Metabolic Equivalent Of Task Values Research Articles

Survey on Physical Activity Among Adolescents in Pune City

The main aim of the study was to assess the physical activity among adolescents of Pune City. For this study total 500 students were randomly selected from Pune city. The subject’s age was ranged in between 13-17 years. For the purpose of collecting the data the researcher used and selected International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a widely used instrument for assessing physical activity levels in various populations by (Craig et al., 2003). The questionnaire is divided into four domains. These are Leisure-Time Physical Activity: Activities during discretionary time, such as sports, exercise, and recreational activities. Occupational Physical Activity: Activities related to work or employment. Transportation Physical Activity: Activities related to commuting, such as walking or cycling. Household and Garden Physical Activity: Activities related to household chores and gardening. Data were measured by IPAQ questionnaire which is used to calculate the total metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week. MET is a unit that represents the energy expenditure of an activity relative to resting metabolic rate. MET values are assigned to different levels of physical activity intensity (e.g., walking, moderate-intensity activities, vigorous-intensity activities), and the total MET minutes per week are calculated by multiplying the duration and frequency of each activity. Percentage was used as a statistical tool analyses the data. The result of the study revealed that students 57.6% (288) are less involved in physical activity, where as 23.4% (117) students are moderately involved in physical activity and 19% (95) students are highly involved in physical activity.

Older Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: Energy costs of human activities in adults aged 60 and older

PurposeTo describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults ≥60 years (OA Compendium). MethodsPhysical activities (PAs) and their metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values were obtained from a systematic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost), and Scopus) and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Compendium that measured PA in older adults. MET values were computed as the oxygen cost (VO2, mL/kg/min) during PA divided by 2.7 mL/kg/min (MET60+) to account for the lower resting metabolic rate in older adults. ResultsWe identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 PAs. From these, we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding MET60+ values for older adults. We developed a website to present the OA Compendium MET60+ values: https://pacompendium.com. ConclusionThe OA Compendium uses data collected from adults ≥60 years for more accurate estimation of the energy cost of PAs in older adults. It is an accessible resource that will allow researchers, educators, and practitioners to find MET60+ values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.

Can you feel the excitement? Physiological correlates of students' self-reported emotions.

This study explored the physiological correlates of students' self-reported emotions in ecologically valid settings by combining biosignal data (on physical and cardiac activity) and experience sampling method (ESM) data. The aim was to examine the concurrent associations between self-reported excitement, calmness, anxiety, and boredom (adopted from the dimensional model of emotions) and students' heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) (indicators of physiological arousal and the activation of the autonomous nervous system). Students' physical activity was controlled in the models via the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values (actigraphy data). A second objective was to explore how to combine the information stored by these three sources of ambulatory assessment. The study comprised 136 high school students with multiple repetitive data points. For three consecutive days, students wore biometric sensors and wristbands collecting their HR, HRV, and MET signals, and answered the ESM questionnaires five times a day on smartphones. When MET values were controlled for, self-reported excitement was related to higher HR as well as lower HRV during a specific moment, indicating stronger sympathetic activity (i.e., physiological arousal/activation). Self-reported boredom was related to lower HR but was unrelated to HRV. Self-reported calmness and anxiety were unrelated to HR and HRV after controlling for MET. A 5-min time window with a Gaussian weighted mean seemed to be an appropriate data processing method for capturing the physiological arousal (or abate) of self-reported excitement and boredom. The findings suggest that the physiological stimulus of elevated HR could be interpreted by students as an adaptive state of excitement. Combining the experience sampling approach and the physiological measures revealed how the mind and body function in interplay and can therefore provide objective evidence of emotional and motivational processes as they unfold in students' daily lives.

Lifestyle and Psychological Factors Affecting Eating Habits and Physical Activity Among Government Servants in the States With the Highest Cumulative Cases in Malaysia During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

IntroductionLike many other countries, the federal government of Malaysia took the initiative to implement nationwide home confinement as a preventive measure in response to the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak, better known as Movement Control Order (MCO). Many have suffered economically, which led to poor states of well-being. This study investigates the relationship between lifestyle, psychological factors affecting eating habits, and physical activity among government servants in states with the highest cumulative cases during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 210 government servants from four states (Selangor, Sabah, Kuala Lumpur, and Johor) from May 2021 to June 2021. Three validated questionnaires were used, namely, Emotional-Eater Questionnaire (EEQ), and Malay International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-M) from López-Moreno et al. (1).ResultsThere were significant gender differences (P < 0.001) for supplement intake, with 30.4% among men and 62.3% in women. Almost half (49.1%) were classified as emotional or very emotional eaters. Also, a significant difference (P < 0.005) was found in the perception of boredom and apathy between men (35.7%) and women (31.8%). A majority (56.2%) stated that their mood positively affected their eating habits. The total metabolic equivalent of task (MET) for 132 subjects was 3495.8 ± 3862.7 min/week for physical activity. Significant differences were observed between MET and gender (Mann–Whitney U-test: P = 0.019), with men showing higher MET value (5001.4 ± 5354.0 min/week men, 2864.3 ± 2754.3 min/week women). A significant difference was observed among women for body weight and body mass index (BMI) before and during MCO (P < 0.001). For the emotional eater, there were correlations with eating habits before the MCO for quantity of food intake (P = 0.003), frequency of mealtime (P < 0.001), changes of food habits (P = 0.005), cooking methods (P = 0.016), and frequency of food intake (P = 0.020). There is no correlation (P = 0.577) between psychological factors affecting eating habits and physical activity during COVID-19.ConclusionChanges were reported before and during MCO on lifestyle, eating habits, and physical activity. Such information will help design strategies to improve the economic and health status among government servants in Malaysia during the implementation of MCO or something similar.

Are eSports more than just sitting? A study comparing energy expenditure

Aim: To investigate the energy expenditure of amateur eSport athletes between sitting and aneSport gaming session. Materials & methods: Eleven amateur male eSport athletes (age: 21.73±3.50years, weight: 76.00±12.51kg, height: 1.81±0.06m) were included. After recording the resting values, eSports playing values were recorded using an open circulation oxygen consumption analyzer (QuarkCPET, COSMED, Albano Laziale, Italy). Also, action per min(APM) scores were recorded. Results: When comparing the respiratory frequency, metabolic equivalent of task values and energy expenditure values of the participants, asignificant increase was observed in all three values (p<0.05 for each). Conclusion: eSports players, who are considered to be physically inactive by sitting, spend approximately 40% more energy than sitting, even at theamateur level. According to APM, more energy can be spent in tournaments and at the elite level.

Comparisons of physical activity and understanding of the importance of exercise according to dialysis modality in maintenance dialysis patients

Data regarding the status of physical activity or understanding of the importance of exercise, such as barriers of exercise or enablers of exercise, in dialysis patients were insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the status of physical activity and the understanding of the importance of exercise in Korean dialysis patients. The study participants were recruited from 27 hospitals or dialysis centers (n = 1611). Physical activity was evaluated using the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. High physical activity was defined as ≥ 600 metabolic equivalent of task (MET). Knowledge about the importance of exercise, enabler for regular exercise, benefits of exercise, and barrier to exercise was evaluated. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by the Kidney Disease Quality of Life version 1.3. The number of participants in the hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) groups was 1247 and 364, respectively. The intensity of physical activity did not differ between the two modalities. The time of physical activity was longer in HD patients than in PD patients, which resulted in greater MET values and the number of high physical activity. There were 762 (61.1%) HD patients and 281 (77.2%) PD patients who heard of the importance of exercise (P < 0.001). In both HD and PD patients, dialysis staff played the most significant role as educators on the importance of exercise and enablers of exercise. The most important barriers to exercise were poor motivation and fatigue in both modalities. HD patients exhibited greater differences in HRQoL scales across two physical activity levels, compared to PD patients. Our study showed that the barrier to exercise and the enablers of exercise were poor motivation/fatigue and encouragement from dialysis staff, respectively.

Fit, Female or Fifty - is cardiac rehabilitation fit for purpose? A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a multi-disciplinary, evidence-based intervention, aimed to address modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. It is recommended worldwide for patients following myocardial infarction (MI), Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and cardiac surgery. A growing body of evidence points towards a lack of uptake in CR in females and younger people. Purpose To examine the effectiveness of contemporary CR programs and assess whether they cater for all patients regardless of age, gender and prior level of fitness, via systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Methods MEDLINE was examined for studies involving exercise prescription or CR following MI, PCI and cardiac surgery from January 2010 to May 2020. RCTs and cohort studies of ≥10 patients were included for programs delivering phase II or III CR. Primary outcome measures were peakVO2max, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and Metabolic Equivalent of Task (METs). Data were extracted using random effects meta-analysis. Epidemiological data were analysed for age, proportion of males to females and prior level of fitness. Baseline level of fitness was assessed by peakVO2max, 6MWT and METs values on entry into CR programs. Meta-regression was then used to determine change in fitness and the influence of age or gender. Results Thirty-three of the 713 studies (13 RCT, 20 cohort) were eligible and included in the review. Participants had a mean age of 60.0 years and 6/49 (12%) of study groups had a mean age &amp;lt;55 years. Male participants comprised 81.9% of those who completed CR and 41/58 (71%) participants were below average for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) when compared to normative values for those aged 60-69 years on entering CR. CRF improved in all study groups by the end of CR programs (mean improvement in peakVO2 3.3mL/kg/min, 6MWT 90.8m and METs 1.7). Meta-regression analysis showed that males were more likely to have an increase in 6MWT distance compared to females (mean difference 3.16m (95% CI 0.44-5.89). However, gender and age did not independently affect peakVO2max or METs. Conclusion CR following MI, PCI or cardiac surgery improved mean CRF in all study groups. While males were more likely to show an improvement in 6MWT there was no appreciable difference in effect in other outcomes after controlling for age or gender differences. Females, younger people and those of average or above CRF appear to be under-represented in data and attendance at cardiac rehabilitation. Given that CR outcomes are equal across gender and age, more effort should be made to encourage female and younger patients to attend. A ‘Precision Medicine’ model of exercise prescription may assist in this aim.

Energy cost and psychological impact of robotic-assisted gait training in people with spinal cord injury: effect of two different types of devices.

In the last years, there has been an intense technological development of robotic devices for gait rehabilitation in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate energy cost and psychological impact during a rehabilitation program with two different types of robotic rehabilitation systems (stationary system on a treadmill, Lokomat, and overground walking system, Ekso GT). Fifteen SCI patients with different injury levels underwent robot-assisted gait training sessions, divided into 2 phases: in the first phase, all subjects completed 3 sessions both Lokomat and Ekso GT. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to Lokomat or the Ekso for 17 sessions. A questionnaire, investigating the subjective psychological impact (SPI) during gait training, was administered. The functional outcome measures were oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), metabolic equivalent of task (MET), walking economy, and heart rate (HR). The metabolic responses (7.73 ± 1.02mL/kg/min) and MET values (3.20 ± 1.01) during robotic overground walking resulted to be higher than those during robotic treadmill walking (3.91 ± 0.93mL/kg/min and 1.58 ± 0.44; p < 0.01). Both devices showed high scores in emotion and satisfaction. Overground walking resulted in higher scores of fatigue, mental effort, and discomfort while walking with Lokomat showed a higher score in muscle relaxation. All patients showed improvements in walking economy due to a decrease in energy cost with increased speed and workload. Overground robotic-assisted gait training in rehabilitation program needs higher cognitive and cardiovascular efforts than robot-assisted gait training on a treadmill.

Sex Differences in Occupational Physical Activity

Strong evidence supports that participation in recreational physical activity (PA) is beneficial for health. However, PA is also derived from occupational, household and transportation-related activities, among which perhaps the most important is occupational, due to the time spent at work and that some jobs entail considerable PA. In contrast to recreational PA, the effects of occupational PA have been studied to a much lesser extent. Though, energy expenditure regardless of its source should have similar beneficial effects, certain jobs are conducted in settings that may contain hazardous exposures, whereby increasing occupational PA may actually exacerbate harmful effects.As sex differences may affect activity levels and/or the metabolism of certain chemical exposures, research should incorporate the consideration of sex and gender. We examined sex differences in occupational PA levels using data from a population-based case-control study of lung cancer conducted in Montr&amp;#233;al, Canada (889 men, 564 women). In this study, lifetime job history was collected via in-person interviews; for each job, the main tasks conducted were also obtained. The energy expenditure for each job-related task, in units of metabolic equivalent of task (MET), was determined via expert assessment by an industrial hygienist and an exercise physiologist.In preliminary analysis, the most common jobs held by men and women included accountant, occupations related to management and administration, clerk, cleaner and waiter. Despite these occupations being mostly white collar, MET values were found to be higher in men than in women (t-test p&amp;lt;0.05 for: sales clerk, cleaner and hand packager). Further analysis will be conducted to compare the job profiles, based on job titles, industries and tasks, by sex.Less is known about occupational determinants of health in women than men, and understanding sex differences in occupational energy expenditure is one avenue to inform on prevention efforts.

Choosing Exercise Cadence on the Outdoor Stepper for Various Exercise Intensity

Public parks and gardens are gaining numerous outdoor fitness equipment (OFE), easily accessed by the public. Most people use this equipment without any guidance and thus there is a need for basic guidelines on how to use the equipment. This study offers a practical guideline for exercising on one of the most widely used pieces of OFE, the outdoor stepping machine (OSM). Thirty-four healthy adults (nine females, 25 males) participated in workouts of three separate stepping exercises at different intensities, controlled by stepping cadence. At each 5-minute phase, rated perceived exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), metabolic equivalent of task (MET) and heart rate (HR) were measured. Corresponding MET values of exercise cadences were calculated to be 5.3 at 80 steps.min−1, 6.0 at 96 steps.min−1 and 6.6 at 112 steps.min−1. Mean values for RPE at each stepping cadence were 9.1 (very light), 11.9 (moderate) and 14.8 (difficult), respectively. In conclusion, when the ACSM’s guidelines for indoor stepper machine (ISM) were taken as a reference, 80 steps.min−1 were suitable for warm-up, 96 and 112 steps.min−1 were appropriate for moderate exercise. People exercising on OSMs could easily use the cadence or the RPE scale as a guideline to exercise at the desired intensity.

Metabolic cost during tyre and rope functional training

This study aimed to examine the metabolic cost during tyre and rope functional training. 20 male youth aged between 20 and 24 years old with average age (22.05 ± 1.46) were recruited for this study. Participants involved in three types of exercise that uses rope and three types of exercise using a tire. Metabolic cost (Metabolic Equivalent of Task value, oxygen consumption, energy cost, and pulse rate training) during training was measured using a special tool called portable metabolic analyzer. Results showed the average MET value for exercises using rope and tires for 10 minutes was 7.25 ± 1.62. The average recorded oxygen consumption was 1655.05 ± 295.703) mL · min -1. While the average energy used is 74.75 ± 14.78 kcal or 7.47 kcal · min -1. The average pulse rate during a 10-minute exercise function was 153.15 ± 13.28 per minute. Overall, using rope and tire as tools for resistance training would give many advantages for the functionality development among the individuals. Keywords : metabolic cost; rope; tyre; oxygen; functionality.

A self-determination approach to the understanding of the impact of physical activity on depressive symptoms.

The purpose was to test a new motivational sequence. It was hypothesized that more autonomous forms of motivation would predict the intensity of physical activity (PA), which in turn, would predict depressive symptoms. In order to evaluate self-determined motivation, the Self-Determination Index (SDI) was used. Because the reasons that can lead a person to engage in walking, moderate PA, or vigorous PA may be different, 3 independent self-determination indexes were measured (SDIWalking, SDIModerate, and SDIVigorous). It was also measured the metabolic equivalent of task values (METs) for walking, moderate, and vigorous PA, as well as the depressive symptoms. The sample consisted of 357 college students whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 years. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. The indices of fit showed that the revised model fits the data reasonably well: S-Bχ2(11) =14.83, p=.190; χ2 /df=1.35; *comparative fit index=.99; *root mean square error of approximation=.03, 90% CI [.000, .068]; standardised root mean square residual=.03. It was found that vigorous PA is the only intensity that predicts depressive symptoms. In other words, SDIV-predicted vigorous PA (measured as METS V), which subsequently predicted less depressive symptoms (SDIV→METS V→Depressive symptoms). Further research should investigate the effects of vigorous PA on depressive symptoms.

Comparing the standards of one metabolic equivalent of task in accurately estimating physical activity energy expenditure based on acceleration

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study is to analyse how the standard of resting metabolic rate (RMR) affects estimation of the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) using an accelerometer. In order to investigate the effect on estimation according to intensity of activity, comparisons were conducted between the 3.5 ml O2 · kg−1 · min−1 and individually measured resting VO2 as the standard of 1 MET. MET was estimated by linear regression equations that were derived through five-fold cross-validation using 2 types of MET values and accelerations; the accuracy of estimation was analysed through cross-validation, Bland and Altman plot, and one-way ANOVA test. There were no significant differences in the RMS error after cross-validation. However, the individual RMR-based estimations had as many as 0.5 METs of mean difference in modified Bland and Altman plots than RMR of 3.5 ml O2 · kg−1 · min−1. Finally, the results of an ANOVA test indicated that the individual RMR-based estimations had less significant differences between the reference and estimated values at each intensity of activity. In conclusion, the RMR standard is a factor that affects accurate estimation of METs by acceleration; therefore, RMR requires individual specification when it is used for estimation of METs using an accelerometer.

Wrist-Gathered Acceleration Data and their Correlation with Physical Activity in the Elderly

Estimating physical activity in the elderly from wrist-gathered acceleration data was studied. Thirty individuals (65+ years) were video-recorded while wearing a wrist device and going about their normal activities within their regular living environment for four hours each. Acceleration data were summarized into an activity value [via the “differential signal magnitude” (DSM) method] and compared to metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values determined by video analysis for each time period (“epoch”). Different sampling rates and epoch sizes were evaluated. Sampling at 4 Hz and using 60-second epochs provided the best results, with a moderate Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.58 between DSM activity values and MET values. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for classifying each minute of data as active (MET >= 2.0) versus moderately active (MET > 1.2 and < 2.0) was 0.87 (sensitivity 80%, specificity 79%). DSM activity values (sampling at 4 Hz) were compared to the widely known signal magnitude area (SMA) values (requiring low-pass filtering and sampling at 40 Hz), with an excellent correlation of 0.994.

The effect of individual education on patients’ physical activity capacity after myocardial infarction

The present study aims to determine the effects of individual education and counselling given to first-time myocardial infarction patients, including its effect on compliance with treatment. The sample comprised 90 patients, 45 in the intervention and 45 in the control group, selected by sequential sampling from first-time myocardial infarction patients. Data were collected between April and November 2008 by means of patient information form, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 6 min walk test, Modified Borg Scale, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina Grade Classification. In the intervention group more improvement was observed in comparison with the control group in terms of frequency of physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference. It was observed that the intervention group's metabolic equivalent of task values and 6 min walk test distance increased more in comparison with the control group 3 months after baseline, and there was a statistically significant difference. The results indicated that individual education and counselling provided to patients having experienced acute myocardial infarction increased functional capacity by providing patients with advice on how to lose weight and by improving compliance with treatment through physical activity behaviours (frequency and duration).

Abstract A47: Lifetime occupational physical activity and lung cancer risk in men and women

Abstract The majority of epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between physical activity (PA) and lung cancer risk support the role of recreational PA in lung cancer risk reduction. There have been fewer studies that have examined occupational PA in relation to lung cancer risk and inconclusive results have been reported with some evidence supporting a positive association. In most of these studies, the assessment of occupational PA was crude, based either on self-reported cross-sectional assessments or simple job title-based categorizations. Consideration of lifetime occupational PA and occupational PA accrued in different age windows may provide additional information regarding the direction and magnitude of the relationship, as well as the biologically relevant time window, between PA and lung cancer risk. Methods: The relationship between lifetime occupational PA and lung cancer risk was examined in a population-based case-control study of 1,136 incident lung cancer cases and 1,457 controls conducted in Montreal, Canada. Lifetime job history was collected via in-person interviews; for each job, the main tasks conducted were also obtained. The energy expenditure for each job-related task was determined via expert assessment by an industrial hygienist and an exercise physiologist in units of metabolic equivalent of task (MET). For each job, an average MET value was calculated by weighting the MET values of each job-related task by the hours per week spent in each task. The average lifetime occupational PA level was then computed by weighting the average MET value for each job by the duration spent in that job. The interview also elicited information on the subject's habitual recreational PA. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer risk associated with average lifetime occupational PA and average occupational PA levels in different age windows while controlling for potential confounders. Specifically, average occupational PA in the age windows of 18-24, 24-44 and 45-64 years in relation to lung cancer risk was examined. Confounding was assessed by combining directed acyclic graphs and the change-in-estimate procedure as a novel approach for covariate selection. Effect modification by smoking, body mass index (BMI) and exposure to occupational carcinogens was also assessed. All analyses were conducted separately for men and women. Results: The OR (95% CI) between average lifetime occupational PA and lung cancer risk, comparing the highest versus lowest quartile, was 1.38 (0.88-2.16) in men and 1.01 (0.58-1.76) in women. These associations were not modified by smoking level, BMI or occupational carcinogen exposure. Occupational PA in men was not associated with lung cancer in any of the age windows in which exposure was examined. In women, the highest versus lowest quartile of occupational PA was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in the age window of 18-24 years (OR=1.72: 1.00-2.94); in the age windows of 24-44 (OR=0.89: 0.53-1.48) and 45-64 years (OR=0.63: 0.38-1.02) no increase in lung cancer risk was observed. When analyses were adjusted for recreational PA, results did not differ appreciably. Conclusion: These results fail to support the previously reported protective effects of PA on lung cancer risk. To the limited extent that they show a deviation from the null hypothesis of no influence on risk, they actually suggest some increased risk of lung cancer with higher occupational PA, although this relationship was inconsistent between sexes and in different age windows. This research was funded by the Canadian Cancer Society and the Guzzo-SRC Chair in Environment and Cancer. Citation Format: Vikki Ho, Marie-Élise Parent, Javier Pintos, Michal Abrahamowicz, Lise Gauvin, Jack Siemiatycki, Anita Koushik. Lifetime occupational physical activity and lung cancer risk in men and women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr A47.

Effects of physical activity on the development and progression of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes: retrospective analysis of the DCCT study

BackgroundTo examine the effects of physical activity on the development and progression of microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes.MethodsA retrospective analysis of data from the Diabetes Control and Complications trial was undertaken. Physical activity data was collected at baseline for each of 1441 recruits, converted to metabolic equivalent of task values, and categorised according to the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations. The rates of development/progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy were compared in those who achieved over twice recommended, up to twice recommended, and less than recommended metabolic equivalent of task levels of activity. The DCCT study had a mean duration of follow up of 6.5 years ending in 1993.ResultsA total of 271 subjects had a sustained three-step progression in diabetic retinopathy. The rates of development or progression of retinopathy showed no significant association with physical activity level. The number of outcomes for nephropathy and neuropathy were small and there was no significant association with physical activity level.ConclusionsWe found no evidence that physical activity improves microvascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes. However we demonstrate no evidence of harm. We suggest that physical activity continues to play an important role in the management of type 1 diabetes.

Evaluation of sleeping energy expenditure using the SenseWear Armband in patients with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the average sleeping energy expenditure (EE) levels using the SenseWear Armband (SWA) in patients with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Sixty patients with hypothyroidism and 30 healthy individuals were recruited for the study. Hypothyroid patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 30) consisted of patients with overt hypothyroidism and group 2 (n = 30) consisted of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Lastly, group 3 (n = 30) consisted of healthy subjects. The average EE and metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values during sleep of all the hypothyroid participants were analyzed at baseline and at the end of the study. Data were also obtained from the healthy subjects at baseline. The average sleeping EE and METs values were not significantly different at baseline. Similarly, these values did not change significantly after achieving a euthyroid state via thyroid hormone replacement (both p > 0.05). Contrary to what has been previously reported , the average sleeping EE and METs values in all hypothyroid patients and healthy individuals were similar at baseline and did not change in the patients with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism after achievement of a euthyroid state.