and derivation of the loss formulae are presented using simple systems. The concept is then extended to a general power system using the Ybus model. Details of the application of the proposed method to a typical power system are presented along with results from the IEEE 30 bus test system. The results from both the small system and the standard IEEE test system demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Transmission Loss Allocation Through Complex Power Flow Tracing

This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation. The method is based on tracing the complex power flow through the network and determining the share of each load on the flow and losses through each line. Transmission losses are taken into consideration during power flow tracing. Unbundling line losses is carried out using an equation, which has a physical basis, and considers the coupling between active and reactive power flows as well as the cross effects of active and reactive power on active and reactive losses. A tracing algorithm which can be considered direct to a good extent, as there is no need for exhaustive search to determine the flow paths as these are determined in a systematic way during the course of tracing. Results of application of the proposed method are also presented.

A unified transmission loss allocation method

A new unified method which allocates transmission losses either to buses in a pool market or to individual transactions in a bilateral contract market is presented in this paper. A detailed derivation of the method is given. A bus-loss matrix and a transaction-loss matrix are developed to show the interactions between bus injections and transactions. It is further demonstrated that the “Physical-power-flow-based” method can be obtained as an approximation of this unified approach under certain simplifying assumptions. Test systems are used to illustrate how the proposed method behaves under different possible scenarios.

Transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical energy market

This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical power market. The proposed method is based on physical flow through transmission lines. The contributions of individual loads to the line flows are used as basis for allocating transmission losses to different loads. With minimum assumptions, that sound to be reasonable and cannot be rejected, a novel loss allocation formula is derived. The assumptions made are: a number of currents sharing a transmission line distribute themselves over the cross section in the same manner; that distribution causes the minimum possible power loss. Application of the proposed method is straightforward. It requires only a solved power flow and any simple algorithm for power flow tracing. Both active and reactive powers are considered in the loss allocation procedure. Results of application show the accuracy of the proposed method compared with the commonly used procedures.