Method For Determination Of Chloride Research Articles

Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator

The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.

A selective volatilization method for determination of chloride and sulfate in calcium carbonate pharmaceutical raw material and commercial tablets

In this work a feasible method for chloride and sulfate determination in calcium carbonate pharmaceutical raw material and commercial tablets by ion chromatography after microwave-induced combustion was developed. The analytes were released from matrix by combustion in closed system pressurized with oxygen. Starch as volatilization aid, 100mmolL−1 HNO3 as absorbing solution and 5min of microwave irradiation time were used. Recovery tests using standard solutions were performed for the accuracy evaluation. A mixture of calcium carbonate pharmaceutical raw material or commercial tablets, starch and a certified reference material was also used as a type of recovery test. Recoveries ranging from 88% to 103% were obtained in both spike tests. Limits of detection (Cl-: 40µgg−1 and SO42-: 140µgg−1) were up to eighteen times lower than the maximum limits established for the analytes by Brazilian, British, European and Indian Pharmacopoeias. The limit tests recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia for Cl- and SO42- in CaCO3 were carried out to compare the results. Chloride and SO42- concentrations in the samples analyzed by proposed method were in agreement with those results obtained using the tests recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia. However, the proposed method presents several advantages for the routine analysis when compared to pharmacopoeial methods, such as the quantitative simultaneous determination, high sample preparation throughput (up to eight samples per run in less than 30min), reduced volume of reagents and waste generation. Thus, the proposed method is indicated as an excellent alternative for Cl- and SO42- determination in CaCO3 pharmaceutical raw material and commercial tablets.

Determination of Chloride in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Potentiometric Titration: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.07.

A potentiometric method for determination of chloride was validated against AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR(®)) 2014.015. Ten AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) matrixes, including National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1849a, were tested in duplicate on 6 independent days. The repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 0.43 to 1.34%, and the intermediate reproducibility (RSDiR) ranged from 0.80 to 3.04%. All results for NIST SRM 1849a were within the range of the certified concentration (701 ± 17 mg/100 g). Recovery was demonstrated with two overspike levels, 50 and 100%, in the 10 SPIFAN matrixes. Samples were tested in duplicate on 3 different days, and all results were within the SMPR requirement of 95 to 105%. The LOQs of the method for powdered products and ready-to-feed or reconstituted products were 20 mg/100 g and 2.2 mg/100 mL, respectively. A wide analytical range from the LOQ to 99.5% chlorine content can be reached with an appropriate dilution factor, but in practice, the upper analytical value observed in routine matrix testing was approximately 1080 mg/100 g in skim milk powder. This is a rapid, simple, and reliable chlorine-testing method applicable to infant formula, adult nutritionals, and ingredients used in these dairy-based products, such as skim milk powder, desalted whey powder, whey protein powder, and whole milk powder.

Development of a microwave-assisted digestion method for the rapid determination of chloride and fluoride in nuclear-grade boron carbide powders

A simple and efficient microwave-assisted digestion (MAD) method for the rapid determination of chloride and fluoride in nuclear-grade boron carbide powders has been developed using a closed microwave-vessel (G30, Anton Parr) and a domestic microwave oven. Parameters optimized to get quantitative recoveries of chloride and fluoride were extractant concentration, microwave power, irradiation time and amount of the sample. The optimized MAD conditions for quantitative recovery of chloride and fluoride were obtained by irradiating ∼0.5 g of sample in 10 mL of 10% HNO3 (v/v) for about 30 s at a microwave power of 480 W. After completion of the extraction process, the sample mixture was centrifuged and then a known volume of the sample extract (clear supernatant) was transferred to another pre-cleaned tube for subsequent analyses of Cl and F using an ion-selective electrode (ISE). A pyro-hydrolysis method was used for validation of the results of the proposed MAD method. The LOD values for chloride and fluoride in conjunction with the proposed MAD were found to be 1.9 μg g−1 and 1.2 μg g−1 respectively with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10%. The studies have demonstrated that the proposed microwave-based approach constitutes a good alternative sample preparation methodology for the determination of chloride and fluoride in nuclear-grade boron carbide powder samples.

In situ leaching method for determination of chloride in concrete pore water

In the in situ leaching (ISL) method, pore water ionic content is determined in small cavities drilled in mortar/concrete specimens. Prior investigations have demonstrated the ISL applicability to obtain pH and nitrite ion concentration in concrete/mortar pore water. The application of the method is extended here to determine pore water chloride ion concentration (and pH) within practical test times in mortars and concretes prepared in the laboratory and in concrete cores extracted from a bridge deck in deicing salt service. Spatial resolution for the determination of composition profiles is also illustrated. Modeling of the ISL process indicates that chloride binding accelerates the approach toward a terminal cavity concentration, reducing test duration to practical lengths for moderate permeability concretes. This acceleration can be attributed to maintaining a higher gradient of free chloride near the cavity wall due to the release, during leaching, of previously bound chloride. Consequently, there is a faster chloride buildup in the cavity water compared with the no-binding case. Experimental chloride and pH results obtained by the ISL test in mortar samples show good agreement with those from the pore water expression (PWE) method. Also, examples are presented of application of ISL data to obtain chloride binding isotherms, and pore water chloride to hydroxide ratio relevant to assessing conditions for corrosion of steel reinforcement. The ISL method presents a less costly and less disruptive alternative to PWE for pore water analysis. It is noted, however, that in a few instances ISL could not be implemented because of excessive absorption of cavity water by the surrounding medium.

Indirect photometric ion chromatographic analysis of anions in Haematococcus pluvialis culture media

An indirect photometric ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of chloride, nitrate and sulfate ions was developed and applied to the determination of anions, mainly nitrate, in the alga Haematococcus pluvialis culture media. Using phthalic acid/sodium tetraborate aqueous solution as the mobile phase, anions can be detected indirectly by a UV detector. The calibration curves for these anions gave good linearity from 1 to 1000 μg ml−1.

The influence of hydrogen peroxide and pH on the Mohr titration

The official Japanese method for determination of chloride in hot-spring waters requires any H 2S present to be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in ammoniacal medium. When this was done, and the solution was titrated with silver nitrate at pH 9.7, the indicator colour changed from yellow to brownish grey, owing to reduction of silver ions to the metal by hydrogen peroxide. The effect can be eliminated by adjusting the pH to 7.0–7.5 before the titration.

Novel reagent and method for direct determination of chloride in serum with a centrifugal analyzer.

We report a novel reagent containing ferric perchlorate, perchloric acid, and polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether (Brij 35) with which the concentration of chloride in serum can be measured. We applied this reagent to use with a centrifugal analyzer (CentrifiChem 400) in a dynamic bichromatic procedure, resulting in broad linearity of the standard curve (0-180 mmol/L), short analysis time (1 min), and little interference from bilirubin, hemoglobin, turbidity, or bromide ions. The reagent is simple, contains no mercury, and the combination of low acid concentration and surfactant prevents serum protein precipitation. Precision is good (for x- = 93 mmol/L, CV = 1.55%), and results correlate well with those obtained by coulometry (r = 0.974).

A simple method for the spectrophotometric determination of chloride by solvent extraction as chromyl chloride.

A simple and direct method for the spectrophotometric determination of chloride, based on the formation of chromyl chloride and its extraction into carbon tetrachloride has been developed. The absorption spectrum of the organic extract shows two bands at 300 and 415 nm; Beer's law is obeyed at both wavelengths over the range 20–320μg of chloride. The best conditions for the spectrophotometric determination of chloride are determined and a procedure is recommended. Interferences from some of the most common anions are studied.

Effect of reagent impurity on chromotropic acid method for determination of chloride

Effect of reagent impurity on chromotropic acid method for determination of chloride

An automated method for determination of chloride and sulfate in freshwater using cation exchange and measurement of electrical conductance

A simple automated adaptation of Mackereth’s manual method for determining chloride and sulfate in freshwater is described, using hydrogen ion exchange to convert salts of chloride and sulfate to their free acids with detection by electrical conductance. The use of silver‐saturated exchange resin to precipitate chloride permits distinction between chloride and sulfate. Detection limit is good at 2 µeq liter−1 with excellent precision (± I.5% at 200 µeq liter−1) . High levels of nitrate, orthophosphate, and fluoride give positive interference for sulfate; bromide and iodide similarly interfere with chloride estimates.

A sensitive method for the ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of chloride

A new method for the determination of chloride ion is based on the formation of phenylmercury(II) chloride, its extraction into chloroform and reaction with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate to form phenylmercury(II) diethyldithiocarbamate. This complex has spectral maxima at 257 and 297 nm. either of which can he used for quantitative purposes. The molar absorptivities are 21.3·10 3 and 6.5·10 3 respectively. referred to the chloride ion. The method is especially suitable for the determination of trace amounts of chloride in aqueous solution and has been applied to samples of drinking water. Amounts of chloride in the range 0.04 0.32 p.p.m. can be determined in 250-ml aqueous samples with an average relative mean error of 12%. The method can be used also for bromide and iodide, and for organomercury(11) compounds. Interferences are minimal and the method compares favourably with the standard mercury(II) thiocyanate procedure.

Investigation on Electrometric Method for Determination of Chloride

Journal Article Investigation on Electrometric Method for Determination of Chloride Get access Arao Itano Arao Itano Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Volume 7, Issue 4-8, 1 April 1931, Pages 42–43, https://doi.org/10.1080/03758397.1931.10856960 Published: 01 April 1931 Article history Published: 01 April 1931 Received: 02 May 1931

Investigation on Electrometric Method for Determination of Chloride

Investigation on Electrometric Method for Determination of Chloride