Metallic Raw Materials Research Articles

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF REMAINS OF METAL RAW MATERIALS ON THE WALLS OF LYCEUM FORMS AND CRUCCILES AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF JEWELERY PRODUCTION IN THE TERRITORY OF NORTH AND CENTRAL BELARUS IN THE X–XVIII CENTURIES

The article presents the results of a study of the chemical composition of the remains of metal raw materials preserved on the surface of casting devices of the 10th–18th centuries, found on the territory of Northern and Central Belarus. The author has established that the main alloys of non-ferrous metals fixed on the walls of pots and crucibles are multicomponent and lead brass, which allows them to be considered as a distinctive feature of local non-ferrous metalworking. It is noted that lead brasses are most typical for industrial complexes of the 10th–13th centuries, and com-plex copper-zinc alloys are found in crucibles from a workshop of the 17th–18th centuries. The author also determined that some of the clay and stone foundry molds were used for casting metal raw materials. It was established that mainly copper-zinc and multicomponent alloys were melted in the molds.

Synergistic preparation of geopolymer using electrolytic manganese residue, coal slag and granulated blast furnace slag

To improve the utilization rate of industrial solid waste and the sustainable development of geopolymer research and development, this article uses electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), coal slag (CS), and granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as raw materials to prepare a new eco-friendly geopolymer cementitious material (GOCM). The mechanical properties, phase composition, and microstructure of GOCM are measured and analyzed using methods such as compressive bending strength test, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion test, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of material ratio, water cement ratio, and alkali activator content on GOCM are explored. Meantime, the environmental characteristics of GOCM were also investigated through toxicity leaching experiments. Results show that CS improves the flowability and late compressive strength of GOCM, and EMR reduces the setting time of the slurry, the maximum strength of GOCM was observed when the contents of EMR, CS, and GGBS were 25 %, 55 %, and 20 %, the mass fraction of alkaline activator was 14 %, and the W/C was 0.45. and the maximum compressive strength reaches 22.8 MPa. The hydrates in GOCM are composed of flocculent, cluster, block C–S–H gel. The hydrates formed have excellent stabilization effect on heavy metals in raw materials. When the GOCM material ratio is optimal (the contents of EMR, CS, and GGBS were 25 %, 55 %, and 20 %), the leaching concentration of Cd, Cr, and Mn is lower than the limit values (Cd < 0.001 mg/L, Cr < 0.01 mg/L, Mn < 0.05 mg/L) specified in GB/T14848-2017.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF CURRENT AND COOLING MEDIA IN TUNGSTEN INERT GAS (TIG) WELDING ON MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND MICRO STRUCTURE OF AISI 1045 STEEL FOR TRUSS FRAME MOTORCYCLE FRAME CONNECTIONS

AbstractCurrently, metal joining techniques in the field of welding have developed rapidly. In constructions that use metal raw materials, most of the joints are made by welding. Apart from joining, the welding process can also be used for repairs, for example to fill holes in castings, make coatings on tools, thicken worn parts and other repairs. Welding is also widely used for building construction, bridges, piping and automotive. As we know, there are many types of welding used today. One of them is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or commonly called Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG).AISI 1045 steel is referred to as carbon steel because it complies with international coding, namely the 10xx series based on the nomenclature issued by AISI and SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). The first number 10 is the code that indicates plain carbon, then the code xxx after the number 10 indicates the carbon composition. So AISI 1045 steel means carbon steel or plain carbon steel which has a carbon composition of 0.45%. Steel of this specification is widely used as a component of gears, shafts and bearings. According to its function, it must be able to withstand wear and tear due to friction with the chain. Wear resistance is defined as resistance to abrasion or resistance to dimension reduction due to friction

Integrated methodology to link geochemical and geophysical-lab data in a geophysical investigation of a slag heap for resource quantification

The increasing need to find alternative stocks of critical raw materials drives to revisit the residues generated during the former production of mineral and metallic raw materials. Geophysical methods contribute to the sustainable characterization of metallurgical residues inferring on their composition, zonation and volume(s) estimation. Nevertheless, more quantitative approaches are needed to link geochemical or mineralogical analyses with the geophysical data. In this contribution, we describe a methodology that integrates geochemical and geophysical laboratory measurements to interpret geophysical field data solving a classification problem. The final aim is to estimate volume(s) of different types of materials to assess the potential resource recovery. We illustrate this methodology with a slag heap composed of residues from a former iron and steel factory. First, we carried out a 3D field acquisition using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization (IP), based on which, a sampling survey was designed. We conducted laboratory measurements of ERT, IP, spectral induced polarization (SIP), and X-ray fluorescence analysis, based on which, 4 groups of different chemical composition were identified. Then we carried out a 3D probabilistic classification of the field data, based on 2D kernel density estimators (for each group) fitted to the inverted data collocated with the samples. The estimated volumes based on the classification model were: 4.17 × 103 m3 ± 12 %, 1.888 × 105 m3 ± 12 %, 59.4 × 103 m3 ± 19 %, and 2.30 × 104 m3 ± 21% for the groups ordered with an increasing metallic content. The uncertainty ranges were derived from comparing the volumes with and without considering the probabilities associated to the classification. We found that a representative sampling and the definition of the KDE bandwidths are defining elements in the classification and ultimately the estimation of volumes. This methodology is suitable to quantitatively interpret geophysical data in terms of the geochemical composition of the materials, integrating uncertainties both in the classification and the estimation of volumes. Furthermore, several crucial elements in the investigation of metallurgical residues could be applied in a real case study, e.g., geophysical field acquisition, sampling and lab measurements.

Analisis Beda Rata-Rata Pengaruh Fraksi Volume Komposit Pada Pengujian Impact Berpenguat Serat Resam Dan Serat Pinang

Technological developments and advances in the industrial sector have led to the increasing use of metals. This condition causes the availability of metal raw materials to decrease. Overcoming this, the use of composites in the industrial world is a solution. Many composite reinforcing materials use natural fiber materials are often used because they have advantages in strength and stiffness that are higher than other engineering materials. In this study using a factorial experimental method that looks at the effect of the composite ratio (volume fraction) with the use of 2 natural fiber mixtures, namely resam fiber and areca nut on impact strength. This study aims to determine the average difference in each treatment carried out in the impact test. The volume fraction treatment variants used in this study are 25%; 30%; 35% resam fiber and 10% areca nut fiber with a long soaking time of 2% NaOH mixed fiber for 2 hours with the α value used is 5%. It was found that in treatment 1: 2 the average value is different while in the treatment of 2: 3 and 1: 3 the average value of the variables is not different.

Non-Ferrous Metal Price Point and Interval Prediction Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Optimized LSTM Network

The accurate forecasting of metal prices is of great importance to industrial producers as the supply of metal raw materials is a very important part of industrial production. The futures market is subject to many factors, and metal prices are highly volatile. In the past, most of the relevant research has focused only on deterministic point forecasting, with less research performed on interval uncertainty forecasting. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel forecasting model that combines point forecasting and interval forecasting. First, a novel hybrid price point forecasting model was established using Variational Modal Decomposition (VMD) and a Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM) based on Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) optimization. Then, five distribution functions based on the optimization algorithm were used to fit the time series data patterns and analyze the metal price characteristics, Finally, based on the optimal distribution function and point forecasting results, the forecasting range and confidence level were set to determine the interval forecasting model. The interval forecasting model was validated by inputting the price data of copper and aluminum into the model and obtaining the interval forecasting results. The validation results show that the proposed hybrid forecasting model not only outperforms other comparative models in terms of forecasting accuracy, but also has a better performance in forecasting sharp fluctuations and data peaks, which can provide a more valuable reference for producers and investors.

Prospects for the Use of Domestic Metallic Raw Materials for the Production of Oil Refining Catalysts

Prospects for the Use of Domestic Metallic Raw Materials for the Production of Oil Refining Catalysts

The Elastic Properties of Objects by Determining Young's Modulus for the Characterization of Metal Raw Materials Using a Speed Sensor Encoder and a Load Cell Sensor

The unique characteristic of a metal material can be determined from the value of Young's modulus which represents the ability of the material to deform in response to an external force given to the material. This study aims to determine the value of Young's modulus for three metal wires (copper, nickel, and steel) and the percentage of measurement errors using a self-designed Young's modulus kit equipped with a load cell sensor and speed sensor encoder. The measurement of Young's modulus was carried out in five experiments without any variation in diameter (the diameter was fixed and the same for all metals), and the results were compared with the reference values. The results showed that the values of Young's modulus for copper, nickel, and steel wires were 11.74 x 1010 N/m2, 21.63 x 1010 N/m2, and 20.84 x 1010 N/m2, respectively. The difference between the measured values and the reference values for Young's modulus for copper, nickel, and steel wires were 6.7%, 3.0%, and 4.18%, respectively. The small differences between the measured values and the reference values indicate that the measurement approach approximates the reference values and can be used to support other measurements involving Young's modulus values of a metal material

Experimental Study of the Activation Effect of Oxalic Acid on the Dissolution of Rare Earth Elements in the Typical Diagenetic Minerals of Coal Seams

Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered to be one of the most important metal raw materials, and coal seams are one of the potential sources of REEs. As a low-molecular-weight organic acid, oxalic acid has a strong ability to migrate and dissolve minerals. The coal seam is formed by herbaceous plants and contains more oxalic acid, which may affect the enrichment and transport of REEs during coal formation. Based on the provenance minerals and enrichment carriers of REEs in the coal seam, granite and its weathered minerals (plagioclase, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and quartz) were selected for oxalic acid leaching experiments, to clarify the activation ability of oxalic acid for REEs in coal seams. Experimental results have shown that oxalic acid dissolves minerals and leads to the dissolution and migration of REEs. The higher the concentration of oxalic acid, the stronger the dissolution ability. Each element has a similar dissolution ability in high-concentration oxalic acid solutions, while the ionic radius and electronegativity can cause abnormal distribution of individual elements. The REE dissolution ability in different minerals is controlled by the crystal structure, and the re-adsorption of minerals inhibits the dissolution of REEs in low-concentration oxalic acid solutions. In addition, comparative analysis of REE distribution characteristics in natural water shows that the dissolution and migration of REEs are complexly affected by many factors in addition to pH and fluid environment. Therefore, the activation effect of oxalic acid on REEs in coal seams needs to be further studied.

Напрями та завдання промислової політики України в умовах війни та повоєнного відновлення

The aim of the article is to determine the priorities of industrial policy in the conditions of wartime and in the post-war recovery, to substantiate its efficient instruments for ensuring transformational changes in the economy and the formation of a qualitatively new structure of industry. The article identifies directions of transformational changes in the industry, which consist in ensuring an increase in its structure of the share of industry branches that form high added value, as well as the development of industrial processing of products that are currently exported in the form of raw materials. The necessity of determining the priorities of the State support of strategic industries of Ukraine for the transformation of the industrial structure in the post-war recovery is substantiated. The article proposes a number of measures of the State policy aimed at the regulatory and legal consolidation of the lists of strategic industries and industrial enterprises of Ukraine, maintaining the adaptability and functionality of production chains in strategic industries, laying the financial foundation for the formation of growth points in the strategic industry branches. As the priorities of stimulating industrial processing are defined the processing of agricultural, mineral, both metal and secondary raw materials. Fostering the processing of agricultural raw materials involves stimulating domestic production and the use of equipment for the food processing industry, the formation of cooperatives for the production of finished food products by small and medium-sized enterprises. The implementation of the potential for the processing of mineral and metal raw materials will be ensured by the development of partnership with the EU in the field of critical raw materials, the promotion of attracting international investment in the industry with the provision of their control by the State authorities. Stimulating the recycling requires the identification of promising areas of recycling for the production of final industrial products, the use of available recycling facilities for the processing of waste generated as a result of the war.

A multifidelity approach coupling parameter space reduction and nonintrusive POD with application to structural optimization of passenger ship hulls.

Nowadays, the shipbuilding industry is facing a radical change toward solutions with a smaller environmental impact. This can be achieved with low emissions engines, optimized shape designs with lower wave resistance and noise generation, and by reducing the metal raw materials used during the manufacturing. This work focuses on the last aspect by presenting a complete structural optimization pipeline for modern passenger ship hulls which exploits advanced model order reduction techniques to reduce the dimensionality of both input parameters and outputs of interest. We introduce a novel approach which incorporates parameter space reduction through active subspaces into the proper orthogonal decomposition with interpolation method. This is done in a multi-fidelity setting. We test the whole framework on a simplified model of a midship section and on the full model of a passenger ship, controlled by 20 and 16 parameters, respectively. We present a comprehensive error analysis and show the capabilities and usefulness of the methods especially during the preliminary design phase, finding new unconsidered designs while handling high dimensional parameterizations.

Study of the composition and properties of the beneficiation tailings of currently produced loparite ores

The increase in demand for rare earth metals and the depletion of natural resources inevitably causes the need to search for alternative unconventional sources of rare metal raw materials. The article presents the results of a study of the composition and properties of the beneficiation tailings of currently produced loparite ores. Sieve, mineralogical, chemical, and radionuclide analyses were carried out. The average content of loparite in tailings was determined. Using scanning electron microscopy, minerals-concentrators of rare earth elements in the loparite ore beneficiation tailings were diagnosed. The distribution of valuable components and thorium in the tailings was determined depending on the particle size class. The radium-thorium nature of radioactivity was established, the values of the effective specific activity of the samples were calculated. We concluded that it is necessary to develop an integrated technology for processing the beneficiation tailings of loparite ore, due to the complex and heterogeneous mineral and chemical composition of the tailings material.

Risk control of metal raw materials based on deep learning

Stabilizing the purchase cost of metal raw materials is of great significance to the metal manufacturing industry. Most enterprises use futures hedging strategies to cope with the risks arising from fluctuations in the prices of metal raw materials. However, the difference between spot and futures prices of metals makes it impossible to fully control the risk. In order to further improve the efficiency of hedging and controlling corporate risks, it is necessary to accurately predict futures prices. However, the decomposition algorithms in traditional mixed models are prone to modal aliasing and have limited ability to extract nonlinear features from futures prices. Therefore, this paper proposes a variational modal decomposition-sample entropy-Cascaded Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network Model (VMD-SE-CLSTM). This paper proposes SE combined with VMD algorithm to determine the decomposition number to suppress the aliasing phenomenon of subsequence patterns, and introduces CLSTM network to improve the extraction ability of nonlinear features in futures data. The experiments are compared with 10 mainstream model methods and the method proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that the model reduces the prediction error and improves the prediction accuracy of the model, which is of great significance for enterprises to improve hedging efficiency, reduce operating risks and control production costs.

PENERAPAN METODE EOQ (ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY) DALAM PENGENDALIAN BAHAN BAKU

A company engaged in aluminum metal makes aluminum frame doors and windows as one of its products. For the purposes of the production process of aluminum frame doors and windows, aluminum metal raw materials are needed. Control of raw material stocks in PT. Al so far still needs to improve its efficiency due to the excessive accumulation of raw materials due to the purchase of raw materials that are still not in accordance with the needs of raw materials for production. Such problems interfere in the production process at the enterprise. Therefore, a careful calculation method is needed accompanied by efficiency and is able to reduce the cost of raw material stock to a minimum. In this study, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method was used to be applied to reduce stock costs to a minimum in terms of storage costs and ordering costs. In this study, data on the cost of procurement of raw materials carried out by the company before the implementation of EOQ amounted to Rp. 5,681,128,000 per year, while after using the EOQ method the total cost was Rp. 1,533,187,750 per year, so that the total savings were Obtained was Rp. 4,147,940,250 per year

The Mediterranean trading centre of Vivara (southern Italy): New insights on the production and circulation of pottery during the Bronze Age (16th – 15th century BCE)

The important discoveries at the recent archaeological excavations at Punta d’Alaca site in the west side of the Vivara island (Campania region) highlighted the presence of a Bronze Age thriving settlement attesting the development of a flourishing ceramic production, mainly specialized in the manufacturing of common wares.The archaeometric study performed on twenty representative samples by means of chemical and minero-petrographic techniques revealed that pottery was produced in-situ; however, locally-manufactured vessels here coexisted with imported ones.Coarse-textured, local potteries were made by low-CaO clays mixed with volcanic temper consistent with the volcanic products of Campanian volcanoes. The firing (likely a pit firing) was done in rough conditions, as proved by mineralogical evidence that suggest variable firing temperatures. In fact, low firing temperatures (<700 °C) have been estimated for a group of vases showing a detectable amount of clay minerals (interstratified clays, kaolinite, chlorite), whereas samples showing residual illite/mica likely experienced higher firing temperatures (700–850 °C).It is worth noting that three vessels have different mineralogical and textural features; two account for the presence of siliciclastic temper with rare volcanic grains, despite a geochemical similarity with local pottery. By contrast, one vessel has peculiar mineralogical components such as a coarser temper made of granitoid rocks that distinctively include schorl/dravite tourmaline; this allowed us inferring its provenance from the Tyrrhenian coastal area of Tuscany. Eventually, the archaeological and archaeometric data illuminate that island of Vivara was an important Mediterranean trading centre during the Bronze Age for its strategic position in the Mediterranean Sea for western and eastern commercial circuits, that involved the routes of metallic raw materials.

Regional shifts in production and trade in the metal markets: a comparison of China, the EU, and the US

Metal raw materials are essential for industrial production. Global metal markets have changed considerably since the start of the twenty-first century, China being the most influential driver of this change. With China’s economic rise, metal demand has skyrocketed, and global production shares in metal raw materials and trade volumes have shifted towards the People’s Republic. While China has become the dominant location for global metal production and consumption, older industrial economies like the European countries or the US have lost global share. This paper aims to compare the different developments in China, the European Union and the US regarding markets for the base metals aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc as well as iron and steel. The analysis covers movements in industrial production, metal production locations (mining – refined production – refined consumption) and metal trade volumes (ores and concentrates – waste and scrap – refined products and articles thereof).

Options for Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Ni-Co Lateritic Ores for Sustainable Supply of Nickel and Cobalt for European Battery Industry from South-Eastern Europe and Turkey

The automotive industry is in the process of transformation from the traditional production of vehicles with engines powered by the combustion of fossil fuels to vehicles powered by electric energy. This revolutionary transformation will generate a growing demand for metallic raw materials that are a crucial part of batteries—nickel and cobalt, among others. Providing enough raw materials for e-mobility in a sustainable way will be a challenge in the years to come. The region of South-Eastern Europe (SEE) and Turkey is relatively rich in lateritic Ni-Co deposits, and this region has the potential to partially replace the import of nickel and cobalt intermediates to the European Union from distant overseas locations. Possibilities for the sustainable sourcing of nickel and cobalt from the SEE region are reviewed in this paper, with an overview of the global demand and production of these metals, lateritic mineral resources of SEE, the current status of production, and the prospective development of nickel and cobalt production in this region.

Location of deposits of non-metallic ores in Russia and the technogenic impact of mining on the environment

The article substantiates the need to strengthen the mineral resource base for the production of non-ferrous metals through the involvement in the operation of substandard raw materials, primarily those stored in tailings dumps for the enrichment of metal ores. The results of the analysis of reserves of ore deposits are presented in comparison with the situation in the world. Quantitative data on the state of the mineral resource base of non-ferrous metal ores in Russia and the provision of industry with metal raw materials are given. The role of mineral resources in protecting the geopolitical interests of Russia is shown. It is noted that Russia lags behind technologically developed countries in a number of indicators of production and consumption of mineral resources. It is concluded that the development of technogenic deposits using innovative technologies is a real step towards strengthening the mineral resource base of Russia, therefore, research on the direction of mining mentioned in the article is relevant.

Processing and use of waste from the mining industry

An increase in the extraction of resources is accompanied by their losses and dilution of ores due to the technogenic impact on ore-bearing massifs. The possibility of preserving the earth’s surface is provided by technologies with filling technological voids with hardening mixtures based on leach tailings, the insufficient activity of which is increased by processing in disintegrators under the influence of high energy. Experimental proof of the possibility of controlling the state of the hardening mixture was obtained in the course of many years of use of the disintegrator as part of the filling complex. The possibility of replacing cement with activated tailings has been proven not only as inert fillers but also as binders, which makes it possible to replace commercial cement with cheaper production of commercial products. Utilization of metals from enrichment tailings of various types of minerals allows the use of secondary tailings without restrictions on sanitary requirements. The combined effect of mechanical and chemical energies allows waste-free disposal of enrichment tailings and creates, in essence, a new base of metal raw materials to meet the needs of industry.

Исследование структуры и свойств механоактивированного титаната самария

The relevance of the work is explained by the need to improve the quality of metal raw materials for the production of products with special properties, for example, in mining when leaching metals from ores, allowing to increase the extraction of components with a higher content in concentrates while minimizing the content of impurities. The purpose of the work. Substantiation of the possibility of changing the structure and properties of samarium titanate powder by processing in a spherical planetary mill "Activator 2S" due to the need to increase the purity of powders. Research methods: systematization, generalization and analysis of theoretical and experimental studies. To study the properties of samarium titanate, the following methods were used: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase, chemical, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray phase analysis, spectral and atomic absorption with the processing of the results by methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The results of the study of the structure and properties of samarium titanate powders obtained by mechanochemical synthesis using a spherical planetary mill are presented. It is shown that the elemental composition of the mechanochemically synthesized charge corresponds to the stoichiometric content of titanium oxide and samarium. Quantitative values of activation parameters are given. The time of transformation of the initial oxides into nanocrystalline samarium titanate has been determined. The phases of the transformation of samarium titanate from an amorphous state to a crystalline state under the influence of temperature are differentiated. The properties of the samarium titanate powder obtained by mechanosynthesis are given. The possibility of obtaining nanoamorphic powder of samarium titanate by mechanochemical treatment of samarium and titanium oxides of the desired condition is proved.