Atmospheric Meteorological Parameters Research Articles

Determination of atmospheric column condensate using active and passive remote sensing technology

Abstract. To further exploit atmospheric cloud water resources (CWRs), it is necessary to correctly evaluate the number of CWRs in an area. The CWRs are hydrometeors that have not participated in precipitation formation at the surface and are suspended in the atmosphere to be exploited and maximise possible precipitation in the atmosphere (Zhou et al., 2020). Three items are included in CWRs: the existing hydrometeors at a certain time, the influx of atmospheric hydrometeors along the boundaries of the study area, and the mass of hydrometeors converted from water vapour through condensation or desublimation, defined as condensate. Condensate constitutes the most important part of CWRs. At present, there is a lack of effective observation methods for atmospheric column condensate evaluation, and direct observation data of CWRs are thus insufficient. A detection method for atmospheric column condensate is proposed and presented. The formation of condensate is closely related to atmospheric meteorological parameters (e.g. temperature and vertical airflow velocity). The amount of atmospheric column condensate can be calculated by the saturated water vapour density and the ascending velocity at the cloud base and top. Active and passive remote sensing technologies are applied to detect the mass of atmospheric column condensate. Combining millimetre cloud radar, lidar and microwave radiometers can suitably observe the vertical velocity and temperature at the cloud boundary. The saturated vapour density can be derived from the temperature, and then, water vapour flux and the maximum possible condensate can be deduced. A detailed detection scheme and data calculation method are presented, and the presented method can realise the determination of atmospheric column condensate. A case of cloud layer change before precipitation is considered, and atmospheric column condensate is deduced and obtained. This is the first application, to our knowledge, of observations for atmospheric column condensate evaluation, which is significant for research on the hydrologic cycle and the assessment of CWRs.

Characterization of microwave fading over coastal cities of Nigeria

Atmospheric meteorological parameters (relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and temperature) are unique due to the constant difference between them. This paper characterizes the fading associated with the microwave radio signals based on 10 years (2006 to 2015) re-analyzed data at 00 hours local time (LT), 06 hours LT, Noonday, and 18 hrs LT (synopsis hours) over seven (7) Coastal cities in Nigeria (Port-Harcourt, Warri, Calabar, Arogbo, Oron, Yenagoa and Lagos Island). The reanalysis data was obtained from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at a resolution of 0.25 by 0.25 resolutions in the selected cities. Radio Refractivity (RR), Radio Refractivity Gradient (RRG), Point Radio Refractivity (PRR), and Geoclimatic Factor (GF) are obtained from the data. Fade Depth Percentages Exceedance (FDPE) that occurred at the study locations were deduced to determine the level of signal degradation at the microwave radio links over the coastal regions of Nigeria.

Short-term forecasting of atmospheric meteorological parameters based on the results of the neural network of a three-band microwave radiometric system

The article considers a variant of inclusion of a neural network into the microwave radiometric system of remote sensing of the atmosphere to perform short-term forecasting of meteorological parameters, based on current measurements of power of own radio-thermal emission of the atmosphere in three frequency bands. The initial data for the training of the neural network- the results of daily microwave radiometric measurements in three frequency bands and data on atmospheric meteorological parameters in the near ground layer obtained using a mobile meteorological station- are indicated. The results of forecasting the temperature and humidity of the near ground layer of the atmosphere based on the current results of microwave radiometric measurements for the current moment and with a two-hour lead time are presented.

Cost effective meter of moisture integral parameters of the atmospheric column

Continuous remote monitoring of the atmospheric physical parameters is an urgent task for solving the issues related to meteorology, climatology, artificial influence on clouds, studying the physical parameters of cloud cover etc. In the developed countries such issues are solved using science-driven technologies of millimeter wave range radiometry. They allow, in particular, quick restoration of the values of total content and effective temperature of droplet and vaporous moisture in the atmospheric column, and distinguishing the areas with crystalline, droplet or vaporous water phases.
 This work aims at substantiating, by calculation and experiment, the possibility of large-scale solving the problems of continuous remote monitoring of the studied atmospheric moisture parameters using the method of centimetre wavelength range radiometry. To determine the best pair of frequencies for restoring the atmospheric moisture parameters based on radiometric data of remote sensing the linear absorption coefficients were calculated for clear atmosphere, for cloudy atmosphere depending on the temperature of drops and for rainfalls of various intensities for 4, 12, 20, 40 and 94 GHz frequencies. In order to calculate these data, we used a well-known MPM model (Atmospheric Millimeter-Wave Propagation Model). At the same time, calculation of the altitude profiles of the atmospheric meteorological parameters was carried out based on the ERA-15 model.
 Comparison of the data obtained by calculation, taking into account the progress of the technical parameters of the serial element base, indicated a possibility of solving the above problems in the centimetre wavelength as well. The research presents a description of the diagram and technical solutions, as well as the appearance of a two-frequency radiometric system with 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm ranges created at the National Aerospace University (KhAI) on the basis of an easily accessible modern element base and full-scale tests' results. The budget-friendly focus of the described product allows for radiophysical measurement with a sensitivity of radiometers exceeding 0.01 K while ensuring the cost of small-scale production of the radio technical part of the system, comparable to the cost of TV converters commonly used in everyday life.

Исследование влагопоглощения авиационных углепластиков в условиях теплого влажного климата

Long-term moisture absorption of aeronautical carbon fiber reinforced plastic based on epoxide in conditions of warm humid climate is studied (city of Sochi). The phenomenon of cyclical stochastic fluctuation of moisture absorption of seasonal nature in samples, placed in open atmospheric stand of the climate platform, is established. Thermal-moisture characteristics of the air layer near the sample surface during insolation are examined. They determine the front surface overheating of the sample and the humidity gradient change of the near-surface air layer relative to meteorological data. The layer size, which is 6-8 mm from the sample surface, is found by direct measurements. It depends not only on the intensity of the insolation, but also on the convection and wind heat exchange with the surrounding atmosphere. During summer insolation, the maximum temperature of the sample front surface (Т) in open atmospheric stand reached 54,0oC, and the relative humidity (RH) in the near-surface layer did not exceed 12, 9 %. Regarding the atmospheric meteorological parameters, this indicates an overheating of the surface by 24,7o C and a decrease in the near-surface RH by 46, 1%. The obtained data exceed daily fluctuations of atmospheric parameters for T by 4 times and for RH by 3 times. The importance of the obtained results is determined by the fact that cyclic changes in the sample surface temperature result in aging of aeronautical carbon fiber- reinforced plastic. They contribute to the development of physical and chemical processes in the material and during the operation of products (25-30 years) they can significantly reduce their strength properties.

Regional Atmospheric Radiation and Meteorological parameters in presence of Aerosol from CERES and MODIS: A Case Study of Observational Satellite Remote Sensing

This study focuses on the satellite observations from space-borne sensors and their usefulness in understanding atmospheric radiative changes in the presence of aerosol in a regional climate system. For this analysis, four years (2014–2017) of aerosol and flux products along with other meteorological parameters are used which are obtained from satellite remote sensing products. The radiative flux products available from Cloud and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) along with the products pertaining to atmosphere thermodynamics available from Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are included in this study. This study is an attempt to understand the possible effects of the presence of aerosol in perturbing the seasonal atmospheric dynamics and radiation budget, based on space borne observation systems. This study is aimed at atmospheric changes over Delhi, India, under different aerosol loading conditions. Significant changes have been observed in the atmospheric meteorological parameters and simultaneous modulation in radiation fluxes are perceived with the aerosol variation for 3 different seasons. The relationship between thermodynamic environment and its sensitivity in presence of aerosol has put forth a vital area for further studies. This analysis draws insight towards a merged hypothesis for the simultaneous roles of thermodynamics and aerosols in influencing the atmosphere dynamics and radiative effect modifying the energy budget and atmospheric processes on a local scale as well as a utility of space borne remote sensing in analysing environmental aspects.

Atmospheric Black Carbon and Surface Albedo in the Russian Arctic during Spring

We study the statistical relations between the black carbon (BC) content in the atmospheric column and the surface albedo (A), the values of which are available from MERRA-2 reanalysis data for four test areas near the Arctic coast of Russia in April 2010–2016. We also analyze the atmospheric meteorological parameters: air temperature and rainfall and snowfall amounts. The statistical analysis has been carried out using diurnally averaged parameters. An increase in the air temperature is accompanied everywhere by a decrease in the surface albedo, both on a monthly scale and in daily variations. Precipitation in the form of fresh snow increases the surface albedo. On the whole over 7 years, a significant negative correlation between BC and A in April was found in Nenets Autonomous okrug and on the Gydan Peninsula. Separate years (generally diverse for different areas) are revealed when day-to-day variations in A and BC correlate within a month, again with negative coefficients. We estimated possible albedo variations due to changes in different parameters, as well as variations in albedo radiative forcing.

Inversion of PM2.5 atmospheric refractivity profile based on AlexNet model from the perspective of electromagnetic wave propagation

Human civilization has reached an unprecedented height, but the industrialization of economic development also brings global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, fresh water resources crisis, energy shortage, and environmental problems. In autumn and winter, haze becomes the usual state in the modern society, and PM2.5 has been becoming an important form of air pollution. The research found that PM2.5 brings great influence to the human body or daily life. To some extent, the PM2.5 also affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves near the ground, reducing the transmission performance of electromagnetic wave. Based on Mie scattering theory, this paper qualitatively analyzed the scattering effects of PM2.5 particles on every frequency band of electromagnetic wave in daily use. Then the paper takes the satellite navigation signals as a research example, selecting university of Wyoming Davis stations in Antarctica sounding data by measuring the tropospheric atmospheric meteorological parameters (including the atmosphere pressure, geopotential height of different layers, dew point temperature, relative humidity and specific humidity, wind direction, wind speed, and temperature). The paper inversed the refractive index distribution of the troposphere based on AlexNet model and described the error quantitatively. The simulation results show that the estimated error is less than 5.1455%, proving the high accuracy of the AlexNet model. To test the influence of PM2.5, the paper takes Jiuquan, a city with serious pollution, as an example. Comparison between the inversion results and IGS products shows that high concentration of PM2.5 pollution has little influence on the inversion of refractive index profile.

Modeling the forecasted power of a photovoltaic generator using numerical weather prediction and radiative transfer models coupled with a behavioral electrical model

The intermittency of the solar radiation is the big challenger for the management of electrical SMART GRID network. So the forecasting of the solar radiation remains the crucial objective to anticipate the injection of the electrical power produced by a photovoltaic generator. In this study, we use the Numerical Weather Prediction model WRF coupled to a radiative transfer model libRadtran to forecast the global, direct and diffuse solar radiations. The NMM core of WRF model was used to predict the vertical profiles of the atmospheric meteorological parameters such as liquid and ice water concentration, cloud cover, relative humidity, temperature, etc. These data are used as input in libRadtran to calculate the hourly solar radiations components (Direct, Diffuse and Global) in real meteorological situations. The radiation values are obtained on regular geographical grid points. A behavioral electrical power model is used to compute the electrical power produced by a photovoltaic generator located at the Center of Development of Renewable Energy in the city of Algiers in Algeria. The comparative study shows well that the results are very encouraging.

Correlation between the dynamics of atmospheric composition and meteorological parameters near Tomsk

Correlation between the dynamics of atmospheric composition and meteorological parameters near Tomsk

Operation stability of radiosonde superregenerative transceivers for upper-air sounding

The use of super-regenerative transceivers in a radiosonde of radar sounding systems can significantly reduce the cost of measuring atmospheric meteorological parameters. Methods and technological norms are proposed for implementing the required technical parameters of radiosondes to ensure the stability of the transceivers in serial production and operation.

Atmospheric Meteorological Parameters and Ionospheric F2 Layer Critical Frequency (foF2) Observation for 6th December, 2016 Indonesia Earthquake (M 6.5): A Case Study

On 6th December, 2016, an earthquake with M 6.5 occurred at the tectonic plate boundary, southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia (Latitude: 0.5897° S, Longitude: 101.3431° E). In this case, ionosphereic critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2) variations and meteorological parameters, viz., air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed variations were investigated so as to detect any anomalies. Data are obtained from different websites freely available for researchers. In the absence of real ionosonde foF2 data, IRI 2016 model data were used. For each parameter, anomaly window were defined when values fell beyond ± 6 °C, < 70 %, ± 4 mb and ± 3.5 km h-1 from the event day value and one third of total foF2 values broke the limits of the upper and lower bounds. Certain random anomalies in temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and foF2 frequencies were observed different days prior to occurrence of the quake but each parameter showed anomalies 12 days before the occurrence. Also, geomagnetic tranquility was justified through Kp and Dst indices. This study reveals that continuous monitoring of atmospheric meteorological parameters and regular ionospheric foF2 observations might help us to predict an earthquake about a week prior to the occurrence.

Influence of the Atmospheric Phenomena on the Tropospheric Delay of Satellite Navigation Signals

An error in calculating the tropospheric delay of satellite navigation signals is estimated for different atmospheric phenomena. As atmospheric phenomena, different precipitation types (hydrometeors) and electrical phenomena (thunderstorms and summer lightning) are considered. The tropospheric delay is calculated for the Saastamoinen and Hopfield models with the vertical profiles of the atmospheric meteorological parameters obtained by aerological sounding. The error of the given methods is determined by a comparison of the calculated and true values of the zenith tropospheric delays. The influence of the atmospheric phenomena on the error value is analyzed.

Assessment of total columnar ozone climatological trends over the Indian sub-continent

ABSTRACTIn the present study, long term satellite and Dobson spectrophotometer Total Column Ozone (TCO) data have been used to study the interannual variability and also to assess climatological trends in TCO over different geographical locations of Indian sub-continent. TCO data were analyzed for the period 1957 to 2015 over New Delhi (28.63° N, 77.18° E), Varanasi (25.30° N, 83.02° E), Pune (18.53° N, 73.84° E) and Kodaikanal (10.0° N, 77.47° E). An extensive validation was performed for Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) retrieved TCO data independently with Dobson Spectrophotometer TCO measurements over New Delhi, Varanasi, Pune and Kodaikanal. The results of this exercise showed good correlation coefficient (r) of 0.87 (0.88), 0.84 (0.82), 0.91 (0.80) and 0.84 (Data not available) respectively. Climatological mean TCO over New Delhi, Varanasi, Pune and Kodaikanal are 275.02 ± 6.44 DU, 269.03 ± 7.34 DU, 260.78 ± 5.07 DU and 258.71 ± 6.36 DU respectively for the period 1957 to 2015. An increasing trend over New Delhi (0.20 DU year–1), Pune (0.18 DU year–1), Kodaikanal (0.14 DU year–1) and decreasing trend over Varanasi (0.01 DU year–1) were observed. High significance of TCO trend was found at New Delhi (p-value < 0.0001), Pune (p-value = 0.002) and Kodaikanal (p-value = 0.003) with negligible trend over Varanasi with p-value of 0.84. The TCO variations at different geographical locations associated with upper atmospheric meteorological parameters such as lower Stratospheric Temperature (ST) at 65 hPa and Tropopause Height (TH) were also addressed. Annual lower stratospheric temperature shows positive relationship with TCO and Stratospheric ozone over the study sites. Further, decadal variability in TCO with respect to solar activity at New Delhi was also analyzed.

Variations of the aerosol concentration and chemical composition over the arid steppe zone of Southern Russia in summer

Variations in the surface aerosol over the arid steppe zone of Southern Russia have been measured. The parameters of atmospheric aerosol (mass concentration, both dispersed and elemental compositions) and meteorological parameters were measured in Tsimlaynsk raion (Rostov oblast). The chemical composition of aerosol particles in the atmospheric surface layer has been determined, and the coefficients of enrichment of elements with respect to clarkes in the Earth’s crust have been calculated. It is shown that, in summer, arid aerosols are transported from both alkaline and sandy soils of Kalmykia to the air basin over the observation zone. Aerosol particles in the surface air layer over this region have been found to contain the products of combustion of oil, coal, and ethylized fuel. These combustion products make a small contribution to the total mass concentration of atmospheric aerosol; however, they are most hazardous to the health of people because of their sizes and heavy-metal contents. A high concentration of submicron sulfur-containing aerosol particles of chemocondensation nature has been recorded. Sources of aerosol of both natural and anthropogenic origins in southern Russia are discussed.

Measurement of atmospheric sound propagation and meteorological parameters to support development of an acoustic propagation model

Acoustic propagation over long distances is affected by many conditions including atmospheric properties, topography, vegetation, source characteristics, and frequency content. This work presents the results of a set of measurements of acoustic propagation of impulsive sound in the low kilohertz frequency range. These measurements are made over flat ground with limited vegetation at propagation ranges of up to 400 m. At multiple locations along the propagation path, the temperature, pressure, and relative humidity, along with altitude and GPS position are recorded to provide high spatial resolution characterization of the air column in the propagation path. A mast-mounted weather station at the acoustic source provides a record of wind speed and direction at ground level. These measurements are intended to inform related efforts developing a model of acoustic propagation that uses a Crank-Nicolson Parabolic Equation implementation. The measured transmission loss will be compared to preliminary results fro...

Simulation of lidar measurements of profiles of atmospheric meteorological parameters using an overtone CO laser

Possibilities of using an overtone CO laser in the mid-IR range for lidar measurements of air humidity and temperature profiles by the differential absorption method have been studied. Wavelengths for lidar measurements of meteorological parameters are selected. Spatially and spectrally resolved lidar signals, as well as random errors of retrieval of profiles of the atmospheric meteorological parameters, have been calculated using the wavelengths.

Variations of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom parameters at a suburban location in Iran during 2009–2010

Solar irradiance is attenuated spectrally when passing through the earth’s atmosphere and it is strongly dependent on sky conditions, cleanliness of the atmosphere, composition of aerosols and gaseous constituents. In this paper, aerosol optical properties including aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent (α) and Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β) have been investigated during December 2009 to October 2010, in a suburban area of Zanjan (36°N, 43°E, 1700 m), in the north–west of Iran, using meteorological and sun photometric data. Results show that turbidity varies on all time scales, from the seasonal to hourly, because of changes in the atmospheric meteorological parameters. The values of α range from near zero to 1.67. The diurnal variation of AOD in Zanjan is about 15%. The diurnal variability of AOD, showed a similar variation pattern in spring (including March, April, May) and winter (December, January, February) and had a different variation pattern in summer (June, July, August) and autumn (September and October). During February, spring and early summer winds transport continental aerosols mostly from the Iraq (dust events) and cause the increase of beta and turbidity of atmosphere of Zanjan.

Role of groundwater exchange on the energy budget and seasonal stratification of a shallow temperate lake

Summary An 18-month time series of the temperature and biogeochemical properties of a shallow, hyper-eutrophic lake was conducted in East Anglia, UK. The data show a seasonal stratification cycle that is typical of mid-latitude monomictic lakes with an overturning interval during the coldest part of winter. The existing paradigm suggests that this is due to the seasonal variation of the surface heat fluxes. However, sediment temperatures indicate that there may be significant bottom heating in winter and bottom cooling in summer. The temperature difference between the lowermost part of the lake water column and the underlying sediments shows a change of sign at approximately the start and end of summer stratification. An energy budget of the lake – calculated using vertical temperature profiles and atmospheric meteorological parameters – suggests that there may be a significant input of ground water below the thermocline of the lake. The groundwater heat flux term is calculated to be the second most important cooling factor after longwave radiation in the overall heat budget during the summer. The groundwater effect is more important than latent heat flux cooling for this lake, and this has important implications for the ‘heat-budget method’ that has been used to quantify evaporation from lakes. A time-resolved analysis suggests that there is little seasonal variation in the calculated groundwater flux and no clear correspondence with rainfall variations. Groundwater input to lakes may be more important than previously believed and may be an important factor of the overturning dynamics of some lakes.

Correlation of fungi and endotoxin with PM2.5 and meteorological parameters in atmosphere of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Abstract Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases. Studies that focus on the chemical composition of the material are frequent in the literature, but those that characterize the biological fraction are rare. The objectives of this study were to characterize samples collected in Sao Paulo, Brazil on the quantity of fungi and endotoxins associated with PM2.5, correlating with the mass of particulate matter, chemical composition and meteorological parameters. We did that by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions. The results have shown that fungi and endotoxins represent significant portion of PM2.5, reaching average concentrations of 772.23 spores μg −1 of PM2.5 (SD: 400.37) and 5.52 EU mg −1 of PM2.5 (SD: 4.51 EU mg −1 ), respectively. Hyaline basidiospores, Cladosporium and total spore counts were correlated to factor Ba/Ca/Fe/Zn/K/Si of PM2.5 ( p p p p