Metals In Raw Milk Research Articles

Determination of heavy metals amount in raw milk of Bangladesh

Milk is an indispensable part of the human food regimen that serves several nutritional benefits. Although milk is rich in micronutrients and macronutrients, heavy metal contamination of milk and dairy products is a serious concern. The distribution and deposition of heavy metals and trace elements including Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr, Pb, As, etc in different administrative areas of Bangladesh were investigated in this study. All transition metals, regardless of whether they are considered essential or potentially harmful, can have a negative effect on humans and animals if added to the diet in excessive amounts. The samples were prepared for examination by ashing, and after acid digestion, the heavy metals were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations obtained in mg/kg were in the range of (0.447 ± 0.043), (0.314 ± 0.077), (0.152 ± 0.025), (0.065 ± 0.022), (0.008 ± 0.002), (0.026 ± 0.003), (0.158 ± 0.027), (0.007 ± 0.001) for iron, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, cadmium, chromium and arsenic respectively. The study was implemented to assess the concentration of heavy metals and if these heavy metals fell below the World Health Organization's permissible standards (WHO). The investigation disclosed high quantities of iron and other metals that were above WHO guidelines. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher compared to WHO standards (0.5 mg/kg) in raw milk from all divisions except Chittagong. As heavy metal contamination has been a public health concern in recent years, additional research is needed to ascertain the precise origins of heavy metals in raw milk.

The Occurrence, Pathways, and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Raw Milk from Industrial Areas in China.

This study evaluated chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) contamination in raw milk from industrial areas in China, identified the possible pathways of heavy metals from the environment to raw milk, and made a risk assessment of the consumption of heavy metals from milk consumption. The Cr, As, Cd, and Pb concentrations in raw milk, water and silage were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Cr and As in soil were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. Cd and Pb in soil were determined by a Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The Cr and As concentrations in milk from industrial areas were 2.41 ± 2.12 and 0.44 ± 0.31 μg/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those from non-industrial areas, which had levels of 1.10 ± 0.15 and 0.25 ± 0.09 μg/kg, respectively. Chromium was mainly transferred through the soil-silage-milk pathway, As was transferred through the water-silage-milk pathway, while Cd was mainly transferred through the soil (water)-silage-milk pathway. The contributions of each metal to the overall hazard index (HI) followed a descending order of As, Cr, Pb, and Cd, with values of 46.64%, 25.54%, 24.30%, and 3.52%, respectively. Children were at higher risk than adults.

Monitoring of some toxic heavy metals in raw milk and effect of heating on metal load of milk

Monitoring of some toxic heavy metals in raw milk and effect of heating on metal load of milk

Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru

The mining-metallurgical industry in the central Andes of Peru is a source of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in milk, and there are no studies on the impact of their ingestion. Using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, we quantified the concentration of these metals in raw milk produced in agroecological zones near these industries, and estimated the exposure and dietary risk in people aged 2–85 yr with minimum, average and maximum daily milk intake. In 2018, 40 raw milk samples were collected from 20 cows at two times of the year. The mean Pb and Cd concentrations were 577 ± 18.2 and 18.35 ± 5.4 μg/kg, all samples exceeded the maximum limits (ML). Children aged 2–5 and 6–15 yr, with average milk consumption, had Pb weekly intakes (WI) of 2019 and 2423 μg, exceeding the risk value; values for Cd 64 and 77 μg were below the risk values. In those older than 20 years the WI for both metals are below the risk values. The Dietary Risk Coefficient (DRC) to Pb in children younger than 8 years was >3 due to higher milk consumption in relation to body weight; for children aged 9–19 years it was 1.7 and 2.9, being <1 for those older than 20 yr. Cd RDCs were <1 at all ages, with the exception of 2-year-olds in the high milk consumption scenario (RDC > 1). There was notable evidence of Pb and Cd exposure risk from consumption of milk produced near mining-metallurgical activities, predominantly for children under 19-year-olds. In Peru there are no regulations for Pb and Cd in fresh milk and milk products, we recommended that ML for heavy metals in food be established.

Heavy Metals in Raw Milk and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Vicinity of Leather-Processing Plants.

The objective of this study was to assess the contamination levels of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in raw milk and the subsequent potential health risk to local consumers close to leather-processing plants in China. The As and Pb concentrations in milk from contaminated areas were 0.43 ± 0.21 and 2.86 ± 0.96 μg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than in milk from unpolluted farm, with values of 0.20 ± 0.05 and 2.32 ± 0.78 μg/L, respectively. The Cr and Cd levels in milk from contaminated areas were 1.21 ± 1.57 and 0.15 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively, which were slightly higher than in milk from unpolluted farm, with values of 0.87 ± 0.61 and 0.13 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively, (P > 0.05). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values for As, Pb, Cr, and Cd from milk consumption were calculated for individuals aged 3 to 69. The THQ followed a descending order of As > Pb > Cr > Cd, with values of 0.0066-0.0441, 0.0033-0.0220, 0.0019-0.0124, and 0.0007-0.0046, respectively. The HI values (0.0124-0.0832) were far below the threshold of 1.

Effects of dust phenomenon on heavy metals in raw milk in western Iran

Introduction. After the Iraq war, the dust phenomenon has increased in western Iran. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of the dust phenomenon on the content of heavy metals in raw milk in Ilam province.&#x0D; Study objects and methods. The dust samples were collected during one year. The concentrations of dust particles were determined with the Enviro Check Laser System, using the Dust Monitor Check. The concentration of heavy metals in dust was determined by using the high volume air samplers and glass fiber filters.&#x0D; Results and discussion. Heavy metals (lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, and iron) were measured at four sampling sites in raw milk by the atomic absorption method. The mean and standard deviations of dust particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were 105.6 ± 90.5 and 25.9 ± 15.4 μg/m3, respectively. The amounts of arsenic, zinc, lead, and copper were higher in the spring and summer. Lead levels in western and southern regions were higher than those in the east, center, and north.&#x0D; Conclusion. We found similar trends for arsenic, zinc, copper, and iron in raw milk. Our results showed the potential effect of the dust phenomenon on the presence of heavy metals in raw milk.

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in raw milk of buffalo feeding at wastewater-irrigated agricultural farms in Pakistan.

Wastewater irrigation to grow fodder for animals and cattle farming is common practice in Pakistan. Hence, this study was conducted in Multan, Pakistan, to assess heavy metal pollution, human health risk and the total target health quotient (TTHQ) of heavy metals in raw milk of buffalo feeding at different agricultural farms and to identify sources of toxicity in milk. Samples of raw milk (n = 60) were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb by ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, USA. The TTHQ values of heavy metals ranged from 6.92 to 42.44 in raw milk of buffalo, highest at wastewater-irrigated agricultural farms and lowest at tube well water site, indicating high carcinogenic health risk to exposed population. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that contaminated fodder like Maize and Brassica plants grown with wastewater and contaminated soil are common sources contributing the heavy metal contamination in raw milk. It invites attention of government to remediate the situation to avoid the potential risks to public health from resulting food chain contamination.

Heavy metals in raw milk and some dairy products at local markets

A total of seventy-five random samples of dairy products (15 each ofraw cow's milk, raw buffalo's milk, condensed milk, baby formula, andmilk powder) were collected from different markets and pharmacies atDamanhour, Behera governorate, Egypt. All examined samples wereanalyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer to determine heavymetals residues namely such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Aluminum (Al),Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni). The results obtained revealed that highlytoxic metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were detected above therecommended daily intake, While aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), andnickel (Ni) were detected below the recommended daily intake as Leadlevels in raw cow milk, raw buffalo milk, condensed milk, baby formulaand milk powder were (0.11 ± 0.038 , 0.14 ± 0.040, 0.20 ± 0.049, 0.21 ±0.052, and 0.27 ± 0.054), Cadmium levels were (0.03 ± 0.021, 0.09 ±0.037, 0.11 ± 0.044, 0.12 ± 0.036, and 0.17 ± 0.046), Aluminum levelswere (0.15 ± 0.078, 0.162 ± 0.062, 0.23 ± 0.077, 0.24 ± 0.086, and 0.26 ±0.066), Chromium levels were (0.06 ± 0.05, 0.073 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.046,0.21 ± 0.062, and 0.20 ± 0.061), and Nickel levels were (0.00, 0.025 ±0.015, 0.04 ± 0.03, 0.05 ± 0.023, and 0.093 ± 0.04), respectively. Publichealth significance of heavy metals was discussed.

Heavy metals in raw milk and some dairy products at local markets

Heavy metals in raw milk and some dairy products at local markets

Determination of Heavy Metals in Raw Milk Produced in Tangshan City, China

The objective of this study was to investigate the content of heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Chromium and Mercury) in raw milk of Tangshan. Samples were obtained directly from dairy farms in Tangshan City. A total of 55 raw milk samples were collected in 2012, a total of 150 raw milk samples and 150 in 2013 and 2014 respectively. All the samples were analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) method-based on China National Standard. In general, heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Chromium and Mercury) of raw milk in Tangshan were relatively safe for people’s health because none of those heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Chromium and Mercury) contents exceeded the Maximum Limit set by China.