Metabolism Crates Research Articles

374 Efficacy of phytase and/or chromium tripicolinate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in grower pigs

Abstract Phytase supplementation is widely used in diet formulations to enhance nutrient use efficiency in pigs, while supplemental chromium tripicolinate has been shown to help optimize glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the objectives of this metabolism study were to examine potential synergies of these additives to evaluate if nutrient digestibility and/or blood metabolites could be improved in grower pigs. Grower pigs [n = 6; body weight (BW) = 21.8 ± 0.19 kg; Genesus genetics] were randomly allotted by initial BW to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatment (Trt) 1 consisted of a control diet without phytase while Trt 2 had decreased levels of calcium and phosphorus with added phytase (1,500 FYT/kg; HiPhorius; dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ). Treatment 3 was the control diet without phytase with added chromium from chromium tripicolinate (200 ppb; Chromax, Kent Nutrition Group, Inc., Muscatine, IA) while Trt 4 consisted of the diets with decreased levels of calcium and phosphorus with added HiPhorius (1,500 FYT/kg) and chromium tripicolinate (200 ppb). With six metabolism crates available and four treatment groups, it took a 4-wk duration to allow for each pig to be evaluated on each of the four treatments. The pigs were allowed a 4-d acclimation period followed by a 3-d collection period with the experimental diets fed at 4% BW divided into two meals each day. Water was added at 2.5 times the amount of feed fed each day. A second group of grower pigs (n = 6; BW = 19.6 ± 0.12 kg; Genesus) were utilized following the same procedures as above and pooled with the first group for data analysis. On the last day of the collection period, blood samples were collected before the meal (fasting) and then 2 h after the meal (post-meal). Added phytase resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in fasting blood urea nitrogen. Nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention were both improved (P < 0.01) with pigs fed supplemental phytase. Furthermore, dry matter digestibility was also improved (P < 0.001) in pigs fed added phytase. Supplemental chromium was without effect on any of the nitrogen and/or dry matter digestibility measurements. These data suggest that supplemental phytase has positive effects by significantly improving nitrogen and dry matter digestibility with no further improvements observed from supplemental chromium.

448 Interactive effects of extrusion and particle size reduction of corn on metabolizable energy by weanling pigs

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that there are interactive effects of extrusion and reduction of the particle size of corn on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) when fed to weanling pigs. Six corn-based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and two forms (i.e., meal or extruded corn). The daily feed allowance was limited to 3.0 times the energy requirement for maintenance and pigs had free access to water. Pigs [n = 48; initial body weight (BW) = 12.8 kg; SD = 1.32) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to the 6 diets using a randomized complete block design with two blocks. Fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected for 4 d following 5 d of adaptation. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and block as random effect. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of extrusion, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE and ME in corn increased by reducing the particle size of corn only if corn was in a meal form, but that was not the case for extruded corn (interaction; P < 0.001; Table 1). Regardless of particle size, the ATTD of GE and DE and ME in corn were increased (P < 0.001) by extrusion. In conclusion, reducing particle size of corn had a positive impact on energy digestibility in non-extruded corn. Regardless of particle size, extrusion of corn increased energy digestibility and DE and ME, which is likely a result of starch gelatinization in extruded corn. However, the effects of reducing particle size and extrusion were not additive, which indicates that it is not necessary to grind corn to 500 or 300 μm before extrusion.

Effects of benzoic acid in pig diets on nitrogen utilization, urinary pH, slurry pH, and odorous compounds.

The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary benzoic acid (BA) on nitrogen (N) balance, urinary pH, slurry pH, and odorous compounds in feces and slurry of pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 56.2±2.6 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates. The animals were allocated to a replicated 6×4 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets, and 4 periods, resulting in 8 observations per treatment. The basal diet consisted mainly of corn, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. Benzoic acid was supplemented to the basal diet at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.5% BA at the expense of corn starch. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 24-hour collection period for slurry, followed by a 4-day collection period for feces and urine. On day 5, feces and urine were collected for 24 hours and mixed to obtain slurry samples. The daily digested N linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing BA supplementation. Supplemental BA lowered urinary pH (p<0.001) and slurry pH (p<0.05) in a linear and quadratic manner. In the fecal samples, the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and skatole linearly decreased (p<0.05) with supplemental BA. In the slurry samples, the concentrations of butyrate, isovalerate, and skatole linearly decreased (p<0.05) by supplemental BA. In conclusion, supplemental benzoic acid has the potential to improve nitrogen digestion in a dose-dependent manner for pigs. Additionally, dietary benzoic acid lowers urinary pH, slurry pH, and concentrations of odorous compounds in pig feces and slurry.

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in field peas fed to growing pigs is increased by microbial phytase, but particle size and origin of field peas do not affect digestibility of phosphorus

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size or origin of field peas does not influence apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) or standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, but that increasing levels of phytase will increase ATTD and STTD of P in field peas when fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1, one source of field peas was obtained from the U.S., and two sources were obtained from Canada (i.e., Canada 1 and Canada 2). The U.S. field peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the Canada 1 peas were ground to 253 µm, and the Canada 2 source was ground to 411 µm. The five batches of field peas were each included in one diet and fed to 50 growing pigs (16.36 ± 1.19 kg) with 10 replicate pigs per diet. In experiment 2, six diets based on the U.S. field peas ground to 678 µm were formulated to contain 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 units per kg of microbial phytase and fed to 48 pigs (15.26 ± 0.91 kg) with eight replicate pigs per diet. In both experiments, field peas were the only source of P in the diets. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces were collected for four days. Results of experiment 1 indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by source of peas or by particle size of the field peas and it was concluded that growing location and variety do not influence STTD of P in field peas. Results of experiment 2 indicated that the ATTD of Ca and P and the STTD of P increased (linear, P < 0.001) as phytase increased in the diets, and fecal excretion of Ca and P was reduced as the concentration of dietary phytase increased (linear, P < 0.001). It was, therefore, concluded that if microbial phytase is included in diets containing field peas, the inclusion of feed phosphate can be reduced, and manure concentration of P will also be reduced. In conclusion, the hypotheses that neither growing location nor particle size influences STTD of P were confirmed, and the hypothesis that increased concentration of dietary phytase increases STTD of P was also confirmed.

Exogenous xylanase increases total tract digestibility of energy and fiber in diets for gestating and lactating sows, but does not influence reproductive performance of sows

The hypothesis that exogenous xylanase added to diets for gestating and lactating sows will increase the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF), increase digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy, and improve the reproductive performance of sows was tested. Two diets for gestating sows and two diets for lactating sows were formulated without or with 100 g per ton of an exogenous xylanase (16,000 units/kg). Diets were fed in two consecutive reproductive cycles. From 106 animals, 48 pregnant sows, organized in 4 blocks of 12 sows (6 sows per treatment in each block), were placed for 10 days in metabolism crates starting on day 35 (mid-gestation) and again on day 95 (late-gestation) with feces and urine being collected for 4 days. Sows were moved to the lactation unit on day 106 of gestation and feeding of lactation diets was initiated. Fecal samples were collected (grab-sampling) from days 10–14 post-farrowing. The number and weight of pigs born, mummified, stillborn, and weaned per sow were recorded, and survival rate and litter average daily gain were calculated. Litters were weaned on day 20 ± 1. All animals were rebred and 46 sows were placed in metabolism crates in mid and late-gestation as in the first cycle, and treatments in the farrowing unit during the second cycle were also as in the first cycle; however, colostrum and milk samples were collected from sows in the second cycle. Results indicated that reproductive performance was not different between sows fed control diets and sows fed diets with xylanase during the two reproductive cycles. In the first gestation period, the ATTD of TDF in late-gestation was greater (P < 0.05) in sows fed the diet with xylanase than in sows fed the control diet. During the first lactation, sows fed the diet with xylanase had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE and TDF, and greater (P < 0.05) DE than sows fed the control diet. During the second gestation, sows fed the diet with xylanase had greater (P < 0.05) DE in mid-gestation. During the second lactation, sows fed the diet with xylanase had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE and TDF, and greater (P < 0.05) DE than sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, DE was greater in diets with xylanase than in control diets during the two reproductive cycles, and sows fed the lactation diet with xylanase had greater digestibility of fiber than sows fed the control diet.

263 Effects of source of calcium carbonate and microbial phytase on standardized total tract digestibility of calcium by growing pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that there are differences in the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and in response to microbial phytase among sources of calcium carbonate obtained from different regions of the world. Barrows [n = 320; average body weight (BW) = 17.47 kg; SD = 1.28] were allotted to 40 diets using a completely randomized block design with eight blocks of 40 pigs for a total of eight replicate pigs per diet. All diets were based on corn and potato protein concentrate. Twenty sources of calcium carbonate were obtained from different regions of the world, including the United States, Europe, Asia, and South Africa. Each source of calcium carbonate was used in two diets, one diet without microbial phytase and one diet that contained 1,000 phytase units/kg diet. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates. Pigs were provided feed at 3.0 times the maintenance requirement for energy. Feces were collected for 4 d following the adaptation period after 5 d of adaptation. Fecal samples were dried, ground, and analyzed for Ca to calculate the digestibility. The initial statistical model included calcium carbonate source, phytase, and the Ca-source × phytase interaction as fixed effects; however, no interactions between Ca source and phytase were observed. Therefore, the final statistical model included only Ca source and phytase as fixed effects. A second analysis was performed to compare the digestibility of Ca in calcium carbonate obtained from different regions of the world (i.e., Europe, Asia, the United States, and South Africa). In this model region, phytase, and the region × phytase interaction were fixed effects. However, no interactions between region and phytase were observed and therefore, the final statistical model included only region and phytase as fixed effects. Concentrations of Ca in the 20 sources of calcium carbonate ranged from 32.1 to 40.9% (Table 1). Differences in the STTD of Ca were observed among pigs fed diets containing different sources of calcium carbonate (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Pigs fed diets containing 1,000 units of phytase had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001) STTD of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing no phytase. The STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate from the United States was less (P &amp;lt; 0.001) than in calcium carbonate from Europe, Asia, or South Africa. In conclusion, the use of microbial phytase increases the STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate, but the STTD of Ca varies among different sources and among sources from different regions. Therefore, consideration should be given to differences in analyzed concentrations of Ca, values for STTD of Ca, and response to microbial phytase among different sources of Ca carbonate to ensure Ca is not being oversupplied when formulating diets.

159 Concentrations of energy in pistachio shell powder fed to gestating sows and lactating sows

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME) in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to gestating sows. The second hypothesis was that the ATTD of GE and DE in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to lactating sows. In Exp. 1, gestating sows (n = 24) were housed in metabolism crates and were fed a corn-based control diet or two diets that included corn and 20% pistachio shell powder or 20% soybean hulls. Sows were fed the experimental diets for 13 d with feces and urine being quantitatively collected for 4 d, after a 6 d of adaptation. Concentrations of DE and ME were calculated. In Exp. 2, lactating sows (n = 24) were housed in farrowing crates and fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal (SBM) or two diets that contained corn, SBM and 20% of either pistachio shell powder or soybean hulls. All diets contained corn and SBM at a ratio of 2.87:1.00 and 0.40% TiO2 as the digestibility marker. Lactating sows were allowed ad libitum access to the experimental diets and feces were collected for 6 d after a 7 d of adaptation to the diets. The DE in each diet and in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls was calculated. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design and each experiment used two blocks of 12 sows, with 4 sows per diet in each block. The statistical model in both experiments included diet or ingredient as the fixed effect and block and replicate within block as the random effects. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE and ME on an as-fed basis as well as on a dry matter basis were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in pistachio shell powder compared with corn and soybean hulls and DE and ME in soybean hulls were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in corn (Table 1). Results from Exp. 2 indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE in pistachio shell powder were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in soybean hulls. In conclusion, pistachio shell powder has a high concentration of fiber and energy digestibility and concentrations of energy in pistachio shell powder were, therefore, less than in soybean hulls when fed to gestating or lactating sows, but gestating sows appear to be better at digesting pistachio shell powder than lactating sows. This is likely due to the restricted feed intake of gestating sows that allows more time for nutrient and energy digestion and absorption in the intestinal tract compared with lactating sows.

246 The effect of trypsin inhibitor unit concentrations from raw soybeans in grower pig performance and protein digestibility

Abstract Soybeans contain two major protease inhibitors, Kunitz trypsin and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors, both of which are anti-nutritional components that can be directly linked to a reduction in amino acid bioavailability and growth performance in swine. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the level at which trypsin inhibitor units (TIU, expressed as TIU/mg of complete feed), coming from raw soybeans, in pig diets result in reduction in growth performance and digestibility. This study used 45 grower gilts initial body weight (BW) = 39.7 ± 2.1 kg] that were individually penned and fed one of five dietary TIU treatments (n = 9 pigs/trt) in a complete randomized design. Diets were representative of a commercial corn-soybean meal diet and formulated to have ranging TIU/mg of complete feed of 0.89, 1.77, 3.55, 6.99, and 11.54 TIU/mg utilizing raw ground soybeans and soybean meal at incremental levels. Analyzed diets contained 0.99, 2.23, 3.07, 6.49, and 9.38 active TIU/mg. Diets were balanced to the same grams of SID Lys:ME of 2.85 and NDF concentration of 7.4% utilizing soybean oil and soybean hulls, respectively. Individual feed intake was recorded throughout, and pig BW were collected on d 0, 21, and 27 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency gain to feed ratio (G:F). All pigs were placed into metabolism crates on d 21 for 6 d to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen (N), N excretion and N balance. Growth performance and ATTD data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit and diet TIU level as a fixed effect using ANOVA, linear, and quadratic contrast models. Overall, ADG decreased as diet TIU increased (1.07, 1.03, 1.02, 0.91, and 0.83 kg/d, respectively, linear P &amp;lt; 0.001). However, no differences in ADFI (P &amp;gt; 0.10) were reported and this resulted in a decrease in G:F (0.48, 0.45, 0.43, 0.41, 0.36, respectively, linear P &amp;lt; 0.001) as dietary TIU concentrations increased from 0.99 to 9.38 TIU/mg. Compared with 0.99 TIU/mg, pigs fed 9.38 TIU/mg had a 9.32% reduction in final BW (68.7 vs. 62.3 kg, linear P &amp;lt; 0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of N decreased when pigs were fed 9.38 TIU/mg compared with 0.99 and 2.23 TIU/mg (83.26% vs. 90.29% and 89.57%, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001). In conclusion, as total trypsin inhibitor units increase in complete feed of grower pigs, digestibility of protein, growth rates and feed efficiency are reduced in a linear manner.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy in three sources of high-protein corn distillers dried grains fed to weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and metabolizable energy (ME) among three sources of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) fed to weanling pigs. The three sources included an experimental HP-DDG product and two commercial HP-DDG products (i.e., HP-DDG 40 and HP-DDG 50) that were fed to weanling pigs. In experiment 1, eight barrows (initial body weight: 11.09 kg) were allotted to one of four diets using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets and four periods of seven days in each square. A nitrogen-free diet and three diets containing each source of HP-DDG as the sole source of AA were prepared. Results indicated that values for the SID of Lys in the experimental HP-DDG; HP-DDG 50, and HP-DDG 40 were 0.524, 0.638, and 0.642, respectively. The SID of most AA in the experimental HP-DDG was less (P < 0.05) than in the other sources of HP-DDG, but no differences were observed between HP-DDG 40 and HP-DDG 50. In experiment 2, thirty-two weanling pigs (initial body weight: 18.0 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four diets. A corn diet was formulated to contain corn as the sole source of energy and three additional diets contained corn and each source of HP-DDG. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected separately for four days after five days of adaptation. Digestible energy (DE) and ME in the three sources of HP-DDG were calculated by difference. Results from experiment 2 indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in the corn diet was greater (P < 0.05) than in the diets containing the experimental HP-DDG or HP-DDG 40, and the ATTD of GE in the diets containing the experimental HP-DDG or HP-DDG 50 was greater (P < 0.05) than in the diet containing HP-DDG 40. On a dry matter basis, ME in the experimental HP-DDG, HP-DDG 40, and HP-DDG 50 were 17.05, 16.72, and 18.23 MJ/kg, respectively, with the ME of HP-DDG 50 being greater (P < 0.05) than in HP-DDG 40, but not different from the ME in the experimental HP-DDG. In conclusion, the SID of most AA in HP-DDG 40 and HP-DDG 50 was greater than in the experimental HP-DDG. The DE and ME in HP-DDG 50 was greater than in HP-DDG 40, but DE and ME in HP-DDG 40 were not different from DE and ME in the experimental HP-DDG.

260 Effect of different doses of phytase (HiPhorius) and two primary calcium sources on nutrient digestibility, retention and blood parameters in weaned piglets

Abstract An 18-d study evaluated the effect of increasing phytase levels in diets with limestone or Ca-formate on Ca and P digestibility, P retention, and blood inositol, Ca, and P in weaned piglets. At weaning, male piglets [n = 60; 29.8 ± 1.10 d of age; initial body weight (BW) = 8.8 ± 0.31 kg) were randomly allocated to ten diets formulated as a 2 × 5 factorial design with 2 primary Ca sources (limestone or Ca-formate) and 5 Ca/P levels. There was a positive control diet (PC; 0.76% Ca, 0.34 dP) and 4 negative control diets (NC; 0.56% Ca, 0.34% dP) supplemented with phytase at 0, 750, 1,500, and 3,000 FYT/kg. At d 10, piglets were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed 3.2 x metabolic weight. On d 14 to 18, fecal and total urine samples were collected. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was calculated for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ash, Ca, and P using TiO2 as marker. Urinary P was measured to calculate P retention. These data were analyzed as a 2-way interaction. On d 0 (baseline), 8 and 18, blood samples were collected to analyze serum Ca and P, and plasma inositol. Blood data were analyzed as a 3-way interaction. Results indicated that piglets fed Ca-formate had greater ATTD of Ca (75.0% vs. 71.4%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) but decreased ATTD of P (66.4% vs. 68.8%, P &amp;lt; 0.01), than piglets fed limestone. Phytase supplementation improved ATTD of DM, ash, OM, CP, P, and Ca compared with the NC and PC. An interaction between Ca/P levels and Ca-sources was observed for urinary P (P = 0.03), as there were no differences between Ca sources in piglets fed the NC or the 750 FYT diets, but piglets fed the PC diet and the NC+1,500 or 3,000 FYT with limestone had greater urinary P compared with Ca-formate. A 2-way interaction between Ca/P levels and d was observed for plasma inositol (P = 0.012). On d 8 and 18, there was no difference between the NC and PC;, however, phytase supplementation at 750, 1,500, and 3,000 FYT increased plasma inositol on d 8 (58.2, 80.7, and 89.5 μmol) and d 18 (70.2, 85.4, and 106.4 μmol). There was only a main effect of Ca/P levels in serum P. Compared with the NC (73.7 mg/L), the PC and the NC+750, 1,500, and 3,000 FTU/kg increased serum P (90.3, 89.1, 87.6, and 93.2 mg/L, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.01). There was no effect of Ca source on blood inositol and P. No significant dietary treatment effects were observed in serum Ca. In conclusion, using Ca-formate instead of limestone increases Ca digestibility but reduces P digestibility, likely due to a greater Ca solubility of Ca-formate. This suggests that diets should be formulated based on digestible Ca instead of total Ca.

PSII-13 Effects of benzoic acid, bromelain, adipic acid, and humic substance supplementation on nitrogen balance, urine pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, bromelain, adipic acid, and humic substance supplementation on nitrogen balance, urinary pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs. Fifteen barrows with an initial body weight of 37.9 kg (standard deviation = 4.1) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The animals were allocated to a triplicated 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 15 animals, 5 experimental diets, and 2 periods. The basal diet mainly consisted of corn, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. Four experimental diets were prepared by supplementing each additive at a concentration of 10 g/kg at the expense of corn starch to the basal diet. Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 24-h collection period for slurry, followed by a 4-d collection period for feces and urine. On d 5, feces and urine were collected for 24 h, and the feces and urine were mixed in a ratio of fecal weight to urine weight at the end of the collection to obtain slurry samples. The fecal nitrogen (N) output was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with humic substances. The apparent total tract digestibility of N in pigs fed the humic substance diet was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than other groups. The urinary pH in pigs fed the adipic acid diet was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in other groups except the benzoic acid group. The slurry pH tended to differ among the treatment groups (P = 0.074) with the least value in pigs fed the adipic acid diet. The concentrations of indole in slurry (P = 0.084) and isovalerate in feces (P = 0.062) tended to differ among the groups with the least values in the pigs fed the humic substance diet. In conclusion, benzoic acid supplemented has the potential to increase N utilization in pigs, and adipic acid supplemented to pig diets can decrease urinary pH and slurry pH. Although benzoic acid and adipic acid have limited effects in reducing odorous compounds, humic substances have potential to reduce some odorous compounds.

153 Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy in three sources of corn protein fed to weanling pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) are not different among three sources of corn protein (i.e., new corn protein, ANDVantage 50Y, ANDVantage 40Y) when fed to weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, ileal-cannulated barrows [n = 8; initial body weight (BW) = 11.09 kg; SD = 0.46] were fed an N-free diet or three diets containing each corn protein as the sole source of AA. Pigs were allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods of 7 d in each square. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d and the SID of AA was calculated. In Exp. 2, weanling pigs (n = 32; initial BW = 18.0 kg; SD = 1.21) were fed a corn-based basal diet or three diets containing corn and each source of corn protein. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were quantitatively collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. Concentrations of DE and ME in all diets were calculated and DE and ME in the three sources of corn protein were calculated by difference. Data from both experiments were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. In Exp. 1, the statistical model included diet as the fixed effect and square, pig, and period as random effects. In Exp. 2, the model included ingredient as the fixed effect. Results from Exp. 1 demonstrated that the SID of all indispensable AA except Arg and His in ANDVantage 40Y and ANDVantage 50Y were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared with the new corn protein, but no differences were observed between ANDVantage 50Y and ANDVantage 40Y (Table 1). Results from Exp. 2 indicated that on a dry matter basis, concentration of DE in ANDVantage 50Y was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in ANDVantage 40Y, the new corn protein, and corn, but ME in ANDVantage 50Y was not different from the ME in the new corn protein (Table 2). Concentration of ME in the new corn protein was not different from ME in corn, ANDVantage 40Y, or ANDVantage 50Y. In conclusion, the new source of corn protein had concentrations of AA that were not different from ANDVantage 50 Y, but this new corn protein had decreased digestibility of AA compared with other corn proteins. The new corn protein also had less DE compared with ANDVantage 50Y, but ME in the new corn protein was not different from corn, ANDVantage 40Y, or ANDVantage 50Y.

PSI-15 Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that feeding intact protein from soybean meal (SBM) to growing pigs instead of crystalline amino acids (AA) increases nitrogen (N) retention, digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). A control corn-SBM diet and three diets, in which the inclusion rate of SBM was reduced and 3, 4, or 5 crystalline AA (i.e., Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val) were added, were formulated. The concentration of standardized ileal digestible AA was constant among diets, but crude protein was reduced as crystalline AA were added. Pigs were limit fed at 3.2 times the ME requirement for maintenance. Forty pigs (initial body weight = 20.5 kg; SD = 2.4) were allotted to the 4 diets using a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 20 pigs with five pigs per diet in each block. Pigs were housed in metabolism crates with pans and screens that allowed for quantitative collection of feces and urine for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Samples of diets, feces, and urine were analyzed for gross energy (GE) and N. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and block as random effect, and pig was the experimental unit. Contrasts coefficients were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of reducing dietary protein. Results indicated that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) decreased (quadratic, P = 0.027) and ATTD of GE tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.076; Table 1) as SBM inclusion was reduced in the diets. Absorbed N, retained N (g/d), and ATTD of N were decreased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001) as SBM decreased in diets, but retention of N (% of intake and % of absorbed) increased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001) as SBM decreased in diets. The DE decreased (linear, P = 0.007) as SBM decreased in diets, whereas SBM had no effect on ME. Dietary SBM also had no effect on ME to GE ratio, but ME to DE increased (linear, P = 0.008) by reducing SBM in diets. In conclusion, diets containing intact protein from SBM had greater ATTD of GE and N, and greater DE, but reduced N retention rate when compared with diets containing crystalline AA. However, daily protein retention could not be maintained when crystalline AA rather than SBM were used to furnish the digestible AA in the diets, which may have negative consequences on carcass quality.

PSI-13 Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate fed to nursery pigs

Abstract Accurate information of energy concentrations in protein supplements is critical in formulating diets for nursery pigs. Soybean products are widely used in nursery pig diets due to the high crude protein (CP) concentrations. The objective of the present study was to determine the digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in soybean meal (SBM, 48.5% CP), 3 sources of fermented SBM (FSBM-A, FSBM-B, and FSBM-C; 52.6% CP, 55.1% CP, and 49.8% CP, respectively), and soy protein concentrate (SPC, 58.4% CP) fed to nursery pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 8.7 kg (standard deviation = 0.5) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets, and 4 periods was employed. A basal diet contained 96.9% corn as the sole source of energy. The experimental diets were prepared by replacing the basal diet with SBM at 31%, FSBM-A at 27%, FSBM-B at 26%, FSBM-C at 29%, and SPC at 24%. Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period. The marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces. Urine was collected for 96 h. The difference procedure was employed to calculate the DE and ME values of the soybean ingredients. Additionally, a 3-step in vitro assay was conducted to determine in vitro total tract disappearance of nutrients in the ingredients. The DE concentrations in FSBM-A (4,171 kcal/kg as-fed), FSBM-B (4,111 kcal/kg as-fed), FSBM-C (4,027 kcal/kg as-fed) and SPC (3,999 kcal/kg as-fed) were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in SBM (3,724 kcal/kg as-fed). The ME concentrations in FSBM-A (3,883 kcal/kg as-fed) and FSBM-B (3,841 kcal/kg as-fed) were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in SBM (3,528 kcal/kg as-fed) but did not differ from those in FSBM-C (3,728 kcal/kg as-fed) or SPC (3,767 kcal/kg as-fed). The DE:gross energy (GE) was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in FSBM-B but lowest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in SBM with intermediate ratios for other 3 ingredients whereas the ME:GE and ME:DE were not different among the 5 ingredients. The in vitro total tract disappearance of dry matter and organic matter in SPC was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that in other ingredients. In conclusion, fermented soybean meal and soy protein concentrate contain greater energy concentrations compared with soybean meal.

PSII-12 Dose-dependent effects of supplemental benzoic acid on nitrogen balance, urinary pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental benzoic acid (BA) at 0.5% to 2.5% in diets on nitrogen (N) utilization, urinary pH, slurry pH, and manure odorous compounds in pigs. Fifteen barrows with an initial body weight of 56.2 kg (standard deviation = 2.6) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The animals were allocated to a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets, and 4 periods, resulting in 8 observations per dietary treatment. The basal diet mainly consisted of corn, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. Benzoic acid was supplemented to the basal diet at 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.5% BA at the expense of corn starch. Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 24-h collection period for slurry followed by a 4-d collection period for feces and urine. On d 5, feces and urine were collected for 24 h, and the feces and urine were mixed in a ratio of fecal weight to urine weight at the end of the collection to obtain slurry samples. The apparent total tract digestibility of N tended to linearly increase (P = 0.071) and the daily digested N linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with increasing BA supplementation. In contrast, the urinary N output and retained N were not affected by inclusion of BA. The urinary and slurry pH were quadratically decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with increasing BA supplementation. In the fecal samples, the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and skatole linearly decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and isovalerate concentration tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.099) by supplemental BA. In the slurry samples, the concentrations of isovalerate and skatole decrease linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and butyrate concentration tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.054) by supplemental BA. In conclusion, supplemental benzoic acid has the potential to improve the N digestibility in a dose-dependent manner for pigs. In addition, increasing benzoic acid supplementation decreased urinary pH, slurry pH, and concentrations of some odorous compounds in pig feces and slurry.

158 Nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed a corn distiller’s dried grains with soluble-based diet with multi-enzyme supplementation

Abstract Dietary enzyme supplementation may enhance the digestibility and utilization of non-starch components in fiber-rich feedtuffs which are increasingly used in swine diets. A xylanase/cellulase enzyme product (ENZ) was previously shown to increase the digestibility of nutrients and energy in growing pigs fed a corn-SBM diet with 30% corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles (cDDGS). To better elucidate the effects of ENZ on these components, further analysis was conducted on the fiber, non-starch polysaccharide, and ash components. A total of 12 ileal-cannulated pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.7 kg ± 3.04] were housed in individual metabolic crates for 21 d (period 1) and subsequently transferred to individual floor pens for an additional 28 d (period 2). These animals were assigned to 2 diets (n = 6) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The diets contained the main ingredients corn, soybean meal and cDDGS (30%) without (CON) or with ENZ supplementation. The inclusion rate of the ENZ (proprietary xylanase/cellulase product, Kerry Inc.) was 200 g/ton. Feed was formulated to 1.15% SID lysine and met or exceeded nutrient requirements for growing pigs (NRC, 2012). The diets were fed to pigs at three times maintenance energy requirement based on BW, which was assessed at 2 wk intervals throughout the study. The diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. In period 1, pigs had 14 d of adaptation, followed by 4 d of fecal and urine collection using the total collection method and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. In period 2, pigs had 23 days of adaptation, followed by 2 d of fecal collection and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data were analyzed as a CRD, using pig as the experimental unit and enzyme supplementation as the main effect. The ATTD of total NSP and galactose tended to improve in both periods 1 and 2. As consistent responses were observed in periods 1 and 2 and the ENZ X period interaction was not significant, the data from these time periods were combined for analysis. ENZ supplementation improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the ATTD of total NSP and galactose. Also, ENZ tended to improve (P &amp;lt; 0.10) the ATTD of cellulose and glucose from NSP. ENZ addition also increased the ATTD of calcium (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and tended to increase the ATTD of phosphorus (P &amp;lt; 0.10). In conclusion, supplementation of a corn-SBM-30% cDDGS diet with a multi-carbohydrase containing cellulase increased the ATTD of fiber, NSP and calcium in growing pigs. Novel enzymes represent a useful strategy to better utilize the nutrients in lower energy feedstuffs in monogastric animals.

PSI-18 Effects of heat treatment and multi-carbohydrase supplementation on the digestibility of phosphorus in field peas fed to growing pigs

Abstract Most plant-based feed ingredients contain about two-thirds of their total P as phytate. Mineral elements are chelated to phytate or entrapped in plant cell walls, and microbial or enzymatic breakdown of cell walls may be able to release entrapped P, thus leading to improvement of the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in pigs. Heat treatment is one of the processing methods that improve the digestibility of fiber in various feedstuffs for pigs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of heat treatment and multi-carbohydrase supplementation on the ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in peas fed to growing pigs. A total of 18 pigs (23.9 ± 1.3 kg) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Three experimental diets were formulated: 1) non-heated or 2) heat-treated (pelleted) peas as the sole source of P, and 3) heat-treated peas with multi-carbohydrase supplementation. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 12 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. Pigs were offered their daily ration at 2.8 times their maintenance energy requirement. Samples of ingredients, diets, and feces were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P. Fecal samples were analyzed for mixed bacterial mass (MBM) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance and P ≤ 0.10 was considered a trend. Pigs fed the diet that contained heat-treated peas with carbohydrase supplementation tended to have greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) ATTD and STTD of P than pigs fed the diet containing heat-treated peas without enzyme. The values of STTD of P were 54.4, 47.3, and 55.0% for diets containing raw peas, heat-treated peas, and heat-treated peas with carbohydrase supplementation, respectively. Heat treatment and enzyme supplementation did not affect the ATTD of Ca in peas fed to growing pigs. No significant differences were observed in fecal MBM-P and VFA concentrations. In conclusion, carbohydrase supplementation tended to increase the digestibility of P in heat-treated peas fed to growing pigs, however, there was no difference in P digestibility between raw and heat-treated peas. Heat treatment and carbohydrase supplementation did not affect fecal MBM-P and VFA concentrations in growing pigs.

247 Evaluating the use of soybean hulls on growth performance, carcass composition, and digestibility when fed to grow-finish pigs

Abstract The addition of fiber to grow-finish diets is commonly utilized in swine production formulation as energy costs increase. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding soybean hulls (SBH) at increasing levels to grow-finish pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. Utilizing 192 grower pigs [PIC 337×1050, initial body weight (BW) = 21.99 ± 2.75 kg] that were randomly assigned to split sexed pens (n = 12 pens/treatment), pens were assigned to one of four dietary treatments and fed over three feeding phases for the estimated BW ranges of 22 to 50 kg, 50 to 86 kg, and 86 to 127 kg. Diets were formulated to represent conventional corn and soybean meal diets, containing increasing levels of SBH at: 1) 0% SBH (0%); 2) 7.5% SBH (7.5%); 3) 15% SBH (15%); and 4) 22.5% SBH (22.5%). Within phase, diets had equal SID Lys:ME and energy was allowed to float. Individual BW and pen feed disappearance were collected for each phase to calculate pen average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency gain to feed ratio (G:F). On d 56 of study and during phase 2, 32 gilts (n = 8) were placed into individual metabolism crates, where total urine and feces were collected for 72 h to measure ATTD of gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), then returned to original pens. At the completion of study, carcass weight, backfat depth, and loin depth were collected. Data were analyzed with the fixed effects of dietary treatment by ANOVA, linear, and quadratic contrasts. Pen served as the experimental unit for performance and carcass characteristics and pig as the experimental unit for ATTD analyses. Overall, as SBH increased from 0% to 22.5%, ADG tended to decrease (linear P = 0.060) with no difference in ADFI (P &amp;gt; 0.05), resulting in an overall decrease in G:F (0.38, 0.37, 0.36, 0.35; linear P &amp;lt; 0.001; 0, 7.5, 15 and 22.5% SBH, respectively). Final BW tended to decrease (linear P = 0.069) and carcass weight decreased (102.9, 102.7, 99.7, and 96.5 kg, linear P &amp;lt; 0.001) as SBH increased in diet. Carcass fat depth (P = 0.014) and loin depth (P = 0.006) linearly decreased with increasing levels of SBH in the diet. Increasing levels of SBH from 0% to 22.5% decreased ATTD of GE and N (linear P &amp;lt; 0.001) and tended to increase ATTD NDF and ADF (linear P = 0.056 and P = 0.073, respectively). Altogether, these data suggest increasing dietary SBH in grow-finish pig diets decreases growth efficiency and the digestibility of GE and N. Further, feeding high inclusion rates of SBH negatively impacts carcass yield, backfat and loin depth.

Determination of optimal energy system and level for growing pigs.

This study mainly evaluated the responses in growth performance of growing pigs to different energy systems and energy levels in diets. Subsequently, we compared the nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient concentrations of each energy level diet. In experiment 1, a total of 144 growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 26.69 ± 7.39 kg were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (four pigs/pen; six replicates/treatment) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement resulting from two energy systems (metabolizable energy [ME] and net energy [NE]) and three energy levels (low [LE], recommended [C], and high energy [HE]). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks and were allowed free access to feed and water during the experimental period. In experiment 2, 12 growing pigs with an average initial BW of 27.0 ± 1.8 kg were randomly allotted to individual metabolism crates and fed the six diets in a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design. The six dietary treatments were identical to those used in the growth trial. Pigs were fed their respective diets at 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance per day, and this was divided into two equal meals provided twice per day during the experimental period. Differences in energy systems and energy levels had no significant effect on the growth performance or nutrient digestibility (except acid-hydrolyzed ether extract [AEE]) of growing pigs in the current study. However, the digestible concentrations of ether extract, AEE, and acid detergent fiber (g/kg dry matter [DM]) in diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing energy levels. Additionally, there was a tendency (p = 0.09) for an increase in the digestible crude protein content (g/kg DM) as the energy content of the diet increased. Consequently, differences in energy systems and levels did not affect the BW, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake of growing pigs. This implies that a higher variation in dietary energy levels may be required to significantly affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility when considering digestible nutrient concentrations.

Chemical Composition and Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Contents in Cold-pressed Canola Expellers Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract Cold-pressed canola expellers (CPCE) is a by-product of canola oil production obtained using pressing method without thermal and chemical treatment. While CPCE is a valuable source of dietary energy and protein in swine nutrition, the discrepancy in processing conditions leads to variability in the nutritional quality of CPCE from different sources. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, and digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of CPCE when fed to growing pigs. Samples of CPCE were collected from five processing facilities across Western Canada. The physical appearance of the CPCE samples hinted a potential quality variation. Samples were subjected to a complete chemical characterization. Variations (P&amp;lt;0.05) were observed in the chemical composition, with the exception of non-phytate phosphorus, xylose, mannose and galactose. On a g/kg dry matter (DM) basis, CPCE samples ranged as follow: ether extract (EE) from 85 to 177; crude protein (CP) from 351 to 419; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 231 to 300; total dietary fiber from 326 to 373; glycoproteins from 30 to 76; non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from 188 to 204, non-phytate phosphorus from 5.5 to 6.4, and gross energy (GE) in kcal/kg 5,027 to 5,635. The total glucosinolates (GLS) ranged from 5.0 to 9.7 µmol/g DM. Thirty-six (36) growing barrows, with an average initial body weight of 19.2 ± 1.0kg, were individually housed in metabolism crates and assigned to one of six experimental diets in a completely randomized design, with six pigs per diet. The diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet (100%) and five (5) experimental diets in which 18% of the basal diet was substituted with CPCE from different producers. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 10 days, with 5-day adaptation period, followed by a 5-day period for the total, but separate, collection of feces and urine. Significant differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) among processing plants were observed in the DE and ME contents of CPCE, which averaged 3,531 and 3,172 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Differences (P&amp;lt;0.05) were noted in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, nitrogen (N), as well as in the retention of DM, GE, and N in CPCE samples. In conclusion, while the chemical composition and values of DE and ME in cold-pressed canola expellers vary among processors, the by-product obtained through cold pressing process can be a valuable source of energy and protein for pig nutrition.