Metal Basket Research Articles

Predator Odor Stressor, 2,3,5-Trimethyl-3-Thiazoline (TMT): Assessment of Stress Reactive Behaviors During an Animal Model of Traumatic Stress in Rats.

Animal models utilizing predator odor stress are important in understanding implications for post-traumatic stress disorder. 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT) has been used to measure stress reactive behaviors during TMT exposure, indicative of stress coping behaviors. In addition, long-term consequences of stress including contextual-induced stress memory, anxiety-like and hyperarousal behaviors, and subsequent increases in alcohol self-administration can also be examined after TMT exposure. In this article, we describe the TMT exposure protocol used in our lab and how we measure different stress-reactive behaviors that rats engage in during the TMT exposure. Rats are placed in Plexiglass chambers that contain white bedding on the bottom of the chamber and a metal basket in the top right corner containing a filter paper that 10 µl of TMT is pipetted onto. During the 10 min exposure, rats can move around the chamber freely. Exposures are recorded by a video camera for later analysis. During TMT exposure, rats engage in a variety of stress-reactive behaviors, including digging and immobility behavior. These are two distinctly different types of stress-induced behavioral coping strategies to measure individual differences in stress responsivity. To examine individual differences, we group rats into TMT-subgroups based on time spent engaging in digging or immobility behavior. We calculate a digging/immobility ratio score in which we divide the total time spent digging by the total time spent immobile. A cut-off strategy is used such that rats with a criterion ratio score <1.0 are classified as TMT-1 (i.e., low digging/high immobility; greater passive coping) and rats with a ratio score >1.0 are classified as TMT-2 (i.e., high digging/low immobility; greater active coping). Here, we provide a detailed description of the TMT exposure protocol and step-by-step process in evaluation of stress-reactive behaviors. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Predator odor stressor exposure using TMT Basic Protocol 2: Description of stress-reactive behaviors during TMT exposure and formation of TMT-subgroups.

Effects of different load weights on the work performance and physiological and hematobiochemical responses in working water buffalo.

Working animals are important in agriculture because they play a role in various agricultural activities, including milk and meat production. Thus, they contribute to the development of rural communities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different load weights on the work performance and the physiological and hematological responses of working water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The work performances of 12 buffaloes (average weight 782.16 ± 21.62 kg) transporting 200, 350, and 500 kg of African palm fruits in metal baskets placed on their backs were evaluated. Work performance variables evaluated immediately after work were as follows: total number of trips (n), total weight (kg), distance traveled (km/day), working period (h), stopped time (h), and average speed (km/h). In addition, we evaluated physiological, biochemical, and hematological variables at three different times: before the start of work, immediately after work, and on the rest day. Among the load weights, 500 kg (total load carried = 4,138.88 kg) improved work efficiency compared to 200 kg loads (total load = 3,322.22 kg) (p = 0.0281). However, 500 kg loads resulted in slower average speed (2.4 km, p = 0.0164), shorter working period (2.39 h, p < 0.0001) and distance traveled (7.29 km, p < 0.0001), and less total number of trips (8.27 trips, p < 0.0001) compared to 350 and 200 kg load weights (3.45 and 3.52 km/h, 2.55 and 2.79 h, 8.71 and 9.75 km, 10.94 and 16.61 trips, respectively); and the heaviest loads resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.005) respiratory rate, pulse, heart rate, rectal temperature, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, total protein, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. In contrast, was associated with lower levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared to lower loads. All differences were more pronounced in 500 kg (p < 0.005) compared to 200 kg loads. Working buffaloes responded to work related to the transport of African palm fruits through various physiological, biochemical, and hematological changes. However, some variables remained close to the reference values reported in the literature for water buffaloes, and in general, all variables were reestablished during the rest day, indicating that these animals have adapted to working conditions.

Subcarinal Lymph Node Dissection in Solo Robot-assisted Thoracic Surgery

The surgical instruments used in robot-assisted thoracic surgery are flexible to enable the surgeon to approach the surgical field from any direction. However even in robot-assisted thoracic surgery subcarinal lymph node dissection requires a precise technique suitable for a small area surrounded by important organs. We present a method of subcarinal node dissection with solo robot-assisted thoracic surgery using a bronchial traction method and a metal basket suction device, the Dobon (Senko Medical Instrument Mfg, Tokyo, Japan).

Geological Evidence of Shoreline Erosion and Mitigation Challenges

A survey was carried out along parts of the coastal stretch of Accra, the capital of Ghana, to determine the existence andthe extent of erosion. The survey was also to determine the effectiveness of the engineering solutions that have been put inplace. Coastal land forms as evidence of erosion were identified during the field survey. These include landslides of steepcoastal cliffs, coastal caves and arches, retreat of coastal cliffs, headlands, stacks and sand dunes. These pieces of evidenceconfirm earlier findings that the coastal shoreline of Accra is being eroded. The extent of erosion, however, is high in soft rocks and low in hard rocks. Several coastal protection measures have been put in place to address the effects of erosion by the sea waves and currents. These include revetments, jetties, ripraps and beach nourishment. Some of the mitigation measures however have shown signs of failure. The signs include rusted metal basket supporting cobbles of gabions, jetties causing down-current erosion of shoreline cliffs, and reduction in coconut population along the shoreline owing to human activities, such as sand winning and diseases attacks. Sand winning along the shore is lowering shoreline morphology and enhancing sea transgression and the destruction of coastal structures.&#x0D; Keywords: Erosion; Coastal landform; Coastal protection; Revetments; Shoreline morphology

The impact of welding technology on the manufacture of metal baskets

The submitted paper is closely connected with the challenging complex of problems relating to degradation of the anti-corrosion parts. The given anti-corrosion parts are represented by welded Cr-Ni steel baskets, which are also known as “hardening baskets”. The given “hardening baskets” are commonly used for embedding of the bearing parts to be quenched and tempered. Based on the utilisation, the mentioned welded metal baskets, which are made of X8CrNi25-21 steel, are exposed to the long-term cyclic thermal loading in the furnace. Relating to the manufacture of “hardening baskets” and investigation, the significant attention was paid to the effect of the used welding electrodes on the performance and quality of the welded joints. The weldability of austenitic X8CrNi25-21 steel has the considerable effect on these three phenomena: susceptibility of this material to the crack initiation, precipitation of chromium carbides in microstructure and occurrence of the intermetallic phases. The main objective was to evaluate the structure of welded joints produced by welding technology and the main features of their damage in order to compare the impact of individual filling materials on the quality of welds in the cage baskets as well as to evaluate the hardness course. In addition, evaluation of the macrostructure as well as microstructure changes was based on static tests. The results of evaluation are reflected in the recommendation of the most appropriate welding filling material. All aspects, which could lead to the occurrence of the critical states, were subjected to the complex investigation in the terms of the structural properties and moreover, there is also the final recommendation for possible elimination of the undesired phenomena.

Improving bedload transport determination by grain-size fraction using the Swiss plate geophone recordings at the Erlenbach stream

Direct bedload samples were taken with a large metal basket at the steep Erlenbach stream in Switzerland. These measurements were compared with the signal of the Swiss impact plate geophone system to derive information about bedload transport. The so-called amplitude histogram (AH) method was developed in an earlier study to estimate the bedload flux for different grain-size classes at the Erlenbach. A new analysis of a larger set of measurements was made here to improve the performance of the AH method. The approach relies on an identification of the transported grain sizes through their dependency on the signal amplitude. As a new element we introduce here the impulse rate, which is found to affect the number of impulses recorded for each amplitude class. As compared to the original method, the new version of the AH method shows a slightly improved performance for total calculated bedload mass, and results in a clearly better agreement between calculated and measured characteristic grain sizes.

The Design of Cast Technological Equipment for Heat Treatment Furnaces

Abstract Various examples of the design of cast elements of the equipment used in furnaces for the heat treatment of machine parts are given. Shortcomings in their performance are indicated. Reasons for required stability of equipment are briefly discussed. Elements of equipment illustrate the possibilities of using a charge-carrying pallet with dimensions of 900×600×45 mm as a basis for multi-component technological equipment. Introducing additional elements, such as metal baskets, intermediate pallets or crossbars to the main pallet, it becomes possible to create different configurations of this equipment. The technological equipment presented and discussed here is offered to different plants which heat-treat a wide variety of produced parts. It was found that the reliability and durability of new designed equipment can be checked only during practical use. For large plants dealing with the heat treatment of bulk quantities of parts homogeneous or similar in shape is recommended to use the dedicated tooling.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS ASPHALT WITH NANOSILICA MODIFIED BINDER

This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of porous asphalt (PA) with nanosilica (NS) modified binder in terms of its Abrasion Loss, Binder Draindown, Resilient Modulus and Moisture Susceptibility. These tests are essential to evaluate the performance of NS-PA towards the resistance of moisture induced damage, external loads, abrasion and interlocking structure of PA. Due to porous nature of PA, it is expose to moisture damage and binder draindown. Besides that, raveling is another major problem that closely related to PA. Thus, nanotechnology was promoted in this study in order to enhance the performance of PA. Six different percentages of nanosilica were mixed with PEN 60-70 type of binder in this study. Then, all these blended modified binder were used to prepare PA samples using Marshall Mix Design Method. Nanoparticle used in this study was Nanosilica with the average size of 10 to 15 nanometer. Binder Draindown Test was done using a metal basket with 3mm perforation. Then, abrasion loss value was evaluated using Los Angeles Abrasion Machine without steel ball. In accordance to Public Work Department of Malaysia Specification (JKR/SPJ/2008), it is stated that binder draindown for PA should not be more than 0.3% of total weight of sample, while abrasion loss should not be more than 15% also by weight of total sample. The results for Cantabro Loss Test and Binder Draindown Test indicated that 4% NS was the effective amount of NS to reduce the abrasion loss and binder drained of NS-PA. The maximum resilient modulus value for NS-PA was 4362 MPa while TSR value 91% (2% NS). Meanwhile, for conventional PA (0% NS), resilient modulus value was only 3036 MPa and TSR value 74%. From both tests were also concluded that the optimum amount of NS required for PA to archieved both value was 2%. It can be concluded that with proper concentration, the existence of NS is capable to enhance the physical and rheological properties of asphalt binder and at the same time it dispersed well in asphalt binder. Thus, the performance of PA with NS modified binder is also enhanced.

STEADY STATE FIXED BED COMBUSTION OF WOOD PELLETS. A SIMPLE THEORETICAL MODEL

The combustion of biomass follows a sequence of several distinct phases which begin with drying, the subsequent pyrolysis with the release of volatile components that burn in gaseous phase and finally the combustion of carbonaceous resiue, the time consuming step. For small solid fuel boilers, as it is the case of pellet boilers for domestic heating, biomass particles are continuously burned in fixed bed boilers or heaters. In these appliances the furnace is a metallic basket into which fuel particles are thrown and burn. The combustion air is introduced through orifices drilled in this metallic basket although some lateral air entrances are also found. The gaseous flow is a piston flow, the particles fall under gravity on the upper bed surface and as they burn they slowly move downwards until their size is small enough to fall down through the air entrance orifices or are dragged by the upcoming combustion gas flow. So the gaseous current has an up flow movement while the solid particles move downwards. It is assumed that the bed is at uniform temperature and all the average properties of the gaseous flow are constant with the exception of the oxygen concentration that diminishes as the gas flow rises through the bed. The mathematical development of a simple model that allows the calculation of the steady state burning time of a biomass particle in fixed bed, the amount of energy released, the fixed bed size and its particle inventory, is hereby presented. The pedagogical interest of this model is pertinent because it presents, in a synthetic way, the relative importance of the combustion kinetic, the mass transfer mechanism and the reactor fluid dynamics, upon the lifetime of a biochar particle during its combustion process.

Evaluation of dowel bar alignment from a two-step dowel bar inserter

Dowel bars are installed in concrete pavements using metal baskets or mechanical dowel bar inserters (DBIs). The latter can be accomplished in two ways: the traditional one-step process consisting of a slipform paver outfitted with an automatic DBI and an on-board vibrator, or a two-step process consisting of a DBI attached to the main paver and followed by a second paver that consolidates the holes left by the DBI. Several concerns have been raised regarding the dowel bar misalignment in the two-step paving process. The MIT Scan-2 device was used to evaluate the dowel bar misalignment in a concrete pavement constructed using a two-step DBI in Lake County, Ohio. The results revealed significant deviation in horizontal, vertical and longitudinal positions. Furthermore, many bars were found to be severely misaligned, increasing the possibility of joint locking. As a result, Ohio has banned the use of two-step DBIs on all Ohio Department of Transportation projects.

The harvesting system affects the quality and conservation of the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime

The inadequate management of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime harvesting has led to quality loss and reduced profitability for producers and exporters. This study evaluated the quality and conservation of ‘Tahiti’ acid limes for export using four different harvesting systems. Fruit were harvested with scissors, by twisting, with the help of a metal basket and with a hook. After harvesting, the fruit were processed and stored at 9±2°C and 75±5% relative humidity (RH) for 30 d, simulating the conditions of export in refrigerated containers. The fruit were then transferred to 22±2°C and 75±5% RH for 30 d, according to the commercialization conditions for the fruit. Harvesting with scissors led to a greater conservation of fresh mass, color and peel chlorophyll content of fruit compared with the use of a hook for harvesting. The levels of soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were not influenced by the harvesting system. Fruit harvested with a hook had a higher percentage of oleocellosis and a 30% reduction in the marketable amount compared with fruit harvested by scissors. Mechanical injuries caused during harvest also led to changes in the flavor and aroma of the ‘Tahiti’ acid limes. The results suggest that the physical damage incurred during harvesting prevents the postharvest treatments of ‘Tahiti’ acid limes from providing the expected response with regard to the maintenance of fruit quality and conservation.

New insights into the reactivity of blast-furnace coke

The factors most responsible for the reactivity of metallurgical coke—the structure of the carbon matrix and the catalytic action of the inorganic components—are considered in the light of new data regarding the relation between CRI and the anisotropy of the reflectance ΔR o and data regarding the variable composition of the mineral components during the high-temperature reaction of CO2 with coke. New literature data regarding the transformations of coke samples within special metal baskets in a prototype blast furnace are also discussed.

Endoscopic Removal of Large Common Bile Duct Stones: Time to Arm the Laser?

Since its inception nearly 40 years ago, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the therapeutic cornerstone for removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Removal of the vast majority of stones with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), followed by sweeping the duct with either balloon or basket is successful in most cases, with an acceptable safety profile. Nevertheless, despite considerable refinements in ERCP over the last four decades, management of large, ‘‘difficult’’ CBD stones remains a therapeutic challenge. The definition of ‘‘large’’ CBD stones varies, ranging from[1 to[2 cm in diameter. Although the size of a stone is a prime determinant of its resistance to extraction, factors other than size are important. In a multivariate analysis, acute angulation of the distalmost aspect of the CBD and a shorter length of this distal CBD ‘‘arm’’ were associated with difficulty of ductal clearance [1]. Other factors inversely associated with stone clearance include very large stones such as those [3 cm, surgically altered anatomy, and firmness of the stones. The endoscopist must also consider not only the absolute stone size, but its diameter relative to the width of the distal duct through which it must be removed. Several different fragmentation modalities have been studied for the removal of difficult stones: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), mechanical lithotripsy (ML), electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), and laser lithotripsy (LL) (Table 1). Each technique works reasonably well, albeit with significant drawbacks. ESWL achieved ductal clearance in 84 % of 283 patients with an acceptable minor complication profile [2]. However, this technique is notoriously cumbersome, requiring multiple treatment sessions: initial ERCP with placement of nasobiliary drain, ESWL with stone fragmentation, followed by at least one additional ERCP with removal of smaller stone fragments. A randomized study comparing LL with ESWL showed that LL cleared the duct with fewer fragmentation sessions and endoscopic procedures [3]. Mechanical lithotripsy (ML) has a long track record in the therapy of large stones. It utilizes a metal basket and overlying sheath, into which stone fragments become trapped and crushed. Its advantage is that it is a widely available accessory which can be deployed in the course of a ‘‘routine’’ ERCP without bringing in additional, expensive equipment. However, it can be challenging to set up and deploy; furthermore, its use does not entirely prevent the feared scenario of impacted basket and stone in the biliary tree, which transforms an endoscopic dilemma into a surgical emergency. Results are generally favorable, but not universally successful. In a review from a Canadian referral center, nearly one-quarter of patients treated with ML required more than one endoscopic treatment [4]. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) relies upon the generation of shock waves, which under continuous saline irrigation of the bile duct are transmitted to stones, which then shatter. It has been traditionally performed using a dedicated smaller caliber cholangioscope which fits inside the working channel of a therapeutic duodenoscope, a so-called ‘‘mother–baby’’ scope arrangement. Unfortunately, this arrangement is extremely time-consuming, requires two endoscopists, and the cholangioscopes are extremely fragile. These formidable barriers have detracted from the appeal of EHL, even in tertiary referral centers. Laser lithotripsy (LL) works on a similar general principle to EHL. LL uses a high power light wavelength to deliver shockwaves to stones, thereby fragmenting them. S. J. Heller (&) Division of Gastroenterology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA e-mail: Stephen.Heller@fccc.edu

Bedload transport measurements at the Erlenbach stream with geophones and automated basket samplers

ABSTRACTIn the Erlenbach stream, a pre‐alpine steep channel in Switzerland, sediment transport has been monitored for more than 25 years. Near the confluence with the main valley river, stream flow is monitored and sediment is collected in a retention basin with a capacity of about 2000 m3. The basin is surveyed at regular intervals and after large flood events. In addition, sediment transport has been continuously monitored with piezoelectric bedload impact and geophone sensors since 1986. In 2008–2009, the measuring system in the Erlenbach stream was enhanced by installing an automatic system to obtain bedload samples. Movable metal baskets are mounted on a rail at the downstream wall of the large check dam above the retention basin, and they can be moved automatically into the flow to take bedload transport samples. The wire mesh of the baskets has a spacing of 10 mm to sample all sediment particles coarser than this size (which is about the limiting grain size detected by the geophones). The upgraded measuring system permits to obtain bedload samples over short sampling periods and to measure the grain size distribution of the transported material and its variation over time and with discharge. The analysis of calibration relationships for the geophone measuring system confirms findings from very similar measurements which were performed until 1999 with piezoelectric bedload impact sensors; there is a linear relationship between impulse counts and bedload mass passing over the sensors. Findings from flume experiments are used to discuss the most important factors which affect the calibration of the geophone signal. The bedload transport rates as measured by the moving baskets are among the highest measured in natural streams, with values of the order of several kilograms per meter per second. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

BAPTISM

8 9 R B A P T I S M G R E G W R E N N Him, too, I love, the boy behind me waiting his turn beside the river. Really it’s a creek. An at-times-stinky rivulet that has come to a full stop. Really it’s a mirror. No, metal polished and polished until mirror. No, the reflected world is tempera on particle board and you’d think the painter, also a bachelor, a nerdy messenger, had seen the world for the first time, with the freshest eyes. My nights are dull. Washing dishes, sweeping the screened-in porch, I stumble over the lessons. The boy could help me remember them, that catechism borne out of direct contact – or did I imagine it? – with unnameables, beautifuls, pulsing then absolutely still. And teach me about light as particle and wave, about generosity? To steam artichokes 9 0 W R E N N Y on the stovetop in a strange metal basket? We’re getting clean. The water’s cold. (A dove follows us like a predator drone.) After we dry o√, we’ll drive to the desert and Dolly’ll be singing. We’ll go in without shame. The angels gawking at us won’t follow. ...

Enzyme inactivation kinetics and colour changes in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) blanched under different conditions

The inactivation kinetics of the enzymes peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and inulinase and changes in the color parameters L∗, a∗ and b∗ of garlic cloves cut in slices, were studied during steam blanching at 100°C and water at 80 and 90°C. The garlic cloves were peeled, cut into slices and distributed uniformly in metal baskets and one batch placed in an autoclave generating steam at a temperature of 100°C; and the others in water baths at 80 and 90°C. The best blanching conditions were in steam for 4min, where no changes in texture were observed, and the enzymatic activities were reduced by 93.53%, 92.15% and 81.96% for peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and inulinase, respectively. Under these conditions the inulin concentration reduced by 3.72%. The color parameter L∗ increased with increase in blanching time, the samples becoming lighter in color, and the parameters a∗ and b∗ decreased, obtaining slices that were greener and bluer.

Acute cholangiopancreatic diseases with situs inversus totalis treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy: Report of two cases

Acute cholangiopancreatic diseases with situs inversus totalis treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy: Report of two cases

Welded fabric filter element launched for general filtration duties

At the heart of the new Hayflow filter element, launched by Hayward Industrial Products, is two concentric circles of fabric welded together to form a no-by-pass seam. The fabric is fitted into a metallic basket with a cap on the top and bottom for application in general filtration duties. The Hayflow element is intended as an alternative to conventional bag or cartridge filters and uses a patented Sentinal ® sealing ring to provide a positive seal. Visit www.filtsep.com for the latest filtration industry news

The anode-support system: an alternative for the electrorefining of tin in sulphuric acid medium

This paper describes a study of the application of an anode-support system to the electrorefining of tin in sulphuric acid medium. The authors have established that it is feasible to utilize a metallic basket of AISI-316 stainless steel mesh as the anode-support, with granules of 97% tin inside the basket. It is possible to utilize the anode-support system under the same conditions used for the industrial electrorefining of tin with conventional cast anodes. In a comparative study of experiments for the electrorefining of tin (97%) artificially contaminated with lead (3%), antimony (3%) or lead-antimony (1.5%–1.5%), it has been established that the anode-support system has a significant advantage over the traditional system. In fact, electrolyses of 10 days duration can be carried out continuously using the anode-support system, with the cell voltage remaining practically constant. In electrolyses using the traditional cast anodes it is necessary to interrupt the process every one or two days to eliminate mechanically the passivating film (PbS04 and Sb oxides) that covers the electrode and increases the anodic overpotential.

Experimental studies of a hybrid heat wheel

A hybrid heat wheel has been developed by combining the designs and incorporating the advantages of a metallic and a ceramic heat wheel. The final heat wheel has loose ceramic packings inside a metallic basket rotating around a vertical axis. It has been operated with maximum stream flow rates up to 350 nm 3/h and hot gas inlet temperatures up to 860 °C. It may not be suitable for attachment to a coal-fired furnace because of possible clogging of packing voids by non-combustible coal ash.