Body Metabolism Research Articles

Nutrition Care Process in Pediatric Patients with Burn Injury Post Debridement Day 7

The condition of burn injury can cause disturbances in the body's metabolism, which can ultimately affect the patient's nutritional status. Therefore, in its management, it requires standard nutritional care processes to improve the condition and meet the nutritional needs of the patient. Nurition Care Process was carried out through four stages: assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and regular monitoring and evaluation. This study aimed to implement nutrition care process (NCP) for burn injury patient during the 3-day intervention period. Case study carried on July 2020 to hospitalized patients of Saiful Anwar Hospital. Observations were implemented for 3 consecutive days. Observations included of 4 steps of NCP, Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, Monitoring and Evaluation. After the NCP was carried out, the patient’s condition improves, accompanied by an incrase in food intake

Metabolic Changes After Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction With Endobronchial Valves in COPD Patients

ObjectivesLittle is known about the effect of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using endobronchial valves (BLVR-EBV) on extrapulmonary manifestations like body composition, muscle function or metabolism. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) clearly addresses extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD, including physical inactivity and low muscle mass. However, the added impact of BLVR-EBV+PR remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of BLVR-EBV on body composition, muscle function and metabolic markers and whether PR has an additional impact on these outcomes. MethodsSubjects with severe COPD eligible for both PR and BLVR-EBV were randomized into three groups: PR+BLVR-EBV, BLVR-EBV+PR, or only BLVR-EBV (n=97). Assessments included Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, thigh muscle Computed Tomography, muscle strength measurements, accelerometry, and plasma (leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and triglycerides) at baseline and six months after the last intervention. ResultsA total of 74 participants completed the study. At follow-up, there were significant increases in the groups combined and both groups separated in total weight, lean mass, fat mass, muscle strength, daily physical activity, and triglyceride levels while leptin/fat mass ratio levels were significantly reduced. No differences were found between groups who underwent BLVR-EVR alone or BLVR-EBV with PR. ConclusionsBLVR-EBV results in significant increases in body weight, lean and fat mass, muscle strength and daily physical activity level, and impacts on adipokine profile, irrespective of PR. This underscores the systemic benefits of addressing lung hyperinflation in patients with severe COPD.

Research progress on the association of insulin resistance with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. It is also known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism and is responsible for activating the Phosphoinotide-3-Kinase (PI3K)/Protein Kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. This pathway is activated when insulin binds to the insulin receptor on nerve cells, and it helps regulate the metabolism of glucose and lipids. Dysfunction in the insulin signaling pathway can lead to a decrease in brain insulin levels and insulin sensitivity, thereby inducing disruptions in insulin signal transduction and leading to disorders in brain energy metabolism. Moreover, these dysfunctions also contribute to the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, both of which are characteristic features of AD. Therefore, this article focuses on insulin resistance to reveal the complex mechanism between brain insulin resistance and AD occurrence in T2DM. On this basis, this article further summarizes the biological effects and mechanisms of antidiabetic drugs on the two diseases, aiming to provide new ideas for the discovery of drugs for the treatment of T2DM combined with AD.

Bacterial information in serum extracellular vesicles reflects the inflammation of adherent perinephric fat.

Adipose tissue and bacterial flora are involved in metabolism in the human body. However, the relationship between the two remains unclear. Recently, the presence of circulating bacterial DNAs has been reported. We previously reported the utility of bacterial DNA in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) for diagnosing patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we aimed to assess whether there is a correlation between bacterial DNA in serum EVs and inflammation in adipose tissue. We undertook 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of bacterial DNA in serum EVs from 77 patients with RCC (the derivation cohort). We discovered that DNAs from Enterobacteriaceae, Polaromonas, and Coxiellaceae were highly expressed in patients with low Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) scores. A lower MAP score reflects a reduced risk of dense adipose tissue and adhesions. Additionally, we combined these bacterial DNAs to create the EPC (Enterobacteriaceae, Polaromonas, Coxiellaceae) index that predicts a MAP score of 0. Subsequently, we undertook 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of bacterial DNA in serum EVs from 32 patients with RCC (the validation cohort). The EPC index could distinguish patients with low MAP scores from those with high MAP scores in the derivation (area under the curve [AUC], 0.76; sensitivity, 56%; specificity, 85%) and validation (AUC, 0.81; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 62%) cohorts. These results suggest that bacterial DNA in serum EVs could reflect the inflammation of adherent perinephric fat around the kidney.

Unraveling the impact of miRNAs on gouty arthritis: diagnostic significance and therapeutic opportunities.

Gouty arthritis is a prevalent inflammatory illness. Gout attacks begin when there is an imbalance in the body's uric acid metabolism, which leads to urate buildup and the development of the ailment. A family of conserved, short non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate post-transcriptional protein synthesis by attaching to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNA (mRNA). An increasing amount of research is pointing to miRNAs as potential players in several inflammatory diseases, including gouty arthritis. miRNAs may influence the progression of the disease by regulating immune function and inflammatory responses. This review mainly focused on miRNAs and how they contribute to gouty arthritis. It also looked at how miRNAs could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, and potential therapeutic targets.

Метаболічний синдром: механізми розвитку та експериментальні моделі

Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by the presence of insulin resis­tance and the presence of two of the following risk factors: obesity, hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), hypertension, or microalbuminuria. The multifactorial nature of metabolic syndrome makes it difficult to create an adequate experimental model that would best represent the entire spectrum of the pathophysiology of this condition. This review aims to summarize current literature data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of metabolic syndrome in the context of the development of insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and inflammation. The article also summarizes modern approaches to the induction of metabolic syndrome in rodents, among which dietary manipulation, genetic modifications, and the use of pharmaceuticals are the most common. As genetic models of metabolic syndrome, rodents with leptin or leptin receptor deficiency are most often used, in particular leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob), leptin receptor-deficient mice (db/db), Zucker obese rats (ZF), diabetic rats lines Zucker with obesity (ZDF) and others. Pharmaceutical drugs that can be used to induce metabolic syndrome include endogenous glucocorticoids and antipsychotic drugs. Several dietary manipulations are used to induce metabolic syndrome in laboratory animals. In particular, one type of diet or a combination of diets can be used, such as diets high in fructose, sucrose and fat, or a diet characterized by a high content of both fructose and fat or sucrose and fat. Manipulations with the composition of products consumed by experimental animals make it possible to simulate the development of metabolic syndrome, since the diet affects the metabolism of the entire body, and has a regulatory effect on hormones, glucose and lipid metabolism pathways.

High-iron diet damages brown adipose tissue mitochondria and exacerbates metabolic hazards of a high-fat diet

Metabolic diseases may be prevented by reducing carbohydrate intake and replacing plant-based diets with animal-based ones low in carbohydrates but high in protein, fat, and iron. While the effects of sugars on metabolic diseases are well-known, the role of iron remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of a high-fat high-iron animal diet on body metabolism in mice. Micro-PET imaging was used to assess 18-F-labelled glucose uptake in BAT, and the morphology, respiratory function, and oxidative stress of BAT mitochondria were examined. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated by analyzing the expression of UCP-1, PGC-1α and PPARα. The high-iron high-fat diet increased appetite, impaired glucose tolerance, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Additionally, the high-iron diet promoted gluconeogenesis only in the absence of high-fat levels. Both high-iron and high-fat diets suppressed BAT activity, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, decreased mitochondrial respiratory function, and lowered thermogenic gene expression. Weight loss strategies focusing solely on reducing carbohydrates and increasing animal foods, like ketogenic diets, may have long-term detrimental effects on metabolic health. Prioritizing dietary diversity and monitoring overall caloric intake is advisable for optimal outcomes.

Unveiling Oxidative Stress Dynamics: A Comparative Study of Biochemical and Anti-Oxidative Parameters in Thyroid Dysfunction

Background: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is significant, and its association with oxidative stress and biochemical changes is well recognized. Thyroid hormones are crucial in maintaining oxidative balance and regulating the body's metabolic processes to protect against cellular damage.Objectives: The study aimed to compare biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in rat models of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.Materials and Methods: This research, conducted from September 14 to October 21, 2023, involved 21 male Wistar divided into hypothyroid (n=7), hyperthyroid (n=7), and control (n=7), respectively. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were induced using propylthiouracil (PTU) and levothyroxine (LTX), respectively. The study assessed serum biochemical parameters, including uric acid (UA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol (TC), as well as oxidative stress parameters, such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) after 5-weeks.Results: The study found that the hypothyroid group exhibited decreased TAC (40±4) compared to the hyperthyroid (45±6) and control (50±5; p=0.012) groups. UA levels were higher in hypothyroid rats (4.2±1.0 mg/dL). Both hypothyroid (200±18 U/L) and hyperthyroid (210±20 U/L) rats showed increased LDH levels compared to the control group (180±15 U/L). Additionally, LDL cholesterol was elevated in hypothyroid (55±8 mg/dL) and reduced in hyperthyroid rats (30±5 mg/dL), while HDL decreased in both groups.Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is associated with significantly lower TAC and higher levels of UA and LDH, indicating oxidative stress and cellular damage. Conversely, hyperthyroidism leads to altered lipid metabolism, as evidenced by decreased LDL and HDL cholesterol levels. Keywords: Anti-oxidants, Lipid metabolism, Rats, Thyroid disorders.

Targeting ketone body metabolism in mitigating gemcitabine resistance.

Chemotherapy is often combined with surgery for muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, 70% of the patients recur within 5 years. Metabolic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark in cancer chemoresistance. Here, we report a gemcitabine resistance mechanism which promotes cancer reprogramming via the metabolic enzyme, OXCT1. This mitochondrial enzyme, responsible for the rate-limiting step in β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) catabolism, was elevated in muscle invasive disease and in chemo-resistant bladder cancer patients. Resistant orthotopic tumors presented an OXCT1-dependent rise in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, ATP, and nucleotide biosynthesis. In resistant bladder cancer, knocking out OXCT1 restored gemcitabine sensitivity, and administering the non-metabolizable βHB, enantiomer (S-βHB) only partially restored gemcitabine sensitivity. Suggesting an extra-metabolic role for OXCT1, multi-omics analysis of gemcitabine sensitive and resistant cells revealed an OXCT1-dependent signature with the transcriptional repressor, OVOL1, as a master regulator of epithelial differentiation. The elevation of OVOL1 target genes was associated with its cytoplasmic translocation and poor prognosis in a chemotherapy-treated BCa patient cohort. The knockout of OXCT1 restored OVOL1 transcriptional repressive activity by its nuclear translocation. Orthotopic mouse models of bladder cancer supported OXCT1 as a mediator of gemcitabine sensitivity through ketone metabolism and regulating cancer stem cell differentiation.

The role and research progress of gut microbiota in placenta-derived diseases

Gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the normal function of intestinal tract, regulating the body's immunity, metabolism and other physiological processes. In recent years, the theory that gut microbiota dysbiosis affects the disease occurrence of various organ systems through the gut-organ axis has been gradually confirmed. Placental diseases of pregnancy includes early onset preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, etc., the pathogenesis of which is unclear, but can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Researches show that gut microbiota dysbiosis has a certain correlation with the occurrence of placental diseases, and its mechanism may affect the occurrence of placental diseases by regulating systemic and local placental metabolism, inflammatory response and immune response. This article reviews the research progress on the effects of maternal gut microbiota dysbiosis on the occurrence of placenta-derived diseases, and provides clues for exploring the application of gut microecology to the prevention and treatment of placenta-derived diseases.

Cafeteria diet and caloric restriction affect metabolic but not behavioral characteristics in male Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cafeteria diet and caloric restriction on behavioral and metabolic profiles of adult male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12/group) and from 10 weeks of age fed either ad libitum standard rat chow (control group), ad libitum cafeteria diet in addition to standard chow (diet-induced obesity (DIO) group) or kept on caloric restriction (at 85% weight of controls; restricted group) for a period of 12 weeks. Body weight was assessed twice per week and glucose levels were measured at three times during the 12-week period. At week 11 the animals were behaviorally profiled using the multivariate concentric square field™ (MCSF) test. After 12 weeks of diet the animals were euthanized, blood collected, relative organ weights were assessed and plasma or serum levels of insulin, glucose, and lipid profile were measured. The DIO group gained 23% more weight than the control group (p < 0.001) and increased adipose tissue weight in comparison to the control (p < 0.001) and restricted (p < 0.001) groups. Glucose was significantly increased (p < 0.001) only during the second measurement at week 7 and insulin levels were elevated in the DIO group compared to controls and restricted groups (p < 0.01; p < 0.001, respectively). Plasma cholesterol levels were reduced for both DIO (p < 0.01) and restricted (p < 0.001) groups relative to controls. Adiponectin and leptin levels were higher for the DIO group in comparison to both the control (p < 0.001; p < 0.05) and restricted (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) groups. Thus, the two diets led to significant changes in body weight gain, adiposity, and metabolism. However, they did not alter the behavioral profiles in the MCSF test, suggesting that activity, exploration, risk assessment, risk taking or shelter seeking remained unaffected by the dietary interventions. The current findings suggest that an increase or reduction in energy intake resulted in no behavioral effects, despite the accompanying glycemic alterations potentially related to diabetes development.

A critical review on usage of Ghrita in Pandu

According to Ayurveda, human body is made up from Saptdhatu, Tridosha and Trimal. These are the main functional unit which maintains equilibrium in body. Agni plays most important role in metabolism of body. With the help of Agni, food is converted into absorbable form and also it forms and nourishes Saptdhatu in progressive manner continuously. Any type of disequilibrium in the process, gives rise to diseases like Pandu, Grahani, Kushtha etc. Pandu Roga is disease entity described in Ayurvedic literature which is characterized as pallor complexion of the skin of the diseased person. Pandu is widely described in various Ayurvedic texts as an independent disease and also as associated symptom in many other diseases. The general treatment of Pandu is Snehana, Shodhana, Shamana with herbo-mineral combinations along with dietary modifications. There is specific mention of internal oleation before Shodhana Chikitsa is advised which marks its importance in treatment. Ghritpan is considered best for ignition of Jatharagni as well as Dhatvagni and it also has properties like Jivaniya, Rasayana etc. Ghritapan opposes the etiology of Pandu at level of constitution and diet. In Pandu Chikitsa Adhyay, various medicated Ghrita are described. This present study critically reviews role of Ghritapan in Pandu and different combination of medicated Ghrita described in Pandu Chikitsa Adhyay by Acharya Charaka along with its specific indications.

Metabolomic Profiling of Open-Angle Glaucoma Etiologic Endotypes: Tohoku Multi-Omics Glaucoma Study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate biologically meaningful endotypes of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) by applying unsupervised machine learning to plasma metabolites. This retrospective longitudinal cohort study enrolled consecutive patients aged ≥20 years with OAG at Tohoku University Hospital from January 2017 to January 2020. OAG was confirmed based on comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Among the 523 patients with OAG with available clinical metabolomic data, 173 patients were longitudinally followed up for ≥2 years, with available data from ≥5 reliable visual field (VF) tests without glaucoma surgery. We collected fasting blood samples and clinical data at enrollment and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to profile 45 plasma metabolites in a targeted approach. After computing a distance matrix of preprocessed metabolites with Pearson distance, gap statistics determined the optimal number of OAG endotypes. Its risk factors, clinical presentations, metabolomic profiles, and progression rate of sector-based VF loss were compared across endotypes. Five distinct OAG endotypes were identified. The highest-risk endotype (endotype B) showed a significant faster progression of central VF loss (P = 0.007). Compared with patients with other endotypes, those with endotype B were more likely to have a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, cold extremities, oxidative stress, and low OAG genetic risk scores. Pathway analysis of metabolomic profiles implicated altered fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in this endotype, with 34 differentially enriched pathways (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05). Integrated metabolomic profiles identified five distinct etiologic endotypes of OAG, suggesting pathological mechanisms related with a high-risk group of central vision loss progression in the Japanese population.

Integrated gut microbiome and UHPLC-MS metabolomics to reveal the prevention mechanism of pidanjiangtang granules on IGT Rats

IntroductionPidanjiangtang (PDJT) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula empirically used to treat impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) based on the "Pidan" theory from the classic ancient book Nei Jing. However, the mechanism of PDJT intervention for IGT remains to be studied. ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the mechanism of PDJT granules intervention in IGT by integrating gut microbiome and UHPLC-MS untargeted metabolomics. Materials and methodsThe IGT model was established in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by feeding them a high-fat diet and using an STZ injection. The low, medium, and high doses of PDJT were used for six weeks. metformin (Glucophage) was used as the positive control drug. The efficacy of PDJT was evaluated using fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood glucose maximum (BGmax), blood lipid, and inflammatory factor levels. Finally, 16S rDNA gut microbiome sequencing with metabolomics analysis was used to explore the pharmacological mechanism of PDJT intervention in IGT. ResultsPDJT could reverse the phenotype of IGT rats, reduce blood glucose levels, improve lipid metabolism disorder, and reduce inflammatory response. Gut microbiome analysis found that PDJT can improve gut microbiota composition and abundance of three phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Desulfobacterota) and four genera (unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, Allobaculum, Desulfovibrio), which play an important role in the process of PDJT intervention on glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in IGT rats. UHPLC-MS untargeted metabolomics showed that PDJT could regulate the levels of 258 metabolites in lipid metabolism pathways, inflammatory response pathways, fat and protein digestion, and absorption. The combined analysis of the two omics showed that improving the body's metabolism by gut microbes may be the possible mechanism of PDJT in treating IGT. Thus, this study provides a new method to integrate gut microbiome and UHPLC-MS untargeted metabolomics to evaluate the pharmacodynamics and mechanism of PDJT intervention in IGT, providing valuable ideas and insights for future research on the treatment of IGT with traditional Chinese medicine.

Quantitative BOLD (qBOLD) imaging of oxygen metabolism and blood oxygenation in the human body: A scoping review.

There are many approaches to the quantitative BOLD (qBOLD) technique described in the literature, differing in pulse sequences, MRI parameters and data processing. Thus, in this review, we summarized the acquisition methods, approaches used for oxygenation quantification and clinical populations investigated. Three databases were systematically searched (Medline, Embase, and Web of Science) for published research that used qBOLD methods for quantification of oxygen metabolism. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by one author and reviewed by a second author. A total of 93 relevant papers were identified. Acquisition strategies were summarized, and oxygenation parameters were found to have been investigated in many pathologies such as steno-occlusive diseases, stroke, glioma, and multiple sclerosis disease. A summary of qBOLD approaches for oxygenation measurements and applications could help researchers to identify good practice and provide objective information to inform the development of future consensus recommendations.

Association Between Metabolic and Obesity Phenotypes and Diabetes Risk in Children and Adolescents.

Diabetes is a significant public health concern worldwide, having increased rapidly in recent decades among younger generations. The correlation between metabolic/obesity phenotypes and the development of pre-diabetes in children and adolescents remains unclear. This study aimed to explore this association within a cohort of 1,524 subjects aged 7 to 18 years. Subjects were categorized into four groups based on their metabolic and obesity status: Metabolically Unhealthy with Normal Body Weight (MUNW), Metabolically Healthy Overweight/Obesity (MHO), Metabolic Healthy with Normal Body Weight (MHNW), and Metabolically Unhealthy Overweight/Obesity (MUO). Physical parameters such as body mass, as well as biochemical markers including blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were measured. A total of 61.9% of children were within the normal range for both body weight and metabolism (MHNW), while 24.4% were classified as MUNW, 5.7% as MHO, and 8% as MUO. The risks of diabetes in the MUNW and MUO groups were 8.89 and 9.18 times higher than in the MHNW group for boys, and 8.15 and 11.24 times higher for girls (P<0.05). These findings suggest that abnormal metabolism, irrespective of body weight, significantly increases the risk of diabetes, while obesity alone does not predict pre-diabetes unless accompanied by metabolic dysregulation. Metabolic markers may serve as more sensitive indicators for assessing diabetes risk in this population.

The Correlation Of Waist Circumference And Waist Hip Circumference Ratio With Vital Lung Capacity in Collage Students

Final college students tend to lack physical activity accompanied by unhealthy lifestyles, this habit can disrupt body metabolism and potentially cause obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for various conditions including cardiorespiratory disorders. This is related to the accumulation of fat in the abdomen affecting the limitation of respiratory muscle performance. This study aims to determine the correlation between waist circumference and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with lung vital capacity in students. This observational study used a cross-sectional study with the proportionate stratified random sampling method on final-year students of Physiotherapy S1, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Data collection was done using anthropometric measurements of waist circumference and waist-hip ratio using Medline and lung vital capacity using a spirometer. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate with the Spearmen's Rho test. The study's results obtained 127 students, consisting of 37 men and 90 women. Waist circumference of 58,3% of normal subjects, waist-hip ratio of 77,2% normal, and lung vital capacity value of 79,8% of normal subjects. The results of the hypothesis test of this study showed no significant relationship between waist circumference and waist-hip ratio with lung vital capacity with a value of p&gt; 0,05 (p = 0,091 and p = 0,341). The correlation test of waist circumference was negatively correlated but not significant (r = -0,151 &amp; r = 0,085). As the negative correlation value states, the higher the waist circumference, the lower the lung vital capacity. In contrast, the waist-hip ratio did not correlate significantly with lung vital capacity. This study concludes that there is no relationship between waist circumference and waist-hip ratio with lung vital capacity.

A DISEASE-BASED PERSPECTIVE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEUROINFLAMMATION AND IMPAIRED GLUCOSE METABOLISM

Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of several central nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroinflammation is the immune response of the central nervous system against central or peripheral abnormalities disturbed by foreign agents, molecules, metabolic activities, or various diseases. Astrocytes and microglia activation are the main activators of neuroinflammation. The polarization changes of these defender cells have some key roles in bodily metabolism as much as neuronal behavior. The blood-brain barrier is known as the first defender of brain parenchyma. Neuroinflammation disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity and may cause blood-brain barrier breakdown. Glucose is the main energy source of brain and glucose uptake is achieved through the blood-brain barrier. Altered glucose metabolism may have detrimental effects on brain functions and may cause brain disorders. Also, it has been suggested that neuroinflammation may have crucial roles in glucose metabolism. The distribution of the blood-brain barrier in vascular endothelial cells of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia contributes to the transport of glucose to the cells of brain. Microglia and astrocyte polarization are suggested as the two main underlying mechanisms in neuroinflammation. It’s obviously determined that neuroinflammation-caused neurodegenerative diseases are tightly linked with the brain insulin resistance and disrupted cerebral and peripheral glucose metabolism. However, there is lacking knowledge about glucose metabolism deficiencies and microglia/astrocyte polarization. Herein this review, we summarized the neuroinflammation and glucose metabolism with the most common neurological diseases and the possible effects of microglia/astrocyte polarization on glucose metabolism.

Predicting Obesity via Deep Learning: The Role of Chrononutrition

Abstract Background Obesity is a significant public health challenge, prompting the need for assessing effective tools for its monitoring and prevention. Chrononutrition investigates the role of timing, regularity and frequency of food intake on body metabolism and health. Here we aim to check if data on the distribution of calorie intake in the day may improve BMI prediction as compared to using only data on total day intake. Methods We apply deep learning on chrononutritional data on calorie intake over 6 daily timeslots from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey sample of the Italian population (INRAN-SCAI 2005/2006) comprising 2313 Italian adults 18-64 ys old with 3 day diet diaries. In particular, we implemented three deep neural network models, varying network configurations and feature selection. The 1st includes 18 (6 for each day diary) chrononutritional variables and the 3 day total intakes, beside age and sex; the 2nd includes age, sex and the 18 chrononutritional variables only; the 3rd uses age, sex and the 3 day totals only. We applied Early Stopping to limit overfitting. Optimization was conducted using the Adam algorithm, minimizing the mean squared error (RMSE), while mean absolute error (MAE) was the primary performance indicator. Results The results highlight that Model 3 outperformed the other models with MAE=2.514 and RMSE=3.476, indicating that for the purpose of predicting obesity, information on the time-of-day distribution of calorie intake is not increasing predictive ability of BMI on top of age, sex and total calorie intake in the day. Conclusions Additional use of day-time intake information worsened prediction of BMI via deep learning using this cross sectional Italian survey. However the error made is still sizeable and warrants the inclusion of other variables; our results don’t rule out the role of chrononutrition on metabolic health which may act through other biological mechanisms related to specific nutrients. Key messages • Chrononutrition data don’t improve BMI prediction over total calorie intake data in a cross-setional representative sample of the Italian population. • Deep learning approach to BMI prediction shows the importance of targeted selection of features in public health nutrition.

Effect and mechanism of Adipokine Omentin-1 on cardiac hypertrophy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Abstract Background Omentin-1 secreted by epicardial adipose tissue can inhibit ventricular remodeling and improve early cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Our previous studies have identified the omentin-1 receptor as integrin receptors αvβ3 and αvβ5. However, the effect of omentin-1 on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains poorly understood. Purpose The present study aims to study the role and mechanism of omentin-1 in cardiac function and myocardial cell structure in HFpEF. Methods and Results The influences of omentin-1 were investigated in HFpEF mice (HFD (60% calories from lard) and L-NAME (0.5 g/L in drinking water)), which were treated in vivo. Echocardiography showed better diastolic function in HFpEF mice treated with omentin-1 (5 ug/kg/h) subcutaneously for 4 weeks, and tissue staining showed alleviated myocardial fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy. The RNA sequencing analysis revealed variations in the gene expression related to ketone body metabolism in HFpEF mice after omentin-1 treatment (600 ng/ml). The supernatant was obtained from mouse bone marrow macrophages treated with ultrapure endotoxin and ATP and was utilized as the macrophage-conditioned medium for culturing primary cardiomyocytes, which were stimulated with isoproterenol for 48 hours to construct the HFpEF cardiomyocyte model. In the heart tissue of HFpEF mice and HFpEF cardiomyocytes treated with omentin-1, there was a notable increase in the expression of a pivotal enzyme of ketone body metabolism- succinyl-CoA transferase (SCOT), and a decrease in the expression of hypertrophy signal. The myocardial hypertrophy model was established by stimulating the myocardial cell line H9C2 with isoproterenol. Following the inhibition of the integrin receptor and PI3K-AKT pathway, the impacts of omentin-1 on SCOT and myocardial hypertrophy signal expression in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes were eliminated. Conclusion This study provides evidence for the effects of omentin-1 on cardiac function and myocardial structure in HFpEF and proposes that omentin-1 may stimulate the downstream PI3K/AKT pathway via integrin receptors on cardiomyocytes, leading to increased expression of SCOT and improvement of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.