Regeneration Method Research Articles

Transcriptome and Gene Expression Analysis Revealed CeNA1: A Potential New Marker for Somatic Embryogenesis in Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn.)

Centaurium erythraea Rafn. is a medicinal plant used as a model for studying plant developmental processes due to its developmental plasticity and ease of manipulation in vitro. Identifying the genes involved in its organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the first step toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying its morphogenic plasticity. Although SE is the most common method of centaury regeneration, the genes involved in this have not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during key stages of SE and organogenesis using transcriptome data, with a focus on novel SE-related genes. The transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 4040 DEGs during SE and 12,708 during organogenesis. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed that the highest number of SE-related genes was involved in defense responses. The expression of fifteen selected SE-related candidate genes was assessed by RT-qPCR across nine centaury developmental stages, including embryogenic tissues. Notably, a newly reported transcript, named CeNA1, was specifically activated during embryogenic callus (ec) induction, making it a potential novel marker for early SE. These findings provide, for the first time, insight into SE-related transcriptional patterns, representing a step closer to uncovering the molecular basis of centaury’s developmental plasticity.

High Rate Performance of Single‐Crystalline NCM Upcycled from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries Via Direct Recovery and Modification

AbstractThe global expansion of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) presents both an urgent environmental issue and a significant economic opportunity, driving the development of diverse recycling processes worldwide. Direct regeneration is a promising method for recovering materials from spent LIBs. However, most existing direct regeneration methods focus solely on recovering cathodes without addressing further improvements in their performance. Herein, a direct regeneration method is reported to upcycle single‐crystalline lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NCM) from spent polycrystalline NCM based on a facile phosphoric acid etching approach. Moreover, the Li3PO4 coating and PO43− polyanion doping are simultaneously achieved on the surface of single‐crystal NCM during the upcycling single‐crystalline process. The enlarged lattice spacing and fast ionic conductor coating layer enhance Li+ diffusion and mitigate phase transformations during delithiation/lithiation. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of single crystal structure and surface modification, the upcycled single‐crystalline LiNi0.65Co0.2Mn0.15O2 demonstrates excellent electrochemical performances, including large reversible capacity (≈186 mAh g−1 at 0.1C), high‐rate capability (≈142 mAh g−1 at 10C), and excellent cycling stability (≈99% retention for 100 cycles). This approach provides a novel and effective upcycling pathway to transform the spent LIBs into value‐added cathode materials, achieving a win–win situation for environmental protection and resource conservation.

Advancing Bone Regeneration: The Impactful Role of Plasma Technology

ABSTRACTBone diseases and injuries pose a significant global health challenge. Traditional bone regeneration methods face limitations, such as tissue availability and immune rejection. This study presents plasma technology's potential in scaffold engineering for bone regeneration through bibliometric analysis and experimental findings. Plasmas modify surfaces and enhance scaffold properties. These modifications are crucial for effective bone healing. Our bibliometric analysis identifies key trends and collaborations in plasma technology research. The analysis reveals a strong correlation between surface modification, plasma treatment, and applications in tissue engineering and biomaterials, underscoring the need for detailed investigations into plasma applications. By linking bibliometric trends with experimental research, this article emphasizes the novel role of plasma technology in current and future bone regeneration strategies.

Laser-Induced Regeneration of Spent LiMn2O4 Cathode Into High-Performance Ni-Doped LiMn2O4 Cathode.

The rapid increase in lithium-ion battery (LIB) production, fueled by the rise of electric vehicles, highlights significant challenges in managing end-of-life LIBs, particularly regarding environmental impact and waste management. Traditional recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes, are energy-intensive and consume substantial reagents. In this study, a laser-assisted regeneration method is introduced for LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathodes, enabling in situ Ni doping into spent LMO cathodes (r-LMO-Ni) to enhance electrochemical performance. Surface Ni-doping improves interfacial processes and reduces capacity loss at lower temperatures by creating a new interface with a lower charge transfer energy barrier. The r-LMO-Ni cathode surpasses pristine LMO cathodes, achieving a specific capacity of 112.95mA h g-1 at 1 C and retaining 95.1% of its capacity after 200 cycles at 0 °C. A techno-economic analysis supports the feasibility of this laser-assisted regeneration approach, offering an innovative pathway for upcycling spent cathodes and developing next-generation Mn-based cathodes.

Better Together: Photoredox/Copper Dual Catalysis in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Photomediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (photoATRP) is an activator regeneration method, which allows for the controlled synthesis of well-defined polymers via light irradiation. Traditional photoATRP is often limited by the need for high-energy ultraviolet or violet light. These could negatively affect the control and selectivity of the polymerization, promote side reactions, and may not be applicable to biologically relevant systems. This drawback can be circumvented by an introduction of the catalytic amount of photocatalysts, which absorb visible and/or NIR light and, therefore, controlled, regenerative ATRP can be performed with the dual-catalytic cycle. Herein, a critical summary of recent developments in the field of dual-catalysis concerning Cu-catalyzed ATRP is provided. Contributions of involved species are examined mechanistically, followed by challenges and future directions towards the next generation of advanced functional macromolecular materials.

Efficient fluoxetine removal from water using Tunisian clay as adsorbent and its regeneration through NaOH-activated peroxymonosulfate

Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments pose significant environmental and public health risks. This pioneering study introduces a novel approach to removing fluoxetine (FLX) through adsorption onto Tunisian purified clay (PC), while exploring an innovative adsorbent regeneration method via Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). The adsorbent material was characterized using various techniques to determine its: morphological structure, physical properties, mineralogical composition and chemical composition. Key adsorption parameters (contact time, pH, and initial concentration) were optimized, the optimization process revealed an impressive maximum adsorption capacity of 390.28 mg/g for FLX by PC. The experimental data best fit with the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, these findings provide insights into the adsorption mechanism and surface characteristics of the PC. The PC regenerated with PMS activated by NaOH is an interesting innovation in the field of reusable clay materials, maintaining a high performance across four cycles, with efficiency dropping only from 94 % to 64 %. The study’s findings represent a significant advancement in developing sustainable solutions for pharmaceutical removal from aquatic environments. By combining a highly efficient, locally-sourced adsorbent with a novel regeneration method, this research opens new avenues for addressing the growing concern of pharmaceutical contamination in water bodies, offering a promising, eco-friendly approach to water treatment technologies.

Development of a single-unit SMB process for clean production of 2’-fluoro nucleoside phosphoramidites to be used as the key building blocks of antisense oligonucleotide drugs and mRNA-vaccine capping primers

Due to the recent increase in incurable diseases and the pandemic of COVID-19, there have been global interests in antisense 2’-fluoro modified oligonucleotide drugs and mRNA-vaccine capping primers. To ensure stable and economical production of these oligonucleotides and primers, it is essential to establish a reliable process for securing a large amount of their corresponding monomer (2’-fluoro nucleoside phosphoramidite, abbreviated as “2’F-NP” hereafter) at high purity (> 99%) from the output of the relevant reaction. Currently, this task has been handled using two-stage separation processes (extraction and chromatography in series) based on batch (non-continuous) modes, which, however, had the problems of excessive solvent consumption and low yield. For cleaner production of 2’F-NP, these problems should be resolved. To address such issue, this study aimed to develop a new single-step process that can recover 2’F-NP at once in a continuous mode at high purity. For this purpose, we introduced a simulated-moving-bed (SMB) method into the development phase of the targeted 2’F-NP recovery process, and further established the appropriate SMB configuration and solvent-gradient strategy to continuously remove all the impurities at once. The SMB mode process determined based on such considerations was then optimized using the intrinsic parameters estimated, the regeneration method explored, and the optimization tool prepared. The relevant SMB experiment was carried out, which confirmed that the developed process in this study was quite effective in continuous-mode recovery of 2’F-NP at high purity (99.5%) and high yield (96.5%) without the aid of a further process, thereby enabling a significant reduction in solvent consumption. The results in this paper will thus contribute to the clean and eco-friendly production of 2’F-NP, which will also be of benefit to antisense oligonucleotide drug and mRNA-vaccine capping primer production processes.

Facilitating Cathode Regeneration via Defect‐Driven Prelithiation

AbstractDirect regeneration of electrode materials has been in the spotlight due to its potential resource recovery and environmental benefits, especially for LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode materials. Yet, prior studies have predominantly emphasized innovating regeneration methods, overlooking the intrinsic defects of spent NCM and their effects in the regeneration process. This study proposes a mechanism aimed at facilitating lithiation regeneration by modulating the surface defects of spent NCM. The generation of oxygen defects in degraded NCM intensifies the adsorption of lithium source, effectively reducing the energy barrier for Li+ migration from surface to bulk. Simultaneously, mechanical energy is employed to alter the local thermodynamic state to provide a driving force for lithium migration, allowing it to undergo a prelithiation reaction before roasting. The temperature range in which the phase transition occurs during the roasting process becomes more concentrated. This contributes to increasing opportunities for lithium insertion and accelerates the repair of crystal structure, resulting in favorable properties of regenerated materials. This strategy innovatively exploits the inherent defects of spent NCM, proposes the critical role of synergistically regulating defect kinetic and thermodynamic features in facilitating regeneration, providing a unique perspective for the design of direct NCM regeneration technology.

The use of osteoinductive materials in the treatment of bone pathologies and severe fractures

Treatment of bone pathologies and severe fractures is an urgent healthcare problem that requires effective and innovative approaches to ensure complete restoration of bone tissue and improve the quality of life of patients. Traditional methods of bone tissue regeneration, such as transplantation of bone autografts and allografts, have a number of limitations, including a shortage of donor material and the risk of complications. In this regard, it is of interest to use osteoinductive materials that promote accelerated healing and restoration of bone structures. The article discusses modern osteoinductive materials, their types, mechanisms of action and clinical application. Particular attention is paid to their role in the treatment of complex fractures and bone pathologies, such as osteoporosis and osteomyelitis. Data from clinical studies have been analyzed demonstrating the high effectiveness of osteoinductive materials in the treatment of complex fractures, osteomyelitis, osteonecrosis and other bone pathologies. Benefits of using these materials include accelerated healing, reduced risk of complications, minimized need for autografts, and improved integration with bone tissue.

Studies on the ssDNA-Based Biosensor Regeneration and Miniaturization for Electrochemical Detection of miRNAs

Abstract One of the most significant disadvantages of biosensing systems is the limited possibility of their regeneration, which only allows for their single use for detection of most targets. The reduction of biosensor fabrication cost could thus be achieved by elaboration of protocol providing the highest recovery of sensing layer response. A further drop of production expenses could yield the biosensor miniaturization as it leads to consumption of chemicals required for receptor layer formation as well as execution of measurements. To address the above-mentioned challenges, we aimed to find the most adequate method of regeneration of single-stranded DNA-based layers specific to miRNA 141 molecule which elevated concentration might refer to progression of cancer. The studies indicated that 5 min. incubation of ssDNA-modified electrode in 4 M urea provided the highest response towards miRNA 141 among all tested regeneration procedures. Furthermore, the possibility of ssDNA immobilization on was shown. This enabled miRNA 141 detection within 0.1 nM – 1 µM concentration range with high selectivity. Moreover, ssDNA layers elaborated on miniaturized transducers were distinguished with sufficient stability after 24 h storage in 20 mM PBS and could be also regenerated using 4 M urea.

Rac1 inhibition regenerates wounds in mouse fetuses via altered actin dynamics

Mammalian wounds leave visible scars, and there are no methods for complete regeneration. However, mouse fetuses regenerate their skin, including epidermal and dermal structures, up to embryonic day (E)13. This regeneration pattern requires the formation of actin cables in the wound margin epithelium; however, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Rac1 alters actin in cells and is involved in the formation of filopodia. We investigated whether actin remodeling and skin regeneration patterns can be reproduced through the regulation of Rac1 signaling. Rac1 expression was downregulated in E13 wounds and upregulated after E15 when scars remained. NSC23766, a Rac1-specific inhibitor, altered actin dynamics at the cell margin from filopodia formation to cable formation and inhibited the migration of mouse epidermal keratinocyte, PAM212, by Rac1 signaling suppression. NSC23766 suppressed Rac1 activity and completely regenerated the fetal mouse wounds, even at E14, by changing actin dynamics. Knocked-out Rac1 transgenic mice experienced delayed epithelialization of wounds with suppressed epidermal migration in adults; however, in fetuses, complete wound regeneration via Rac1 signal suppression was observed. Therefore, Rac1 suppression in the wound epidermis can achieve regenerative wound healing in fetuses and may be a potential candidate for healing scars.

A Room‐Temperature Lithium‐Restocking Strategy for the Direct Reuse of Degraded LiFePO4 Electrodes

AbstractThe sustainable development of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries calls for efficient recycling technologies for spent LFP (SLFP). Even for the advanced direct material regeneration (DMR) method, multiple steps including separation, regeneration, and electrode refabrication processes are still needed. To circumvent these intricacies, new regeneration methods that allow direct electrode reuse (DER) by rejuvenating SLFP electrodes without damaging its structure are desired. Here, a 0.1 M lithium triethyl borohydride/tetrahydrofuran solution, which has the proper reductive capability to reduce Fe3+ in SLFP to Fe2+ without alloying with the aluminum current collector, is selected as the lithiation/regeneration reagent to restock the Li loss and regenerate SLFP electrodes. By soaking the SLFP electrodes in the lithiation solution, we successfully rejuvenated the crystal structure and electrochemical activity of SLFP electrodes with structural integrity within only 6 minutes at room temperature. When being directly reused, the regenerated LFP electrodes deliver a high specific capacity of 162.6 mAh g−1 even after being exposed to air for 3 months. The DER strategy presents significant economic and environmental benefits compared with the DMR method. This research provides a timely and innovative solution for recycling spent blade batteries using large‐sized LFP electrodes, boosting the closed‐loop development of LFP batteries.

Lost in translation: the lack of agreement between surgeons and scientists regarding biomaterials research and innovation for treating bone defects

BackgroundWith over 2 million grafts performed annually, bone ranks second only to blood in the frequency of transplants. This high demand is primarily driven by the persistent challenges posed by bone defects, particularly following trauma or surgical interventions such as tumour excision. The demand for effective and efficient treatments has increased exponentially in the twenty-first century. Limitations associated with autologous bone grafts drive exploration into replacements, including allografts, synthetic substitutes, and 3D-printed scaffolds. This research aimed to unravel disparities in the knowledge and evaluation of current and future bone defect treatments between surgeons and biomaterial scientists.MethodsA prospective cross-sectional survey, pre-registered with the OSF (https://osf.io/y837m/?view_only=fab29e24df4f4adf897353ac70aa3361) and conducted online from October 2022 to March 2023, collected data on surgeons’ views (n = 337) and scientists (n = 99) on bone defect treatments.ResultsScientists were significantly more optimistic than surgeons regarding the future replacement of autologous bone grafts with synthetic or tissue-engineered substitutes (p < 0.001). Accordingly, scientists foresee a paradigm shift from autologous bone grafts to biomaterial and tissue-engineered solutions, reflecting their confidence in the ongoing advancements within this field.Furthermore, regulatory trepidations for 3D-printed bone scaffolds were acknowledged, with scientists emphasizing the need for a more significant focus on clinical relevance in preclinical studies and regulatory clarity. In a ranked categorical assessment, witnessing the technology in action was deemed most influential in adopting new bone regeneration methods by both scientists and surgeons.ConclusionsTo conclude, this study was conducted through a web-based survey, highlighting a substantial translational gap. It underscores the immediate need (“call to action”) for meaningful interdisciplinary collaboration between surgeons and scientists, often referred to as the need to “walk the talk”. The findings underscore the critical importance of aligning clinical needs, research outcomes, and regulatory frameworks to improve the development and implementation of biomaterial-based bone graft substitutes that demonstrate efficacy and efficiency in bone defect treatment.

Durability of Forging Tools Used in the Hot Closed Die Forging Process-A Review.

The article presents the classification of the wear mechanisms of forging tools. The durability of dies can be enhanced through a variety of methods, including the selection of appropriate hot working tool steel, the application of effective heat treatment, the utilization of advanced surface engineering techniques, and the incorporation of lubricating and cooling agents. Two popular methods of tool regeneration, such as re-profiling and laser regeneration, are presented. The issue of numerical wear prediction based on the Archard model, the correlation of this model with experimental results, low-cycle fatigue (HTLCF), and an alternative method based on artificial neural networks are discussed. The paper aims to present currently known wear mechanisms and the methods of increasing and predicting tool durability.

Enhancing Flexibility and Reliability in Smart Distribution Networks: A Self-Healing Approach

This paper presents a pioneering approach that integrates a Self-Healing System through a Smart Distribution Network, which employs a two-step implementation of a comprehensive Energy Management algorithm and a multi-agent system with an autonomous distributed regeneration method. The novel method improves network operation through optimized management of local microgrids, which include diverse components comprising renewable energy sources, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and energy storage systems. The first phase concentrates on minimizing network operation costs by adhering to system utilization restrictions and optimal load distribution, while the second phase addresses the optimization of regeneration processes, which decreases discrepancies between recoverable priority loads and switching operations. The evaluation introduces a stochastic programming approach to model and manage uncertainties, and utilizes the Kantorovich method and the roulette wheel mechanism to improve reliability. ...

Optimization of the hydrothermal process for simultaneous LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 regeneration and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) decomposition

Nickel‑cobalt‑manganese (NCM) ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), widely utilized in new energy vehicles, inevitably face retirement after prolonged use due to capacity decay and performance degradation. These batteries consist of lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and other metals and organic compounds. Mishandling these batteries can lead to significant environmental harm. Therefore, recycling and reprocessing used ternary LIBs is essential. The conventional hydrothermal method for cathode repair and regeneration has demonstrated broad applicability and remarkable effectiveness in recovering ternary LIBs, indicating promising prospects for application. However, high hydrothermal temperatures and fluorine contamination hinder its practical implementation. This study optimized the traditional hydrothermal method for cathode repair and regeneration to address these challenges by utilizing a reducing environment facilitated by glucose, which lowers the activation energy barrier and reduces the hydrothermal temperature. Additionally, the optimized method degrades the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) during the repair and regeneration process, effectively preventing fluorine contamination. Conditional experiments and quantitative analyses using Raman spectroscopy were conducted to investigate the degradation efficiency and pathways of PVDF. The regenerated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) polycrystalline particles were successfully restored in morphology and structure, exhibiting good specific capacity and cycling stability. This was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other analytical methods, alongside electrochemical tests. This study presents a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution for efficiently recycling and reprocessing ternary LIBs.

Evaluation of a triethylenetetramine-chitosan derivative for the removal of palladium ion from an intricate adsorbate system

Palladium (Pd), a well-known noble metal for its exceptional physical and chemical properties, finds widespread applications in sectors including automotive, hydrogen purification, dentistry, coinage, and jewelry. The growing demand for Pd has led to resource scarcity. This feature necessitated upon the economically and environmentally viable means for the reclamation of the precious metal ions from secondary sources. This article delves into the Pd adsorptive-desorption trends associated with the triethylenetetramine cross-linked chitosan (CH-TETA) derivative in moderately complex solutions. The effect of moderate solution chemistry complexity, incorporating ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), within the synthetic electroless plating (ELP) solutions was investigated. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted through a variation of process parameters namely solution pH, CH-TETA dosage, adsorption duration, initial Pd concentration, and temperature. CH-TETA demonstrates an impressive Pd adsorption capacity ranging from 43.53 to 117.08 mg g⁻¹ and is correspondingly accompanied by the metal removal efficiency range of 87.05 % to 39.03 %. Such promising performance has been ascertained for an initial Pd constitution of 50 to 300 mg L⁻¹. Despite constituting other additives in the adsorbate system, utilizing simple acidic and basic eluents, the CH-TETA derivative exhibited a reasonable recovery efficacy of 39.68 %. Thereafter, recovery of Pd can be further enhanced into two approaches. In these, the first refers to the utilization of various other methods such as thermal, electrochemical, ultrasound, and microwave-assisted regeneration from spent adsorbents. Secondly, a pre-treatment method can be adopted to remove the additives prior to the adsorption process. In summary, the recovery of precious metal ions from the spent adsorbents has been a challenging task. Based on the discussion, further improvements based on the findings of this article are possible by targeting relevant research methodologies in resin chemistry and regeneration methods.

Lotus rhizome-inspired superhydrophobic capillarity mesh surface for long-term plastron stability

Superhydrophobic surfaces have the ability to trap gases underwater. The entrapped gas, known as plastron, has demonstrated potential for many non-wetting-related applications. However, the plastron is fragile and inevitably vanishes due to challenging real-world environmental factors. Current methods for plastron regeneration require continuous matter or energy input, such as gas injection, chemical reaction, electrolysis, boiling, and control of solubility, which are difficult to fabricate at scale and require constant monitoring of the plastron. Here, we demonstrate a novel capillarity method to replenish the plastron. Inspired by the Lotus rhizomes that survive underwater, a superhydrophobic capillarity mesh surface (SCMS) that can act as capillaries to absorb gas spontaneously is presented. The SCMS enables rapid plastron self-recovery within 0.6 s and extends the plastron lifespan to at least 60 days without intervention or energy input. Furthermore, we extend this method to deep-water environments by adding a diving bell. The plastron of SCMS with capillary effect can withstand at least a pressure of 4 bar. Experimental results indicate that SCMS can recover its drag reduction effect after plastron loss. This capillarity strategy may enable previously unattainable underwater applications.

New Approaches for Regeneration of an Outstanding Baroque Living Heritage, the Széchenyi Linden Allée in Hungary

Allées used to be the essential artistic tools and indispensable parts of the strictly architectural, formal Baroque gardens. Beyond the practical purposes of edging paths and garden ways for walking, hunting, or horse and carriage riding, allées played a vital role in marking visual and landscape connections and thus the spatial projection of the noble estate, its wealth, and social rank. In Historical Hungary, Baroque architecture and garden art appeared in German-Austrian and French examples in the 18th century. The Széchenyi Linden Allée is an outstanding linear garden space of Baroque Garden art at Nagycenk, West Hungary. The generous composition, created by the prominent Count Széchenyi family in the mid-18th century, has remained a magnificent entity in the landscape ever since. Despite barely two hundred years of detected or unknown environmental or habitat changes, as early as 1942, the allée received a nature conservation nomination. More than a half-century later, in 2002, the allée became a historical and landscape aesthetical heritage within the Fertő-Hanság Cultural Landscape World Heritage site. Unfortunately, the once magnificent tree lines have severely eroded in recent decades due to mature trees’ subsequent death, inadequate replacement, lack of regular maintenance and tree care, and effects of climate change. In recent years (2011, 2018), landscape and horticultural analyses and visual and instrumental tree assessments were performed to help the conservation and rebirth of the allée, maintain the mature trees, and restore the landscape within a long-term renewal plan. Along with the 2018 survey and plan, the short-term maintenance works were completed in 2019–2020. This study, based on site surveys in 2022 and 2024, aims to identify the results of the primary management, analyses the vitality of mature trees after crown reductions, and then proposes a resilient and sustainable regeneration method with the habitat, cultural, natural, and genetic heritage, and the feasible maintenance contexts in focus. As proposed in the 2018 plan, the reproduction of mature trees started in 2020 and resulted in well-developing grafts for a later allée restoration. Due to the challenges of climate change, the regeneration project requires a special, long-term restoration management plan with a special focus on the still vital and possible remaining mature trees, the well-growing individuals from previous replanting, and the nursery school seedlings conserving the genetic heritage of the Széchenyi lime trees with long-viability capacity.

Histological Analysis of Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Zygotic Embryo of Wild Banana Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis

Somatic embryogenesis, a crucial plant regeneration method, has become indispensable for crop improvement, particularly for species reliant on somatic cell manipulation techniques. Optimization of this process necessitates an understanding of the developmental stages involved. This study investigates the histological aspects of somatic embryogenesis in Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis derived from immature zygotic embryos. Through detailed histological analysis, we aimed to elucidate the morphological changes and cellular organization occurring during the various stages of somatic embryogenesis, from induction, culture proliferation, and somatic embryo development to plantlet conversion. The initial stages of embryogenesis, characterized by nodules, were primarily composed of meristematic cells with high cell division activity. These cells contained tetrad-like structures that could develop into distinct two- and four-celled proembryoids or proembryogenic aggregates. Our histo-anatomical analysis revealed that embryogenic cultures proliferated through multiple pathways simultaneously: somatic embryo budding, proembryo formation, and pro-embryonic mass formation from both internal and peripheral cells. At the stage of somatic embryo development, embryos with a well-defined protoderm layer, containing cells with prominent nuclei and dense cytoplasm, potentially regenerate into plantlets. Furthermore, histological examination revealed the presence of procambium within mature somatic embryos, which subsequently developed into the vascular system of the complete plantlet