Metacognitive Self-regulation Research Articles

Perceived formative assessment and student motivational beliefs and self-regulation strategies: a multilevel analysis

Based on an integrated theory of formative assessment and self-regulated learning, this study investigated the relationship between students’ perceived formative assessment practices of teachers and their motivational beliefs (self-efficacy and incremental beliefs of ability) and self-regulation strategies (metacognitive self-regulation and adaptive help seeking). Participants were 1,939 secondary school students (nested in 94 classes) from Singapore, who completed an online questionnaire. After controlling for gender, stream, and grade, we conducted a multilevel path analysis to examine the hypothesised relationships at both student and class levels. We found that at the student level, perceived formative assessment was associated positively with self-efficacy, incremental beliefs of ability, metacognitive self-regulation, and adaptive help seeking; at the class level, perceived formative assessment was associated positively with incremental beliefs of ability and adaptive help seeking. The findings highlight the importance of investigating formative assessment as a multilevel construct and its role in developing self-regulated learning of students.

Metacognitive self regulation integrated with science technology society to improving problem solving ability in microbiology courses

The purpose of this study was to improve students’ problem-solving ability and metacognitive self-regulation (MSR) by applying science technology society (STS) learning model integrated with metacognitive self-regulation. The participants were 13 students from Department of Biology Education who took microbiology courses. A quasi-experimental method with one-group pre and posttest design was used in this study. Data were collected through pre and posttest with eight open ended questions to measure students’ problem-solving ability on four microbiology topics (food, pathogen, waste and water microbiology). These topics were studied sequentially in two months. The instrument used to measure MSR is a questionnaire with open-ended questions. This questionnaire was developed based on three aspects of MSR namely, planning, monitoring and evaluation. MSR questionnaire was administered to students at the end of each topic. The N-gain test was used to analyze the improvement of students' problem-solving ability on each topic. The average score of all aspects in MSR questionnaire was used to explore students’ metacognitive self-regulation. The correlation between MSR and problem-solving ability was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The results revealed that the N gain score of problem-solving ability was increased from 0.56 in the first topic to 0.7 in the next three topics. The average of MSR score also increased from 66.15 in the first topic to 87.23 in fourth topic. There was a positive correlation between students’ MSR and problem-solving ability. These results indicated that application of Science Technology Society integrated with MSR is an effective strategy in improving students’ problem-solving ability and MSR. The implementation of this research is to develop a lecture program as an effort to improve the learning process

THE INFLUENCE OF METACOGNITIVE SELF-REGULATION ON LEARNING STRATEGIES IN MANDARIN LEARNING

Due to China’s rapid economic development, there has been an increased demand for Chinese language education in Malaysia. The utilization of appropriate language learning strategies plays a crucial role in ensuring successful learning outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate learners’ perception regarding their use of learning strategies in acquiring Mandarin as a foreign language. A quantitative survey was conducted among 148 students enrolled in an Introductory Mandarin course in a public university. The survey employed a 5 Likert-scale and consisted of four sessions which are demographic profile, cognitive components, metacognitive self-regulation and resource management. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings indicate that the resource management components “environment management” and “help-seeking” received a highest mean scores (M=4.14, 4.15), followed by the cognitive component “rehearsal” (M=4). Conversely, metacognitive self-regulation strategies had the lowest mean score (M=3.78). Furthermore, the research also reveals a strong positive correlation between metacognitive self-regulation, cognitive strategies and resource management strategies in foreign language learning. It is hoped that this study can provide insights for instructors to enhance their teaching approach to facilitate students' learning.

An Investigation of How Foundation Learners Perceive Their Use of Learning Strategies

Transitioning from school to higher education institutions, learners may face many challenges, especially in coping with the new cultures of tertiary education. Learners entering universities come from a broad spectrum of diverse backgrounds, including various types of public and private secondary schools such as Full Boarding Schools, Vocational Colleges and Technical High Schools, Government-Aided Religious Schools, National Religious Secondary Schools, Sports Schools, Art Schools, The Royal Military Academy, MARA Junior Colleges of Science (MRSM), and many other private schools. Thus, it is pivotal that learning styles and strategies are redesigned to adapt to the demands of university education. The present study aims to discover the perception of learning strategy utilization among foundation studies learners. This quantitative research explores the relationship among cognitive, metacognitive self-regulation, and resource management as components of learning strategies as propounded by Wenden and Rubin (1987). A purposive sample of 297 participants, randomly selected among learners at the Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, responded to the survey. The survey utilized a 5-point Likert scale which comprises four sections. The results indicate that the three components of learning strategies positively correlate with one another. In addition, it is also found that metacognitive self-regulation positively influences learners by guiding them in supervising their learning process and resolving their confusion by referring back to their reading materials and seeking help from their peers. This finding is crucial to aid educators in employing suitable learning strategies for foundation learners to prepare them for their degree studies.

Effectiveness of web-based virtual laboratory on grade eight students’ self-regulated learning

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is an important factor in online learning and is defined as the process of actively managing one’s own learning process to achieve a desired outcome. However, many issues remain unsolved about how to improve cognitive strategies and self-regulation in online learning environments where teachers are not physically present. As a result, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of a web-based virtual laboratory on enhanced students’ SRL. A quasi-experimental pre-/post-test with a control group design was employed involving 40 female students aged 14-15 years old. While the students in the experimental group carried out the practical activities using a specially developed web-based virtual laboratory, the students in the control group used a physical laboratory. The results obtained indicated that the virtual laboratory significantly enhanced metacognitive self-regulation, effort regulation, peer learning, and overall SRL more than the physical laboratory. These findings could be attributed to how students learn using the virtual laboratory. For instance, students can navigate the virtual lab website at their own pace at anytime and anywhere.

Drivers of undergraduate students’ learning perceptions in the blended learning environment: The mediation role of metacognitive self-regulation

AbstractIn student-centric learning environments, such as blended learning, students’ metacognitive self-regulation is required to plan, monitor, and control their learning processes and achieve positive learning outcomes. The lack of metacognitive self-regulation may lead students to encounter difficulties that, eventually, affect their learning perceptions. Therefore, understanding how to drive students' metacognitive self-regulation is essential to delivering an effective blended learning process that supports students' learning perceptions. This study examines the structural relationships between academic self-efficacy, student–student interaction, student–lecturer interaction, metacognitive self-regulation (including planning, monitoring, and regulating), and perceived learning using structural equation modeling. The data were collected from 1675 undergraduate students who experienced blended learning at Egyptian universities. The findings revealed that academic self-efficacy, student–student interaction, and student–lecturer interaction have significant direct effects on the planning, monitoring, and regulating dimensions of metacognitive self-regulation. Furthermore, metacognitive self-regulation dimensions not only influence perceived learning but also mediate the effects of academic self-efficacy, student–student interaction, and student–lecturer interaction on perceived learning, except for monitoring, which has an insignificant mediation effect on the relationship between student–student interaction and perceived learning. The findings of this study may help researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders gain deep insights regarding how to promote tertiary students’ metacognitive self-regulation and learning perceptions during the blended learning experience.

Evaluating the online Resilience Skills Enhancement programme among undergraduate students: A double-blind parallel randomized controlled trial.

Resilience training has beneficial effects on the ability of undergraduate students to withstand adversity and stress. However, there are inconsistencies in the content and delivery approaches for resilience training. Given the increasing shifts towards computer-assisted instruction, there is a need to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for resilience training. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of two versions of the Resilience Skills Enhancement (RISE) programme. A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate the effects of blended learning (BL) and a self-guided RISE programme on the resilience, social support, and learning outcomes of undergraduate students. One hundred and fourteen students were recruited and randomly allocated to receive either BL or the self-guided RISE programme. The within-group analyses indicated significant improvements in resilience scores for the BL (F=37.74, p<0.001) and self-guided groups (F=10.16, p<0.001) with moderate (d=0.62, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.00) to large effect sizes (d=1.11, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.50) respectively. There were also significant differences across the three time points for social support scores for the BL (F=4.50, p<0.05) and self-guided groups (F=4.59, p<0.05). Students in the BL group had considerable improvements in self-efficacy of learning and performance (F=5.42, p<0.01) and meta-cognitive self-regulation scores (F=5.91, p<0.01). In the between-group analyses, both BL and self-guided RISE were comparable for resilience, social support, and learning scores (p>0.05). The study provided preliminary evidence that both modes, BL and self-guided RISE programme lead to positive effects on the resilience, social support, and learning scores of students.

The factor structure of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ): new methodological approaches and evidence

BackgroundThe area of self-regulated learning integrates the fields of metacognition and self-regulation and assumes that the student is an active processor of information capable of self-regulating his learning by putting together the cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational components. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) is a benchmark for the measurement of self-regulated learning. However, the field of study does not show adequate evidence of its structural validity. The vast majority of studies involving this question present serious methodological mistakes, compromising the evidence of validity.ObjectiveOur study investigates the structural validity of MSLQ including all 15 scales and corrects relevant mistakes in the previous studies.MethodWe tested different models through item confirmatory factor analysis in a convenience sample of 670 college students (M = 22.8 years, SD = 5.2) from a public Brazilian university in the technological area. The models with the ML, MLR, MLM and WLMSV estimators.ResultsOnly WLSMV produced models with acceptable fit. The final model has a bi-factor structure with a general factor (self-regulated learning), 15 components as first-order factors, and four broad components as second-order factors. Twelve first-order components, all second-order components and the general factor had acceptable reliability. The components’ elaboration, intrinsic goal orientation and metacognitive self-regulation, did not show acceptable reliability, in terms of McDonald’s omega.ConclusionConsidering the worldwide importance of the MSLQ, we do not recommend the use of the measurement of these components for clinical practice and psychoeducational diagnosis until new studies show that this low reliability only occurs in our sample. Our study shows new evidence, correcting many previous methodological mistakes and producing initial evidence favorable to the factor structure of the MSLQ.

Person-centred study on higher-order interactions between students' motivational beliefs and metacognitive self-regulation: Links with school language achievement.

Variable-centred studies assume that the links between motivation and metacognition with academic achievement are uniform across all students. However, this assumption may not hold and multiple interactions between motivational beliefs and metacognitive self-regulation may occur. To this end, the present study sought to explore these higher-order interactions and their links with school language achievement in a low-performance context. A large sample (N = 1046, 53.14% girls) of Greek secondary school students (M = 13.97, SD = .80) was drawn. Latent profile analyses were deployed to mimic higher-order interactions. Unexpectedly, the results indicated only three distinct well-defined profiles of students' motivated metacognitive self-regulation, namely exceptional motivation and metacognitive self-regulation (23.3%), adequate motivation and metacognitive self-regulation (48.2%), and minimal motivation and metacognitive self-regulation (28.5%). Incompatible profiles of motivation and metacognitive self-regulation did not emerge, contrary to previous findings suggesting negative higher-order interactions. The BCH method revealed large mean differences in school language achievement between the profiles, adjusting for covariates. Latent multinomial logistic regression indicated that gender and age predicted greater odds of membership to the minimal motivation and metacognitive self-regulation profile. Socio-economic status and spoken language at home predicted less chances of membership to the minimal profile only. Educational interventions are needed to target both motivational beliefs and metacognition to prevent underachievement.

IguideME

Personalized feedback is important for the learning process, but it is time consuming and particularly problematic in large-scale courses. While automatic feedback may help for self-regulated learning, not all forms of feedback are effective. Social comparison offers powerful feedback but is often loosely designed. We propose that intertwining meaningful feedback with well-designed peer comparison using a learning analytics dashboard provides a solution. Third-year bachelor students were randomly assigned to have access to the learning analytics dashboard IguideME (treatment, n=31) or no access (control, n=31). Dashboard users were asked to indicate their desired grade, which was used to construct peer-comparison groups. Personalized peer-comparison feedback was provided via the dashboard. The effects were studied using quantitative and qualitative data, including the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ). Compared to the control group, the treatment group achieved higher scores for the MSLQ components “metacognitive self-regulation” and “peer learning,” and for the AGQ component “other-approach” (do better than others). The treatment group performed better on reading assignments and achieved higher grades for high-level Bloom exam questions. These data support the hypothesis that personalized peer-comparison feedback can be used to improve self-regulated learning and academic achievement.

Exploring the Relationship between Learning Strategies Used in Language Learning

Learning a language has never been an easy task for most learners and students performance greater differ in a single classroom despite being taught by the same teacher and expose to the same materials. Therefore, the main issue for this could possibly be due to the students’ own learning strategies that is causing them to excel or underperform in language learning. In the context of a Malaysian classroom, this needs to be understood as academicians are dealing with a multi-cultural group of students from various economical background that would definitely have an impact on how the learn a language. Therefore, this study aims to learn and answer the general question of how students’ learning strategies affect the process of how they learn languages. More specifically, this quantitative study is done to explore motivation factors for learning among undergraduates students from Universities in Malaysia. A purposive sample of 129 participants responded to the survey which was distributed via Google form. The results indicate that metacognitive self-regulation can positively impact learning by helping individuals monitor and adjust their learning strategies, identify areas where they need to improve their understanding, and set goals to guide their study activities. This finding is important as it can assist academicians to understand why some students are not performing in language learning and design a more systematic checklist for the students to monitor their own learning process.

An Investigation of Language Learning Strategies Used by Undergraduattes: Are there Relationship Acorss Variables

Language learners can learn the target language more easily with the help of language learning strategies, which are specific activities, behaviours, tactics, or approaches. It goes without saying that all language learners employ language learning techniques during the learning process. Investigating learning methods for learning Japanese as a foreign language is the goal of this quantitative study. The poll received responses from 107 people who were chosen at random. The tool employed is a survey that was duplicated by Wenden and Rubin (1987), who investigated language learners' learning processes. They looked into three primary strategies: resource management, metacognitive self-regulation, and cognitive components. This survey contains four sections and a 5-likert scale. According to table 1, section A of the demographic profile contains 2 components. 19 entries in Section B deal with cognitive aspects. Part D features 11 items on resource management, and Section C has 11 items on metacognitive self-regulation. The link between the three techniques is also investigated in this study. The results showed that resource management, metacognitive self-regulation, and cognitive components have a strong positive association. The strong connections between strategies and the use of language learning strategies highlight the important roles that these factors play in the Malaysian setting. Because of this, a teacher has a responsibility to concentrate on how pupils employ language learning strategies and how to control them in order to enhance learning outcomes.

An Investigation of Direct and Indirect Learning Strategies in Learning Foreign Languages

Learning strategies are one of the multiple factors in accomplishing learners' objectives in acquiring a new language. Hence, the aim of this research is to investigate the strategies that language learners use during their language-learning process. The instrument for this quantitative research is a survey. It has three sections. The first section consists of 2 items on demographic profile, while the second section has 19 items on direct learning strategies. The last section has 22 items on indirect learning strategies. The respondents are 132 undergraduate students taking French as a third language at one of the public universities in Malaysia. The data collected from the respondents were then analyzed using SPSS. The findings show that rehearsal has the highest mean (3.8), but critical thinking has the lowest (3.5). The research also reveals that the help-seeking strategy has the highest mean (4.1), whereas the metacognitive self-regulation strategy has the lowest mean (3.5). From the correlation analysis, the research also indicates a significant association between direct and indirect strategies (r=.779**) and (p=.000). In other words, this research proves that there is a strong relationship between direct strategies (which consist of rehearsal, organization, elaboration and critical thinking strategies); and indirect strategies (metacognitive self-regulation and resource management strategies) in foreign language learning. For future research, it is beneficial to determine if the gender of the learners influences the choice of learning strategies, as this would allow instructors to refine and alter their teaching approaches according to their audience.

Exploring The Use of Language Learning Strategies Through Reciprocal Determinism

A learning strategy is a person's approach to completing a task and it varies according to individual compatibility. In learning Japanese, the use of appropriate strategies plays an important role in the learning process and can improve students’ performance. The researchers were inspired and motivated to conduct this study to discover students' views on the strategies used to learn Japanese to achieve optimal learning outcomes. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore learning strategies through reciprocal determinism used by undergraduate students studying Japanese at the main campus of Malaysia's largest public university. This quantitative research employed a survey via Google Form with 5-Likert scales and was administered to 144 participants learning Japanese as a third language course. It contained four sections that engaged a merge of Bandura’s (1986) reciprocal determinism and learning strategies by Wenden & Rubin (1987). The instruments were divided into three sections which consisted of 41 items with 19 items on Behaviour, 11 items on Individual Characteristics and 11 items on Environment. Data was analysed using SPSS Frequency Statistics. The findings showed that generally students claimed that they practiced saying the materials to themselves repetitively, memorised key words to be reminded of key concepts and kept studying the materials learned from class. The data also revealed that students were mostly positive on their metacognitive self-regulation. Furthermore, within a good environment, students put in effort in their studying and they sought help when needed. Future studies are encouraged to focus on creating a teaching model based on the language learning strategy found in this research through qualitative research or a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods between face-to-face and online language learning.

The school-life balance effect on acquiring cross-disciplinary competences in VET: disruption or continuity during COVID-19?

Considering that teleworking and online training are on the rise following the pandemic, studying how school-life balance affects the development of VET competences in online learning during COVID-19 can provide relevant information to enhance educational equity in the future. A longitudinal study was conducted employing an on-line questionnaire to meet the following aims: to explore the development of cross-disciplinary competences in VET during COVID-19; to identify different students’ profiles according to their school-life balance during the pandemic; and, to analyse whether the school-life balance was affecting competency development and propose improvements to training as a result. Results show that cross-disciplinary competences did not undergo important changes between the pre-pandemic scenario and during it, except for a decrease in metacognitive self-regulation. Similarly, most students reported having spent the same time studying before and during the pandemic. However, three main profiles of students are revealed, highlighting certain school-life imbalances. While all agree that remote teaching was critical in coping with the situation, differences were found by age and gender, with some participants experiencing more challenging situations. These results provide a fertile context for VET designers and teachers to generate new learning scenarios that meet all students’ potential needs.

Effect of Game-Based Learning on Motivation and Learning Strategies of Nursing Students in Occupational Health Nursing Course

Aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of game-based learning on the motivation and learning strategies of nursing students. A quasi-experimental research design that was with a pre-post test design without a control group was used in this research. The sample of the study consisted of 74 third grade students. The Sociodemographic Characteristics Question Form and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire were used for data collection tool. The mean age of nursing students is 21.45±0.62. 85.1% of them are women. A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and the post-test mean of the nursing students' subscales of control of learning beliefs, intrinsic goal orientation, test anxiety, self-efficacy for learning and performance (p&lt;0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the pre and post-test Learning Strategies Scale subscale scores, nursing students obtained higher mean scores from critical thinking, help seeking, peer learning, metacognitive self-regulation subscales at the post-test (p&lt;0.05). As a result of this study, it was found that Kahoot! has an important influence on the motivation and learning strategies of nursing students. In the development of learning in students' theoretical and practical training, using Kahoot! which is one of the game-based student response systems will be useful.

Effect on the nursing students' academic achievements, motivation, and learning strategies of role-playing intervention used in school health nursing course

Background: Clinical practice areas are more limited, especially in sub-specialties such as school and occupational health. Different training techniques such as role-playing and simulation enable an opportunity to solve these problems. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of role-playing related to school-health screenings on nursing students’ academic achievement, motivation, and learning strategies. Method and Material: A quasi-experimental study was performed with experimental and control groups. Data were collected from 56 nursing students as data collection tools were used Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and Grade Point Average. Results: After the role-playing, the grade point average scores of the students in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Nursing students in the experimental group had a significantly higher mean score in intrinsic goal orientation, control of learning beliefs, organization, critical thinking, peer learning, and metacognitive self-regulation at the post-test compared to the control group. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that the role-playing intervention changed the learning strategies used by nursing students. Also, it increased the use of metacognitive strategies, organizing, explaining, and critical thinking while boosting collaborative learning strategies such as peer collaboration and help-seeking.

Psychometric Properties of the Georgian Version of Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)

The article concerns the psychometric properties of the Georgian version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) such as factorial properties, internal consistency of the sub-scales and gender differences by factors of the motivation and learning strategies scales. 560 Bachelor program students from 17 higher education institutions participated in the study. The instrument assessing motivation and self–regulated learning combine two main scales: 1) motivational orientation scale, and 2) learning strategies scale. There are 81-items in the instrument measured on a 7-point Likert type scale where point 1 means ‘Does not at all correspond’ and point 7 ‘Fully corresponds’.&nbsp; The administration of the questionnaire requires about 20-30 minutes. Study results show that the Georgian version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire is similar by factorial properties to the original version of the instrument. Internal consistency value is .70 for the motivation scale and .80 for learning strategies scale which meets the instrument validation standard.&nbsp; Reliability values for the factors in the scales ​​range from .51 to .89. As for gender differences, male and female respondents showed statistically significant difference on both motivation factors (task value, control beliefs and self-efficacy for learning) and learning strategies factors (elaboration, organization, metacognitive self-regulation, time and study environment management and effort regulation). The above findings lead to the conclusion that the Georgian version of Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire can be used for future research purposes.

The extended technology acceptance model for Web 2.0 technologies in teaching

Web 2.0-based learning enables collaborative learning and knowledge sharing and makes an important contribution to student learning. This study extended the original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by considering the effects of tool literacy, metacognitive self-regulation, subjective norm, facilitating conditions, and institutional support to understand pre-service teachers' intentions to use Web 2.0 technology in their courses. The sample data of 318 responses were from pre-service teachers. Structural equation modeling results showed a good fit for the extended model, indicating that metacognitive self-regulation and subjective norm had a significant influence on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, while institutional support and enabling conditions were not significantly associated with them. In addition, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness influenced attitude, which in turn had a significant effect on intention. Furthermore, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude acted as significant mediators of behavioral intention. The indirect effect of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness and attitude, and the indirect effect of perceived usefulness on attitude were also significant. Overall, the current study helps researchers and practitioners better understand future teachers' intentions to use Web 2.0 technologies in their courses.

The impact of self-regulated learning strategies on academic performance for online learning during COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic led higher education institutions to transition to online learning. The present study was designed to investigate students' self-regulated learning strategies on academic performance in online learning. We analyzed the differences in college students' self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies according to their grade point average (GPA). The study included 1,163 students at a distance education university in China. Two online questionnaires were used to determine online SRL strategies. GPA scores were obtained from the university exam database to determine academic performance. The analysis showed that there are great differences between different self-regulated strategies and between different students when accepting the online learning. The analysis also showed that self-evaluation, metacognitive self-regulation, and effort regulation were positive predictors of academic progress, besides, self-evaluation and effort regulation had mutual influence effect on the improvement of GPA in online learning. These data will help teachers, education policymakers, and education administrators adopt and implement online learning services to improve students' academic performance.