Metal-organic Framework Derivatives Research Articles

Degradation of Levofloxacin by Electroactivated Sodium Persulfate on Carbon Cloth Cathode Modified with Cerium-Based Metal Organic Frameworks (Ce-MOF) Derivatives

Levofloxacin (LFX), which is difficult to degrade effectively due to its molecular stability, has become an problem that needs to be solved urgently. The advanced oxidation technology of persulfate has received increasing attention from researchers. In this study, a Ce-MOF derivative (Ce-MOF-T) was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and calcination, which synergistically responded to electroactivation to generate sulfate radicals for the efficient degradation of LFX. It has been proven that electrical activation and the Ce-MOF derivatives work together to generate sulfate radicals and effectively degrade LFX. Ce-MOF-550-modified carbon cloth was used as the cathode and a platinum electrode as the anode, the concentration of LFX was 20 mg·L−1, the loading of Ce-MOF-550 was 15 mg, pH = 5, the concentration of sodium persulfate (PMS) was 0.3 g·L−1, the current density was 100 A·m−2, and the degradation rate was 82.05% after 1 h of reaction and 95% after 3 h of reaction. After five cycle tests, the degradation rate was still higher than 75.00%, indicating that the material had good stability. In addition, the degradation of LFX was consistent with a quasi-primary kinetic reaction with apparent rate constants of 2.26 × 10−2 min−1.

Enhancing microwave absorption via ion exchange-regulated metal elemental-alloy transition behavior

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as suitable candidates for excellent microwave absorption (MA) materials. However, the influence of the transition behavior from metal to alloy dominated by the metal ion ratio and the accompanying multi-phase coexistence model on the MA mechanism is unclear. This study successfully prepared a series of porous electromagnetic composite materials through ion-exchange in-situ pyrolysis synergistic strategy. The results indicate that the modulation of the Fe/Co ion ratio can easily manipulate the phase transition from Co metal to FeCo alloy-cobalt ferrite and the crystal defects within. The state of metal/alloy coexistence obtained at a low ion exchange degree has the highest concentration of vacancies, which is conducive to wideband absorption (6.03 GHz) and efficient loss (−67.44 dB) of MA performance. In contrast, the MA performance of samples at medium/high ion exchange degrees is not ideal. In addition, the application prospects of this material were demonstrated by simulating the actual absorption situation using radar cross-section. In summary, this work reveals the intrinsic relationship between the phase evolution behavior determined by the ion exchange degree in MOF derivatives and the electromagnetic performance, as well as the MA mechanism, providing a new reference for the preparation and design of outstanding MA materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of MOF-Derived Structures: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.

Due to their facile tunability, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are employed as precursors and templates to construct advanced functional materials with unique and desired chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties. By tuning MOF precursor composition and manipulating conversion processes, various MOF-derived materials commonly known as MOF derivatives can be constructed. The possibility of controlled and predictable properties makes MOF derivatives a preferred choice for numerous advanced technological applications. The innovative synthetic designs besides the plethora of interdisciplinary characterization approaches applicable to MOF derivatives provide the opportunity to perform a myriad of experiments to explore the performance and offer key insight to develop the next generation of advanced materials. Though there are many published works of literature describing various synthesis and characterization techniques of MOF derivatives, it is still not clear how the synthesis mechanism works and what are the best techniques to characterize these materials to probe their properties accurately. In this review, the recent development in synthesis techniques and mechanisms for a variety of MOF derivates such as MOF-derived metal oxides, porous carbon, composites/hybrids, and sulfides is summarized. Furthermore, the details of characterization techniques and fundamental working principles are summarized to probe the structural, mechanical, physiochemical, electrochemical, and electronic properties of MOF and MOF derivatives. The future trends and some remaining challenges in the synthesis and characterization of MOF derivatives are also discussed.

Nickle ion surface engineered MOF derived α-Fe2O3 octahedrons for high efficiency toluene detection with high moisture resistance and long-term stability

Metal-organic framework derivatives have become very promising candidates for gas sensors due to their advantages of large specific surface area, many surface active sites, and tunable properties. Meanwhile, Ni ion doping is an effective technique to enhance the moisture resistance of sensing materials. Inspired by this, in this work, we have successfully synthesized porous octahedral structures of Ni-Fe2O3 derived from metal-organic frameworks by in situ doping, in which the Ni contents were 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mol%, respectively. Notably, Ni doping changes the conductive type of Fe2O3 from n-type to p-type with a significant decrease in resistance. At the same time, the sensing performance of Fe2O3 octahedrons for volatile organic compound gases, especially toluene, is greatly improved. The 0.5 mol% Ni doped Fe2O3 sensor showed the highest response to toluene at 225°C (100 ppm, 47), which is five times higher than the pristine Fe2O3 (response 9.5). In addition, the sensor demonstrated fast response and recovery time (20 s/40 s), low detection limit (200 ppb), high moisture tolerance (98% RH, 47), and long-term stability of over 60 days. The main reason for the exceptional performance of Ni doped Fe2O3 sensors is its special porous octahedral structure, and more importantly, the change of carrier type of the sensing material after Ni doping and the substantial increase of oxygen vacancies, and the catalytic effect of Ni ions.

N-doped CuFe-MOF-919 derivatives in activation of peroxymonosulfate for enhanced degradation of organic pollutants: 1O2 dominated non-radical pathway

Metal organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon materials have received significant attention as catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-mediated degradation of organic pollutants. Despite the growing interest, the challenge persists in designing MOF derivatives where non-radicals serve as the primary active species. This study introduces an N-doped carbon-based material denoted as CuFe@NC-10, featuring highly dispersed Cu and Fe bimetallic active sites. The design involves co-doping MOF-919(Fe) with melamine. Under identical experimental conditions, CuFe@NC-10 exhibited remarkable performance, degrading 99.5 % of Rhodamine B (RhB) within 30 min, with a mineralization rate of 60 %. Notably, the pseudo-primary kinetic constant was 5.8 times higher than that observed for the pure MOF derivative (CuFe@NC). CuFe@NC-10 displayed consistent activation capacity across a broad pH range, and its catalytic performance remained largely unaffected by the coexistence of inorganic anions and humic acid. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis indicated that singlet oxygen (1O2) primarily drove RhB degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) findings suggested that the valence transition between Cu and Fe facilitated 1O2 generation, confirming PMS as the primary source of 1O2. The RhB degradation pathway was deduced through Q Exactive mass spectrometer and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Additionally, the study evaluated the ecotoxicity of RhB and its intermediates, providing essential insights into ecological risks associated with its degradation.

Efficient catalytic ozonation for hexazinone degradation by Fe/Ce-doped MOF derivatives

High catalytic efficiency and strong anti-interference catalyst for refractory pollutants removal remains a challenge for the catalytic ozonation. Metal-organic framework (MOF) have shown excellent performance in catalysis filed, but there is a risk of metal ion leaching. Designing MOF derivatives by high temperature modulation is considered to be an effective way to enhance the performance and reduce leaching risk of MOFs. In this paper, Fe/Ce bimetallic metal–organic framework (FeCe-MOF) was synthesized and three MOF derivatives were prepared by calcination at different temperatures. The performance of MOF derivatives in the degradation of hexazinone via catalytic ozonation and the effects were investigated. The mechanism of catalytic ozonation by FeCe@C-600 was also elucidated by the analysis of structural characterization of the fresh and used FeCe@C-600, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiment. FeCe@C-600/O3 system achieved 78.78 % removal of hexazinone and 42.37 % degradation of TOC within 20 min. During the catalytic ozonation, FeCe@C-600 has high structural stability and avoiding the release of metal ions. FeCe@C-600 showed excellent performance to degrade and mineralize of hexazinone, and it is more stable and has wider pH applicability. The electron transfer and redox cycling of Mn+/Mn+1 were promoted along with the conversion of lattice oxygen to oxygen vacancies. The degradation of hexazinone was mainly attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (•OH, •O2–, 1O2) during catalytic ozonation. MOF derivatives exhibited good adsorption capacity during the degradation of hexazinone. FeCe@C-600 effectively reduces metal leaching while retaining high catalytic activity, providing new ideas for the development of new efficient and environmentally friendly ozone catalysts.

Lamellar cluster-like grown FeCo layered double hydroxides as stable peroxymonosulfate activators at wide circumneutral pH

The development of effective and reliable Fenton-like catalytic systems in circumneutral pH is a longstanding interest. Metal-organic framework derivatives become promising catalyst candidates due to high catalytic accessibility and structural flexibility, but their stability remains in doubt. Herein, a MIL-88A self-templating strategy to synthesize structurally decentralized FeCo-layered-double hydroxide (FeCo-LDH, M−FCL) was proposed. The well-constructed M−FCL3 presented superior peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for nearly 100 % sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation within 15 min, which was virtually wobble-slight in the pH = 2.5 ∼ 10.5 range. The performance decrease at limiting pH was mainly ascribed to activity-blocked of M−FCL3 by analyzing the involved reaction substrates and reactive oxygen species. In specific, the hydrolytic detachment or excessive aggregation of surface-active FeCo-LDH occurred at limiting pH with unbalanced hydrolysis-coprecipitation. Especially, theoretical calculations further exposed that the loss of dominated active Co site and the formation of inert SMT+ dissociating species were detrimental to the catalytic process in acidic environments. Nevertheless, the well-founded resistance of the constructed M−FCL3/PMS system to interference and its ability to operate for a long period proved its potential for application in near-neutral environments. This work raised concern for the variations of Fenton-like catalysis at limiting pH, promoting the application of MOF-derived LDH for environmental remediation.

Cation Bimetallic MOF Anchored Carbon Fiber for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption.

Carbon fiber (CF) is a potential microwave absorption (MA) material due to the strong dielectric loss. Nevertheless, owing to the high conductivity, poor impedance matching of carbon-based materials results in limited MA performance. How to solve this problem and achieve excellent MA performance remains a principal challenge. Herein, taking full advantage of CF and excellent impedance matching of bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOF)derivatives layer, an excellent microwave absorber based on micron-scale 1D CF and NiCoMOF (CF@NiCoMOF-800)is developed. After adjusting the oxygen vacancies of the bimetallic MOF, the resultant microwave absorber presented excellent MA properties including the minimum reflection loss (RLmin ) of -80.63dB and wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.01GHz when its mass percent is only 5wt.% and the thickness is 2.59mm. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin (EP)-based coating with this microwave absorber are effectively improved. The hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), bending strength, and compressive strength of CF@NiCoMOF-800/EP coating are 334MPa, 5.56GPa, 82.2MPa, and 135.8MPa, which is 38%, 15%, 106% and 53% higher than EP coating. This work provides a promising solution for carbon materials achieving excellent MA properties and mechanical properties.

Ce/Fe bimetallic MOF derivatives in situ modified bulk carbon aerogel composite cathode for efficient heterogeneous electro-fenton degradation of chloramphenicol

In this study, we utilized a Ce-modified iron-based metal-organic framework derivative to in situ modify bulk CA (Ce/Fe@C-CA) as a bifunctional composite cathode to degrade chloramphenicol (CAP) in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) process. The composite cathode exhibited satisfactory CAP degradation efficiency, wide pH adaptability (2–9) and low metal leaching. Under the appropriate conditions (pH = 5, current density = 6 mA/cm2), 94.89% of CAP degradation efficiency was obtained within 60 min. The introduction of Ce increased the oxygen vacancy content, enhanced the cathodic electrochemical activity, promoted the production of a variety of reactive oxygen species and participates in the degradation of CAP, of which ·OH and 1O2 were dominant. Meanwhile, the electron transfer and synergistic catalysis between Ce and Fe promoted the regeneration of the metal active site, which was beneficial to improve the reuse stability of the Ce/Fe@C-CA cathode. The degradation pathway of CAP was obtained by DFT calculations and UPLC-MS/MS detection. This study not only proposed a novel bifunctional electro-Fenton cathode, but also provided a effective strategy for the treatment of actual pharmaceutical wastewater.

A layered multifunctional framework based on polyacrylonitrile and MOF derivatives for stable lithium metal anode

Composite Li metal anodes based on three-dimensional (3D) porous frameworks have been considered as an effective material for achieving stable Li metal batteries with high energy density. However, uneven Li deposition behavior still occurs at the top of 3D frameworks owing to the local accumulation of Li ions. To promote uniform Li deposition without top dendrite growth, herein, a layered multifunctional framework based on oxidation-treated polyacrylonitrile (OPAN) and metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives was proposed for rationally regulating the distribution of Li ions flux, nucleation sites, and electrical conductivity. Profiting from these merits, the OPAN/carbon nano fiber-MOF (CMOF) composite framework demonstrated a reversible Li plating/stripping behavior for 500 cycles with a stable Coulombic efficiency of around 99.0% at the current density of 2 mA/cm2. Besides, such a Li composite anode exhibited a superior cycle lifespan of over 1300 h under a low polarized voltage of 18 mV in symmetrical cells. When the Li composite anode was paired with LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode, the obtained full cell exhibited a stable cycling over 500 cycles. Moreover, the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation was conducted to reveal the effects on homogeneous Li ions distribution derived from the above-mentioned OPAN/CMOF framework and electrical insulation/conduction design. These electrochemical and simulated results shed light on the difficulties of designing stable and safe Li metal anode via optimizing the 3D frameworks.

Magnetic photoelectrochemical sensor array utilizing addressing sensing strategy for simultaneous detection of amyloid-β 42 and microtubule-associated protein tau

The accurate diagnosis of diseases can be improved by detecting multiple biomarkers simultaneously. This study presents the development of a magnetic photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor array for the simultaneous detection of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ) and microtubule-associated protein (Tau), which are markers for neurodegenerative disorders. A metal-organic framework (MOF) derivative, Fe2O3@FeS2 magnetic composites with exceptional photoelectric and ferromagnetic properties was synthesized while preserving the original structure and advantages. Thus, the immunoassembly process of the sensor can be carried out in homogeneous solution and recovered by magnetic separation. For simultaneous detection, a chip is divided into multiple independent sensing sites, which have the same preparation and detection environment, allowing for the implementation of a self-calibration method. The sensor array demonstrates considerable detection ranges of 0.01–100 ng mL−1 for Aβ and 0.05–100 ng mL−1 for Tau, with low detection limits of 2.1 pg mL−1 for Aβ and 7.9 pg mL−1 for Tau. The PEC sensor array proposed in this study exhibits exceptional stability, selectivity, and reproducibility, providing a new method for detecting multiple markers.

Enhancing char formation of flame retardant epoxy composites: Onigiri-like ZIF-67 modification with carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin crosslinking

To enhance char formation of flame retardant epoxy (EP) composites, carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) is employed as an etchant for or ZIF-67 derivatives. In the early stage, etching plays a dominant role. The mismatch in size between CM-β-CD opening and ZIF-67 pore leads to the stacking of carboxyl cobalt complexes on the shell. When the reaction time is prolonged, crosslinking occurs between carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Crosslinked CM-β-CD weakens and eventually stops the etching process. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), an additive to improve flame retardancy, is also absorbed on the shell in this one-pot synthesis. Herin, the synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives can impart multiple functions to MOF. This novel nanohybrid significantly improved flame retardancy of EP composites with only 2.0 wt% loading. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were reduced by 54.8 and 46.9%, respectively. The integrated multi-element system resulted in an expanded and reinforced char layer. This study proposes a simple and precise method for controlling the structure of MOF-carbohydrate hybrids through competition between chemical reactions.

Ru-Doped Ultrasmall Cu Nanoparticles Decorated with Carbon for Electroreduction of Nitrate to Ammonia.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction offers a sustainable approach to treating wastewater and synthesizing high-value ammonia under ambient conditions. However, electrocatalysts with low faradaic efficiency and selectivity severely hinder the development of nitrate-to-ammonia conversion. Herein, Ru-doped ultrasmall copper nanoparticles loaded on a carbon substrate (Cu-Ru@C) were fabricated by the pyrolysis of Cu-BTC metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The Cu-Ru@C-0.5 catalyst exhibits a high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 90.4% at -0.6 V (vs RHE) and an ammonia yield rate of 1700.36 μg h-1mgcat.-1 at -0.9 V (vs RHE). Moreover, the nitrate conversion rate is almost 100% over varied pHs (including acid, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes) and different nitrate concentrations. The remarkable performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between Cu and Ru and the excellent conductivity of the carbon substrate. This work will open an exciting avenue to exploring MOF derivatives for ambient ammonia synthesis via selective electrocatalytic nitrate reduction.

Efficient metal–organic framework-based dual co-catalysts system assist CdS for hydrogen production from photolysis of water

Metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) and their derivatives have been widely used in the field of photocatalytic water decomposition for hydrogen production. In this study, NiS/CdS was initially acquired and subsequently combined with DUT-67 via ultrasound to create a unique ternary photocatalyst NiS/CdS@DUT-67. The rate of hydrogen production for NiS/CdS@DUT-67 is 9618 μmol·g NiS/CdS−1·h−1 for NiS/CdS@DUT-67, which is 32 times and 2.5 times higher than that for CdS and NiS/CdS, respectively. Of particular interest is the fact that even after 50 h of photocatalysis, the hydrogen production rate did not show a significant decrease, demonstrating its excellent stability compared to CdS and NiS/CdS. In this ternary system, NiS and DUT-67 function as dual co-catalysts for CdS, collaborating to enhance charge separation during the photocatalysis. This study presents a clear demonstration of the advantages of utilizing metal–organic framework derivatives (MOF-derivatives) cophotocatalysts and their synergistic effect, resulting in improved photocatalytic activity and stability of semiconductors. This innovative approach provides a new perspective on constructing photocatalytic materials with exceptional performance.

Non‐thermal Plasma for VOCs Abatement: Recent Advance

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions are a factor in a number of environmental issues. To reduce the associated negative consequences, it is crucial to develop efficient VOCs removal systems. Non‐thermal plasma (NTP) co‐catalytic technology has become a popular research topic in this field as a result of its ability to reduce the activation energy of the reaction while simultaneously improving product selectivity. Despite the huge number of studies synthesising the use of metals and their oxide catalysts in the degradation of VOCs, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF derivatives are the subject of comparatively few studies in this area. This paper reviews the basic principles and technological progress of NTP co‐catalytic VOCs degradation, with a focus on the use of MOFs and their derivatives in plasma VOCs degradation, as well as the use of other non‐metallic carbon materials in plasma VOCs degradation. It highlights the potential future development direction of NTP catalytic synergistic treatment of VOCs by focusing on the optimization of catalytic synergism on the treatment impact. In the end, the challenges faced, the prospects, and our personal perspective on future research directions are also estimated and elucidated.

Metal-organic-frameworks derived hollow carbon derivatives: Controllable configurations and optimized microwave absorption

Metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) derivatives with diverse architectures and adjusted chemical compositions have been recognized as one of the promising candidates in the field of microwave absorption, especially carbon derivatives with hollow structure. Herein, the recent strategies in fabrication of hollow MOFs derivatives and the relationship between hollow structure and microwave absorption performance are briefly summarized. Then, the synthesized mechanism and crucial factors in the formation of hollow structure are systematically analyzed. Finally, the current challenges and future research trends are predicted, which provide guidelines for the regulation of hollow MOFs derivatives and the manipulation of microwave absorption performance.

Recent progress of metal-organic framework-based nanozymes with oxidoreductase-like activity.

Nanozymes, a class of synthetic nanomaterials possessing enzymatic catalytic properties, exhibit distinct advantages such as exceptional stability and cost-effectiveness. Among them, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanozymes have garnered significant attention due to their large specific surface area, tunable pore size and uniform structure. MOFs are porous crystalline materials bridged by inorganic metal ions/clusters and organic ligands, which hold immense potential in the fields of catalysis, sensors and drug carriers. The combination of MOFs with diverse nanomaterials gives rise to various types of MOF-based nanozyme, encompassing original MOFs, MOF-based nanozymes with chemical modifications, MOF-based composites and MOF derivatives. It is worth mentioning that the metal ions and organic ligands in MOFs are perfectly suited for designing oxidoreductase-like nanozymes. In this review, we intend to provide an overview of recent trends and progress in MOF-based nanozymes with oxidoreductase-like activity. Furthermore, the current obstacles and prospective outlook of MOF-based nanozymes are proposed and briefly discussed. This comprehensive analysis aims to facilitate progress in the development of novel MOF-based nanozymes with oxidoreductase-like activity while serving as a valuable reference for scientists engaged in related disciplines.

N-doped branched metal–organic framework derivatives to boost multiband microwave absorption with ultrathin thickness

CoNi@NPC/NCNTs composites with a rod-like N-doped carbon matrix and branched N-doped CNTs, prepared via melamine-assisted CVD pyrolysis, demonstrate superior dual-band electromagnetic wave absorption (2–18 and 26.5–40 GHz) with ultrathin thickness.

Structural engineering of rare earth metal-organic frameworks derivatives with high anisotropy for high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption

Structural engineering and component design are crucial for conceiving outstanding metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials. However, an efficient and direct clarification of the structural influences on the EMW absorption performance of MOF-based absorption materials remains highly challenging and still awaits exploration. To this end, we synthesized a new type of rare earth (RE) MOFs with hexagonal-bipyramidal, snowflake-like, and dendritic structures through facilely controlling the solvent ratios in a scalable coprecipitation approach. The MOF-derived CeO2/Co/C hybrids with the same component content inheriting the morphological structures showcased tunable dielectric property and EMW absorption performance. The dendritic MOF derivatives with the highest anisotropy achieved a superior EMW absorption performance, manifesting a minimum reflection loss value of −71.5 dB at 1.7 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.2 GHz at 1.6 mm thickness, comparable to those of the best EMW absorbers. This work not only confirmed the high potential of RE MOF derivatives for EMW absorption, but also directly and efficiently unveiled the mechanism of morphological structure on the dielectric property and EMW absorption performance for the MOF-based EMW absorption material.

Hierarchical Electrode Constructed by carbon-coated Metal-Organic Framework Derivatives Supported on two-dimensional Ti3C2 nanosheets for Hybrid Li-ion Capacitors

BackgroudMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (e.g., Co-MOF) had been a popular platform for synthesis electrode materials for lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) because of their high theoretical specific capacity and unique structural advantages. Recent researches have focused on the development of MOFs derivative-based composites with high specific surface area, high structural stability, and high electrical conductivity. Methods: Here a distinct Ti3C2/Co3O4@C heterostructure composite was prepared by a straightforward method via hydrogen bonding with carbon-coated Co-MOF derivative anchored on Mxene-Ti3C2 nanosheets. The carbon-coated hollow Co3O4 polyhedra could shorten Li+ diffusion paths, increase the specific surface area and mitigate structural changes during the Li+ storage process. Moreover, Ti3C2 sheets were acted as a conductive network, which could increase the Li+ transport rate and stability of the structure. SignificantServing as anode material, Ti3C2/Co3O4@C electrode showed a specific capacity of 1341 mAh/g at current density of 0.1 A/g, with 93% capacity maintenance at 2 A/g after 1000 cycles in the lithium-ion half cell. Furthermore, Ti3C2/Co3O4@C//AC LIC delivered a high energy of 106 Wh/kg at 7632 W/kg. The distinct heterostructure, straightforward, and excellent performance of the Ti3C2/Co3O4@C composite as anode could provide application prospects in LICs with high energy/power density.