Metabolic Risk Factors In Children Research Articles

Dietary intake, obesity, and metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents in the SEACO-CH20 cross-sectional study

We investigated the association between dietary intake and metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents within a semi-rural Malaysian community. Using an interviewer-led questionnaire, we surveyed 623 participants aged 7–18 from the South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO). Anthropometric and blood pressure data were collected from all participants, while a subset (n = 162) provided blood samples for biomarker analysis, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Metabolic syndrome was determined using the International Diabetes Federation’s Definition of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. Most participants were Malay (66.8%), with a median household income of MYR1,500 and a balanced sex distribution. Cereals, processed foods, beverages, fruits, and vegetables were commonly consumed. Obesity and abdominal obesity were prevalent, affecting more than a third of participants. Adherence to dietary recommendations was generally poor (ranging from 19.9 to 58.1%) and varied across age, sex, and ethnicity. Notably, some food groups displayed unexpected associations with health markers; for instance, fruit consumption was linked to abdominal obesity in children (abdominal obesity vs. normal: 2.4 servings/day vs. 1.6 servings/day). These findings emphasise the necessity of longitudinal studies to explore the complex relationship between diet and long-term health outcomes, including cardiometabolic diseases, while acknowledging the unique challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on data collection and analysis.

P18-045-23 Association of Vitamin B12 Status With Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Factors in Children From Southern India

P18-045-23 Association of Vitamin B12 Status With Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Factors in Children From Southern India

Metabolic Risk Factors in Infants and Children with Kidney Stones

Background and Objective: In spite of adult renal stones, in pediatric renal stones, most cases have a hereditary background. The evaluation of metabolic risk factors in children with renal stone disease is the basis of medical treatment aimed at preventing recurrent stone events and the growth of preexisting calculi. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate metabolic risk factors among infants and children with kidney stones in Hamadan Province, Iran, so that it can be the basis for further studies to suggest the elimination of unnecessary diagnostic tests. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 children diagnosed with urinary stones were entered into the study. After recording demographic information, laboratory tests of patients' serum for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, uric acid, magnesium, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase were performed. Moreover, patients' urine was measured for the excretion of random morning samples, such as calcium, oxalate, magnesium, sodium, and uric acid. Results: It was revealed that the male gender had a significant relationship with hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship of stone size with impaired urine analysis and positive urine culture. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, urinary metabolic risk factors were widely present in children with urinary stones, and hypercalciuria was the most commonly found disorder. It is recommended that in the evaluation of kidney stones in children, after ruling out the urinary tract abnormalities and infections, metabolic examination of urine be performed, including random measurement of calcium to creatinine in the morning urine, in order to reduce the economic consequences of extensive testing.

Association between ectopic pancreatic and hepatic fat and metabolic risk factors in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Few studies have reported an association between ectopic pancreatic and hepatic fat and metabolic factors in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated this association and also the factors associated with pancreatic and hepatic fat deposition in children with NAFLD. This cross-sectional study investigated 65 children with NAFLD (49 boys, 13.0 ± 3.2 years, mean body mass index z-score 2.5 ± 1.2), who underwent liver biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging-based proton density fat fraction, as well as anthropometry, laboratory tests, body composition analysis, and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) measurements. HFF and PFF were 4.2%-49.9% (median 24.3) and 0.4%-26.9% (median 3.8), respectively. HFF was not significantly correlated with PFF. HFF was correlated with total body fat% (r=0.329, p=0.010) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (r=0.260, p=0.040), while PFF was correlated with the diastolic blood pressure (r=0.253, p=0.045), GGT (r=0.335, p=0.007) and fasting plasma glucose (r=0.417, p=0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that HFF was significantly associated with sex, age, body fat% and GGT, whereas PFF was associated with hypertension and fasting plasma glucose levels but not insulin resistance. HFF was associated with sex, age and body fat in children with NAFLD, while PFF was associated with hypertension and increased fasting plasma glucose, which suggests that the pathophysiology of ectopic fat accumulation varies across organs in children with NAFLD.

Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease: an update.

The prevalence of kidney stones in children has significantly increased in the past few decades, with concomitant increased morbidity and healthcare costs worldwide. Assessing metabolic risk factors is essential for diagnosis and specific treatment. The objective of this retrospective study is to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children under 17years of age, as well as the metabolic risk factors of nephrolithiasis. A total of 300 children with kidney stone disease were included to undergo several clinical tests using a standardized protocol. The mean age was 11.2years, and the male:female ratio was 1.15:1.0. Biochemical abnormalities were found in 89.3% of all cases. A single urine metabolic risk factor was present in 52.6% (n = 141) of the patients, and multiple risk factors were present in 36.7% (n = 106). Idiopathic hypercalciuria (alone or in combination) and hypocitraturia (alone or in combination) were the most frequent risk factors identified in 47.0% and 39.6% of these patients, respectively. Renal colic and/or unspecified abdominal pain were the most frequent forms of presentation (76.9%), followed by hematuria in 64.4% with 97.5% of stones located in the upper urinary tract. A positive family history in first-degree and second-degree relatives was found in 64.8% of boys and 61.8% of girls. We conclude that specific urinary metabolic risk factors can be found in most children with kidney stones, with hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia being the most common diagnoses. Graphical abstract .

Cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Metabolic Risk Factors Associated with Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in a Sex-Specific Manner in Seven-Year-Olds.

This study aimed to investigate how visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volumes were associated with metabolic risk factors in 7-year-old children. A total of 81 children (52% girls) from a Swedish birth cohort were studied. At 6years of age, anthropometric data, fasting insulin, glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure were collected on 53 children with normal weight and 28 children with overweight or obesity, and insulin resistance was estimated. At 7years of age, magnetic resonance imaging quantified VAT and SAT. Sex and regression analyses were conducted. SAT was more strongly associated with metabolic risk factors than VAT. The associations between VAT and metabolic risk factors were stronger in girls (P<0.05). When VAT was adjusted for birth weight and maternal BMI and education, it accounted for 51% of insulin variance (β=11.72; P=0.001) but only in girls. The key finding of this study was that adjusted SAT accounted for 63% of the fasting insulin variance in girls (β=2.76; P<0.001). Waist circumference was the best anthropometric marker for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was associated with abdominal adipose tissue and its associated metabolic risk factors in children as young as 7 years old.

Evaluation of unfavorable cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in children and young adults with haemophilia

Evaluation of unfavorable cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in children and young adults with haemophilia

Role of sleep duration and sleep-related problems in the metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents

BackgroundThere is increasing recognition that sleep is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between self-reported sleep duration, sleep-related problems and the presence of MetS in children and adolescents from Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis from the FUPRECOL study (2014–15). Participants included 2779 (54.2% girls) youth from Bogota (Colombia). MetS was defined as the presence of ≥3 of the metabolic abnormalities (hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c], hypertension, and increased waist circumference) according to the criteria of de Ferranti/Magge and colleges. Self-reported sleep duration and sleep-related problems were assessed with the BEARS questionnaire.ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that boys who meet recommended duration of sleep had a decreased risk of elevated blood glucose levels (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.71, 95%CI [0.40–0.94]; p = 0.031) compared to boys who have short-long sleep duration. Also, compared to young without sleep problems, excessive sleepiness during the day was related to low HDL-c levels in boys (OR = 1.36, 95%CI [1.02–1.83]; p = 0.036) and high triglyceride levels in girls (OR = 1.28, 95%CI [1.01–1.63]; p = 0.045). Girls with irregular sleep patterns had decreased HDL-c levels (OR = 0.71, 95%CI [0.55–0.91]; p = 0.009).ConclusionsRecommended sleep duration was associated with a decreased risk of elevated fasting glucose levels in boys, and sleep problems was related to lower HDL-c in girls and higher triglyceride levels in boys. These findings suggested the clinical importance of improving sleep hygiene to reduce metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.

Metabolic risk factors in children with asymptomatic hematuria.

Idiopathic or benign hematuria is diagnosed in children after all other possible causes have been ruled out and test results for renal or urologic pathologies are negative. To identify possible urinary risk factors for hematuria in children, we retrospectively evaluated clinical onset, family history, and metabolic risk factors of 60 children with idiopathic hematuria but without renal stones or other pathologic conditions that could explain the hematuria. All patients followed the same ambulatory protocol at that used to evaluate kidney stone-formers. Seven patients had microhematuria, three patients each had microhematuria and gross hematuria, and the remaining 50 patients had gross hematuria onset. A family history of stone disease was found in 63% of the children. At least one urinary metabolic abnormality was present in 49 patients, while 11 patients had no metabolic abnormality. The most common urinary risk factor was idiopathic hypercalciuria (single or associated), which was found in 43.5% of patients, followed by hypocitraturia (single or associated), present in 31.7%. Unduly acidic urine pH as a single abnormality was found in 10% of this pediatric patient population. We also found hyperoxaluria and, less frequently, hypomagnesuria, and hyperuricosuria. Asymptomatic idiopathic hematuria in pediatric patients may often be associated to different urinary biochemical abnormalities, similar to what is observed in pediatric kidney stone-formers.

Relationships of physical fitness and obesity with metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: Chungju city cohort study.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of physical fitness and obesity with metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.MethodsThis cohort study was conducted in Chungju city, South Korea. Total 843 subjects were enrolled, including 193 elementary school 4th grade male (E4M), 189 elementary school 4th grade female (E4F) and 461 male-middle school students (M1M). The subjects were also classified into 2 groups by body mass index; normal weight (NW) group and overweight included obesity (OW/OB) group. Physical fitness was measured by shuttle run (cardiorespiratory fitness, CRF), sit and reach (flexibility), handgrip strength (muscular strength) and stand long jump (agility).ResultsThe prevalence of OW/OB was respectively 33.7% (65 of 193) among E4M, 28.6% (54 of 189) among E4F, and 28.0% (129 of 461) among M1M. Hematocrit, white blood cell, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher, while high-density lipoprotein were lower in the OW/OB group than in the NW group. The OW/OB group presented significantly lower CRF (P<0.01) and lower agility, but higher muscular strength compared with NW group. CRF was negatively correlated with obesity indices and metabolic risk factors. After adjustments for potential confounders, odds ratios for 4th–5th grade CRF of OW/OB compared NW in the E4M, E4F, M1M, were 7.38 (95 % CI, 3.24–16.83), 4.10 (95% CI, 1.83–9.18), 16.06 (95% CI, 8.23–31.00) (P<0.01).ConclusionOur study has shown that CRF has negative correlation with OW/OB in children and adolescents of Chungju city. We suggest that improvement of CRF through regular physical activity would be an important method for reducing the metabolic risks of childhood obesity.

Metabolic risk factors in children with urolithiasis: Single centre experience in southwest Turkey

Gonderilme tarihi: 13.05.2014 Kabul tarihi: 10.07.2014 Abstract Purpose:To investigate the demographic characteristics, clinical features, and metabolic risk factors of children with urolithiasis. Materials and methods:This retrospective study included 98 patients (48 boys, 50 girls) with urolithiasis diagnosed by ultrasonography. The mean age at presentation was 59.8 (1-192) months, and the mean followup period was 5.5 (1-27) months. Clinical and laboratory data including gender, age at diagnosis, presence of family history of renal stone, follow-up duration, presenting symptoms, the history of urinary tract infection (UTI), stone localization, presence of anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract, presence of microscopic or macroscopic hematuria, pyuria, urinary metabolic examinations, blood tests, analysis of stone composition, treatment modality, and prognosis were assessed. Results: The most common symptom was restlessness in infants ( 3mm) were found in 29.6% and in 70.4% of the patients, respectively. Hypercalciuria was the most common abnormality, followed by hypomagnesiuria. Nearly half of the hypercalciuria cases were <1 year old. Recurrent urinary tract infection was detected in half of the patients. Four patients underwent extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, four underwent open surgery, and the other 90 were treated with conservative treatment. Spontaneous passage occurred in 17 patients. Stone analysis revealed calcium-oxalate in 82.4% of the 17patients. At the time of their last visit, 70% of the patients that were treated with conservative treatment, either had stones that disappeared or diminished in size with appropriate therapy. Conclusion: In terms of stones disappearance or decrease in the size of the stones, it seems that children younger than 1 year have more disadvantages than older children. Microcalculi in children should be taken into consideration because we found that 3/5 of these cases had urinary metabolic abnormalities.

Metabolic evaluation of patients with urinary system stone disease: a research of pediatric and adult patients

To determine the metabolic risk factors in children and adults with urinary system stone disease. Between September 2008 and February 2011, 257 patients who underwent 24-h urine analysis because of urinary system stone disease were included in the present study. Group I and II include only adult patients. The first-time stone formers were named as Group I (n = 106), and recurrent stone formers were named as Group II (n = 107). Group III was occurred by pediatric patients (n = 44). Control group includes 105 people was called as Group IV. This group was divided into two subgroups. Group IVa includes 70 adult people, and Group IVb includes 35 children. The metabolic evaluation results of patients and control groups were compared. Hypercalciuria (35.8, 44.9, and 47.7 % for Group I, II, and III, respectively) and hypocitraturia (42.5, 40.2, and 50 % for Group I, II, and III, respectively) were most common risk factors for stone formation. However, unlike the literature, we have seen that hypomagnesiuria is also an important risk factor in adults and children. Hypomagnesiuria was defined at 36.4 % in Group I, 29 % in Group II, and 56.8 % in Group III (p < 0.05 for each group). These three parameters were significantly different between patient and control groups. Hypomagnesiuria, hypocitraturia, and hypercalciuria are the most important risk factors for stone formation in adults and pediatric patients.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in nutritionally obese children and metabolic co-morbidity

In recent years, there has been increasing focus on thyroid function in pediatric obese patients. Our aims were to investigate whether there is an association between serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) within the normal range and body mass index (BMI), and to determine if TSH levels correlate with metabolic risk factors in children. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was carried out on 528 euthyroid, age- and sex-matched lean, overweight, or obese children. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, hepatic enzymes, lipid profiles, TSH, free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were assessed from medical records and compared among groups. Subjects with known presence of diabetes, using medications altering blood pressure and glucose or lipid metabolism, with TSH levels >97.5 or <2.5 percentile, or with autoimmune thyroid disease were excluded. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and elevated levels of hepatic enzymes were found to be more common in overweight and obese children (p<0.001), and those metabolic changes were significantly correlated with the increase in BMI (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of TSH and fT3 within the normal range were higher in overweight and obese children (p<0.01), and TSH was positively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that obese children have higher serum TSH and fT3 levels even within the normal range, and that an increase in TSH is associated with dyslipidemia and higher systolic blood pressure. It remains to be seen whether TSH might serve as a potential marker of metabolic risk factors in obese pediatric patients.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Chinese schoolchildren: comparison of two definitions and assessment of adipokines as components by factor analysis

BackgroundAlthough attention to metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children has increased, there is still no universally accepted definition and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Our aim was to compare the current definitions of childhood MetS in a Chinese cohort and to examine the clustering pattern of MetS risk factors, particularly inclusion of leptin and adiponectin as additional components.Methods3373 schoolchildren aged 6 to 18 years were recruited. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters and adipokines were measured. MetS was identified using both the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and a modified Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definitions. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to establish grouping of metabolic characteristics.ResultsFor children ≥10 years, the prevalence of MetS was 14.3% in the obese group and 3.7% in the overweight group according to the new IDF definition, and 32.3% in the obese group and 8.4% in the overweight group according to the modified ATPIII definition. Frequency of hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), impaired fasting glucose, elevated blood pressure, and central obesity according to the new IDF definition was 16.7%, 20.7%, 15.8%, 25.5% and 75.5% in obese boys and 14.7%, 24.0%, 12.0%, 11.0% and 89.0% in obese girls, respectively. Metabolic abnormalities in children under 10 years of age were also noted. Using factor analysis on eight conventional variables led to the extraction of 3 factors. Waist circumference (WC) provided a connection between two factors in boys and all three factors in girls, suggesting its central role in the clustering of metabolic risk factors. Addition of leptin and adiponectin also led to the extraction of 3 factors, with leptin providing a connection between two factors in girls. When using WC, mean arterial pressure, triglyceride/HDL-C ratio, HOMA-IR and leptin/adiponectin ratio as variables, a single-factor model was extracted. WC had the biggest factor loading, followed by leptin/adiponectin ratio.ConclusionsMetS was highly prevalent amongst obese children and adolescents in this cohort, regardless of the definition used. Central obesity is the key player in the clustering of metabolic risk factors in children, supporting the new IDF definition. Moreover, our findings suggest that a common factor may underlie MetS. Leptin/adiponectin ratio as a possible component of MetS deserves further consideration.

Relationships of the PPARGC1A genotypes with physical activity, body fatness and metabolic risk factors in children.

Relationships of the PPARGC1A genotypes with physical activity, body fatness and metabolic risk factors in children.

Effect of interrupting sitting time on acute postprandial lipemia in healthy children

Introduction: Sedentary behaviour in children has been associated with unhealthy dietary intake, and obesity levels in adulthood. Interrupting sitting time has been shown to improve metabolic health in adults but to date no studies have been conducted on metabolic risk factors in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interrupting sitting time on acute postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) in healthy children during the day following four high fat meals.

Results of medical treatment and metabolic risk factors in children with urolithiasis

Data on conservative treatment in children with urolithiasis are limited. The aim of the study was to determine the metabolic etiology and results of conservative treatment in children with urolithiasis. We evaluated the clinical presentation and metabolic features of 112 children with urolithiasis. The mean age at diagnosis of urolithiasis was 3.9(range 0.1-18) years, and follow-up duration was 16.7(range 1-36) months. The most common presenting symptoms were flank or abdominal pain and restlessness (25%). Urine analysis revealed metabolic abnormalities in 92% of cases, including hypocitraturia (42%), hyperoxaluria (32.1%), hypercalcuria (25%), hyperuricosuria (9.8%), and cystinuria (2.7%). Patients who had metabolic risk factors were treated according to underlying metabolic abnormalities. About half of these patients were stone free or stones were diminished in size. These results showed that early recognition and treatment of urinary metabolic abnormalities will reduce the number of invasive procedures and renal damage in children with urolithiasis.

Clinical course of pediatric urolithiasis: follow-up data in a long-term basis

To evaluate the natural course of the stone disease in pediatric patients from different perspectives among which the spontaneous passage and stone recurrence rates evaluated during the follow-up. A total of 142 children referring with primary urinary stone disease were evaluated and followed. All children in the study were divided into two groups with respect to the age (Group 1: 0-5years and Group 2: 6-15years). Children were followed with respect to spontaneous passage rates, recurrence-regrowth rates, physical as well as the renal growth rates. Stone recurrence has been noted in 44% of patients in group 1, this value was 31% in group 2. Children with at least one identifiable metabolic abnormality tended to have higher recurrence rates than the others despite conservative measures. The average stone recurrence rate in children without any metabolic abnormality was 14% and nearly 50% in children with an identifiable metabolic abnormality. We may emphasize that due to the high recurrence and re-growth rates, all children with urinary stone disease should be followed closely with regular visits. The evaluation of metabolic risk factors in children with renal stone disease is the basis of medical treatment aimed at preventing recurrent stone events and the growth of pre-existing calculi.

Metabolic Evaluation in Stone Disease Metabolic Differences Between the Pediatric and Adult Patients With Stone Disease

To determine the metabolic risk factors in children and adults with stone disease and any differences between the metabolic risk factors of children and adult patients with stone disease. Between 1999 and 2007, 285 adults with recurrent stone disease and 71 children with primary or recurrent urinary stone disease underwent metabolic evaluation in our clinic. The evaluation included blood chemistry studies and 24-hour urine collection in the pediatric and adult groups. The mean age of the children was 9.35 years (range: 1-14) and 42.1 years (range: 14-71) in the adult patients. Metabolic risk factors were demonstrated in 90.53% (n = 258) of the adult and 88.73% (n = 63) of the pediatric patients. Although hypercalciuria (50.5%, n = 144) was the most common metabolic risk factor in the adult group, hypocitraturia was the most common metabolic risk factor in the pediatric group (57.74%, n = 41). Furthermore, in the adult group, 136 patients had more than 1 risk factor, and in the pediatric group, 24 patients had more than 1 risk factor. Although hypocitraturia is the most common risk factor in pediatric urolithiasis patients and hypercalciuria is the most common risk factor in adult patients, all patients with stone formation should be given a limited metabolic evaluation because such patients may also have a metabolic abnormality.