Metabolized Research Articles

Synthetic syntrophy for adenine nucleotide cross-feeding between metabolically active nanoreactors.

Living systems depend on continuous energy input for growth, replication and information processing. Cells use membrane proteins as nanomachines to convert light or chemical energy of nutrients into other forms of energy, such as ion gradients or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). However, engineering sustained fuel supply and metabolic energy conversion in synthetic systems is challenging. Here, inspired by endosymbionts that rely on the host cell for their nutrients, we introduce the concept of cross-feeding to exchange ATP and ADP between lipid-based compartments hundreds of nanometres in size. One population of vesicles enzymatically produces ATP in the mM concentration range and exports it. A second population of vesicles takes up this ATP to fuel internal reactions. The produced ADP feeds back to the first vesicles, and ATP-dependent reactions can be fuelled sustainably for up to at least 24 h. The vesicles are a platform technology to fuel ATP-dependent processes in a sustained fashion, with potential applications in synthetic cells and nanoreactors. Fundamentally, the vesicles enable studying non-equilibrium processes in an energy-controlled environment and promote the development and understanding of constructing life-like metabolic systems on the nanoscale.

Directly monitoring the dynamic in vivo metabolisms of hyperpolarized 13C-oligopeptides.

Peptides play essential roles in biological phenomena, and, thus, there is a growing interest in detecting in vivo dynamics of peptide metabolisms. Dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) is a state-of-the-art technology that can markedly enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), providing metabolic and physiological information in vivo. However, the hyperpolarized state exponentially decays back to the thermal equilibrium, depending on the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1). Because of the limitation in T1, peptide-based DNP NMR molecular probes applicable in vivo have been limited to amino acids or dipeptides. Here, we report the direct detection of in vivo metabolic conversions of hyperpolarized 13C-oligopeptides. Structure-based T1 relaxation analysis suggests that the C-terminal [1-13C]Gly-d2 residue affords sufficient T1 for biological uses, even in relatively large oligopeptides, and allowed us to develop 13C-β-casomorphin-5 and 13C-glutathione. It was found that the metabolic response and perfusion of the hyperpolarized 13C-glutathione in the mouse kidney were significantly altered in a model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.

Comparative profiling of the absorbed compounds and metabolites, and pharmacokinetic studies of Danshen-Chuanxiong herb pair in rat plasma and brain using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Danshen-Chuanxiong (DS-CX) was a classic herb pair commonly used to treat ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, the metabolic conversion and pharmacokinetic behavior of DS-CX in vivo remains unclear. This work aimed to reveal the in vivo metabolic behavior of DS-CX through establishing metabolic profiles and performing multicomponent pharmacokinetics analysis. The mass defect filtering (MDF) strategy integrated with UHPLC-QTOF-MS was firstly developed to characterize the metabolites of DS-CX in rats’ plasma and brain. Moreover, a sensitive UHPLC-QQQ-MS method was utilized to perform the comparative pharmacokinetic studies of major active ingredients of DS-CX in rats’ plasma. A total of 111 exogenous compounds (29 prototype compounds and 82 metabolites) were identified in rat biological samples. The major metabolic pathways were hydroxylation, methylation, deoxidation, dehydration, hydrogenation, demethylation, hydrolysis, decarboxylation and glucuronidation binding reactions. According to the results of metabolites profiling, sixteen active compounds (8 phenolic acids, 5 phthalides and 3 tanshinones) were selected as markers for further comparative pharmacokinetics study. Compared with the oral administration of DS or CX alone, the higher Cmax of salvianolic acid B, crytotanshinone and tanshinone IIA; the shorter Tmax of lithospermic acid, rosmarinic acid and tanshinone IIA; as well as the higher AUC0−∞ of ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, senkyunolide I and crytotanshinone, could be found after co-administration of DS-CX (P < 0.05). This study provided the overall knowledge of metabolites profiling of DS-CX in vivo, which would help to understand the effective material basis and promote the clinical application of DC-CX herb pair.

Peracetic acid enhanced anaerobic co-digestion of excess sludge and food waste: performance and mechanism

ABSTRACT Anaerobic co-digestion of excess sludge (ES) and food waste (FW) has been proven to be a clean and efficient strategy for the resource recovery of organic waste. However, the methane production from the anaerobic co-digestion of ES and FW is not optimal. This study reports a new strategy of using peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment to enhance the anaerobic co-digestion of ES and FW and reveals the underlying mechanisms. The results confirm that PAA can effectively promote the production of methane from the anaerobic co-digestion of ES and FW, with the maximum methane yield reaching 416 mL/g volatile suspended solids at a PAA content of 9% (w/w). Mechanistic analysis indicates that PAA efficiently facilitates the solubilization of organic matter, promoting the release of soluble proteins and polysaccharides, and accelerating the metabolic conversion of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to prevent excessive acidification. The maximum output of VFA in the PAA group was 1,511–1,974 mg/L, which was lower than that in the control group. Batch experimental analysis revealed that PAA promoted the hydrolysis and acidification processes, but inhibited the methanogenic process. The PAA pretreatment technique provides a theoretical basis for the efficient treatment of organic matter in urban areas.

Distinct cellular uptake patterns of two anticancer unsymmetrical bisacridines and their metabolic transformation in tumor cells

Unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs) represent a novel class of anticancer agents. Their high cytotoxicity towards multiple human cancer cell lines and inhibition of human tumor xenograft growth in nude mice signal their potential for cancer treatment. Therefore, the mechanism of their strong biological activity is broadly investigated. Here, we explore the efflux and metabolism of UAs, as both strongly contribute to the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. We tested two highly cytotoxic UAs, C-2028 and C-2045, as well as their glucuronic acid and glutathione conjugates in human cancer cell lines (HepG2 and LS174T). As a point of reference for cell-based systems, we examined the rate of UA metabolic conversion in cell-free systems. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed in the present study for analysis of UAs and their metabolic conversion in complex biological matrices. Individual analytes were identified by several features: their retention time, mass-to-charge ratio and unique fragmentation pattern. The rate of UA uptake and metabolic transformation was monitored for 24 h in cell extracts and cell culture medium. Both UAs were rapidly internalized by cells. However, C-2028 was gradually accumulated, while C-2045 was eventually released from cells during treatment. UAs demonstrated limited metabolic conversion in cells. The glucuronic acid conjugate was excreted, whereas the glutathione conjugate was deposited in cancer cells. Our results obtained from cell-free and cell-based systems, using a uniform MRM-MS method, will provide valuable insight into the mechanism of UA biological activity in diverse biological models.

Equine metabolic investigation of the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor ibudilast as a potential performance enhancer.

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are a newer class of drugs that induce bronchodilation and have anti-inflammatory effects, making them susceptible to misuse as performance enhancers in competitive sports. This study explores the metabolic conversion of PDE4 inhibitor ibudilast in thoroughbred horses after oral administration and in vitro using equine liver microsomes and Cunninghamella elegans. A liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method was used to postulate the plausible structures of the detected metabolites. A total of 20 in vivo metabolites were identified under experimental conditions, including 12 Phase I and 8 Phase II conjugated metabolites. Phase I metabolites were predominantly formed through hydroxylation (mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxylation). Demethylated metabolites were also identified during this investigation. Additionally, the research detected Phase II metabolites conjugated with glucuronic and sulfonic acids. The data presented here can assist in detecting the PDE4 inhibitor ibudilast and uncover its illicit use in competitive sports.

Dental Caries: Unveiling the State-of-the-art Insights and Crafting Hypotheses for Oral Health.

The pathophysiological understanding of dental caries explains that the primary factor responsible is linked to an imbalance in microbial composition within the oral cavity, stemming from both artificial and natural sources. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the most accountable and prevalent pathogen for caries development among the diverse pool. S. mutans, an acidogenic bacterium, lowers oral pH through the metabolic conversion of dietary sugar into organic acids, leading to enamel demineralization and dental caries. Numerous antibacterial interventions have been employed in the past to address this issue. However, adopting such an approach poses the risk of exacerbating concerns related to Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and long-term oral cytotoxicity. In response to this, a sustainable strategy is suggested, involving the utilization of L-Arginine (L-Arg) as a probiotic nutrient supplement for non-pathogenic microbes. It will help in creating a natural competitive environment against the pathogenic microbes responsible for initiating dental caries. The hypothesis involves utilizing a combination of a nutrient supplement and the repurposed drug Piceatannol, specifically for its anti-biofilm properties. This combination synergistically improves the effectiveness of the therapy by converting the complex microbial biofilm into a planktonic state.

Gut microbiota: A key role for human milk oligosaccharides in regulating host health early in life.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are an evolutionarily significant advantage bestowed by mothers for facilitating the development of the infant's gut microbiota. They can avoid absorption in the stomach and small intestine, reaching the colon successfully, where they engage in close interactions with gut microbes. This process also enables HMOs to exert additional prebiotic effects, including regulating the mucus layer, promoting physical growth and brain development, as well as preventing and mitigating conditions such as NEC, allergies, and diarrhea. Here, we comprehensively review the primary ways by which gut microbiota, including Bifidobacteria and other genera, utilize HMOs, and we classify them into five central pathways. Furthermore, we emphasize the metabolic benefits of bacteria consuming HMOs, particularly the recently identified intrinsic link between HMOs and the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to indole and its derivatives. We also examine the extensive probiotic roles of HMOs and their recent research advancements, specifically concentrating on the unsummarized role of HMOs in regulating the mucus layer, where their interaction with the gut microbiota becomes crucial. Additionally, we delve into the principal tools used for functional mining of new HMOs. In conclusion, our study presents a thorough analysis of the interaction mechanism between HMOs and gut microbiota, emphasizing the cooperative utilization of HMOs by gut microbiota, and provides an overview of the subsequent probiotic effects of this interaction. This review provides new insights into the interaction of HMOs with the gut microbiota, which will inform the mechanisms by which HMOs function.

Dysregulation of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome by pentose phosphate pathway.

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and its oxidized derivative dihydrobiopterin (BH2) were found to be strongly elevated in ME/CFS patients with orthostatic intolerance (ME + OI). However, the molecular mechanism of biopterin biogenesis is poorly understood in ME + OI subjects. Here, we report that the activation of the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) plays a critical role in the biogenesis of biopterins (BH4 and BH2) in ME + OI subjects. Microarray-based gene screening followed by real-time PCR-based validation, ELISA assay, and finally enzyme kinetic studies of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), transaldolase (TALDO1), and transketolase (TK) enzymes revealed that the augmentation of anaerobic PPP is critical in the regulations of biopterins. To further investigate, we devised a novel cell culture strategy to induce non-oxidative PPP by treating human microglial cells with ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) under a hypoxic condition of 85%N2/10%CO2/5%O2 followed by the analysis of biopterin metabolism via ELISA, immunoblot, and dual immunocytochemical analyses. Moreover, the siRNA knocking down of the taldo1 gene strongly inhibited the bioavailability of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), reduced the expressions of purine biosynthetic enzymes, attenuated GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1), and suppressed subsequent production of BH4 and its metabolic conversion to BH2 in R5P-treated and hypoxia-induced C20 human microglia cells. These results confirmed that the activation of non-oxidative PPP is indeed required for the upregulation of both BH4 and BH2 via the purine biosynthetic pathway. To test the functional role of ME + OI plasma-derived biopterins, exogenously added plasma samples of ME + OI plasma with high BH4 upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) in human microglial cells indicating that the non-oxidative PPP-induced-biopterins could stimulate inflammatory response in ME + OI patients. Taken together, our current research highlights that the induction of non-oxidative PPP regulates the biogenesis of biopterins contributing to ME/CFS pathogenesis.

Biochemical and structural elucidation of the L-carnitine degradation pathway of the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic human pathogen which can use host-derived L-carnitine as sole carbon and energy source. Recently, an L-carnitine transporter (Aci1347) and a specific monooxygense (CntA/CntB) for the intracellular cleavage of L-carnitine have been characterized. Subsequent conversion of the resulting malic semialdehyde into the central metabolite L-malate was hypothesized. Alternatively, L-carnitine degradation via D-malate with subsequent oxidation into pyruvate was proposed. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo reconstitution of the entire pathway, starting from the as yet uncharacterized gene products of the carnitine degradation gene operon. Using recombinantly purified enzymes, enantiomer-specific formation of D-malate by the NAD(P)+-dependent malic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MSA-DH) is demonstrated. The solved X-ray crystal structure of tetrameric MSA-DH reveals the key catalytic residues Cys290 and Glu256, accessible through opposing substrate and cofactor funnels. Specific substrate binding is enabled by Arg166, Arg284 and Ser447 while dual cofactor specificity for NAD+ and NADP+ is mediated by Asn184. The subsequent conversion of the unusual D-malate reaction product by an uncharacterized NAD+-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is shown. Tetrameric MDH is a β-decarboxylating dehydrogenase that synthesizes pyruvate. MDH experiments with alternative substrates showed a high degree of substrate specificity. Finally, the entire A. baumannni pathway was heterologously reconstituted, allowing E. coli to grow on L-carnitine as a carbon and energy source. Overall, the metabolic conversion of L-carnitine via malic semialdehyde and D-malate into pyruvate, CO2 and trimethylamine was demonstrated. Trimethylamine is also an important gut microbiota-dependent metabolite that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The pathway reconstitution experiments allowed us to assess the TMA forming capacity of gut microbes which is related to human cardiovascular health.

An artificial metabzyme for tumour-cell-specific metabolic therapy.

Metabolic dysregulation constitutes a pivotal feature of cancer progression. Enzymes with multiple metal active sites play a major role in this process. Here we report the first metabolic-enzyme-like FeMoO4 nanocatalyst, dubbed 'artificial metabzyme'. It showcases dual active centres, namely, Fe2+ and tetrahedral Mo4+, that mirror the characteristic architecture of the archetypal metabolic enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase. Employing spatially dynamic metabolomics in conjunction with the assessments of tumour-associated metabolites, we demonstrate that FeMoO4 metabzyme catalyses the metabolic conversion of tumour-abundant xanthine into uric acid. Subsequent metabolic adjustments orchestrate crosstalk with immune cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic pathway for cancer. Our study introduces an innovative paradigm in cancer therapy, where tumour cells are metabolically reprogrammed to autonomously modulate and directly interface with immune cells through the intervention of an artificial metabzyme, for tumour-cell-specific metabolic therapy.

The effects of in vitro vitamin D treatment on glycolytic reprogramming of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Ldlr knock-out mouse

Dendritic cells (DCs) undergo glycolytic reprogramming, a metabolic conversion process essential for their activation. Vitamin D has been reported to affect the function of DCs, but studies in metabolic diseases are insufficient. This study investigates the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) treatment on glycolytic reprogramming of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from control, obese, and atherosclerosis mice. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (CON) or a Western diet (WD), and B6.129S7-Ldlrtm1Her/J mice were fed a Western diet (LDLR−/−) for 16 weeks. BMDCs were cultured in a medium containing 1,25(OH)2D3 (10 nM) for 7 days and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 ng/mL) for 24 h. In mature BMDCs, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment decreased basal and compensatory glycolytic proton efflux rates (glycoPER), the expression of surface markers related to immune function of DCs (MHC class II, CD80, and CD86), and IL-12p70 production. In addition, mTORC1 activation and nitric oxide (NO) production were suppressed by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in mature BMDCs. The effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment on IL-12p70 production and mTORC1 activity in the LDLR−/− group was greater than in the CON group. These findings suggest that vitamin D can affect the metabolic environment of BMDCs by regulating glycolytic reprogramming as well as by inducing tolerogenic phenotypes of DCs.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Monitoring of Tryptophan Dynamics in 3D Pancreatic Tumor Models.

In the intricate landscape of the tumor microenvironment, both cancer and stromal cells undergo rapid metabolic adaptations to support their growth. Given the relevant role of the metabolic secretome in fueling tumor progression, its unique metabolic characteristics have gained prominence as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. As a result, rapid and accurate tools have been developed to track metabolic changes in the tumor microenvironment with high sensitivity and resolution. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a highly sensitive analytical technique and has been proven efficient toward the detection of metabolites in biological media. However, profiling secreted metabolites in complex cellular environments such as those in tumor-stroma 3D in vitro models remains challenging. To address this limitation, we employed a SERS-based strategy to investigate the metabolic secretome of pancreatic tumor models within 3D cultures. We aimed to monitor the immunosuppressive potential of stratified pancreatic cancer-stroma spheroids as compared to 3D cultures of either pancreatic cancer cells or cancer-associated fibroblasts, focusing on the metabolic conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine by the IDO-1 enzyme. We additionally sought to elucidate the dynamics of tryptophan consumption in correlation with the size, temporal evolution, and composition of the spheroids, as well as assessing the effects of different drugs targeting the IDO-1 machinery. As a result, we confirm that SERS can be a valuable tool toward the optimization of cancer spheroids, in connection with their tryptophan metabolizing capacity, potentially allowing high-throughput spheroid analysis.

Temporal metabolic dynamics and heterogeneity of viable but nonculturable Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by chlorine disinfection at single-cell resolution

Characterizing the metabolic network and dynamics of Viable But Nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria is crucial for their identification and control. In this study, single-cell Raman spectroscopy was used to explore the metabolic intricacies of VBNC P. aeruginosa induced by chlorine disinfection over 24 h. VBNC P. aeruginosa exhibited significant reductions of 75.98 %, 84.26 % and 81.07 % in carbohydrate, protein and nucleic acid Raman peaks, signaling decreased metabolic activity in these crucial components. Intriguingly, lipid metabolism in VBNC P. aeruginosa remained robust, indicating a potential adaptation to environmental stress. Furthermore, this study analyzed Raman characteristic peaks to examine metabolic conversion in these bacteria. VBNC P. aeruginosa displayed distinct phase-specific metabolic conversion patterns compared to culturable ones. These findings shed light on the temporal dynamics of metabolic processes, such as lipid-carbohydrate conversion, which appeared to be ongoing throughout the incubation period in VBNC P. aeruginosa. Compared to the culturable state, VBNC P. aeruginosa exhibited reduced isotopic assimilation rates for carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen by 40.57 %, 44.62 % and 39.45 %, indicating decreased substrate uptake for biomolecular synthesis. Additionally, the metabolic heterogeneity index of the VBNC bacterial population increased by 37.28 %, with this heterogeneity displaying a progressive increase with the duration of the culture. This observation suggests VBNC P. aeruginosa differentiation into distinct subpopulations, believed crucial for survival in challenging environments. These findings reveal the metabolic dynamics of VBNC state bacteria, providing insights into their adaptive strategies and implications for environmental health risk assessment and precise control technologies.

Real-Time Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Pancreatic and Colon Cancer Tumor-Xenografts with Parahydrogen Hyperpolarized 1-13C Pyruvate-d3.

Parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) is an emerging technique to enhance the signal of stable isotope metabolic contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance (MR). The objective of this study is to continue establishing 1-13C-pyruvate-d3, signal-enhanced via PHIP, as a hyperpolarized contrast agent, obtained in seconds, to monitor metabolism in human cancer. Our focus was on human pancreatic and colon tumor xenografts. 1-13C-vinylpyruvate-d6 was hydrogenated using parahydrogen. Thereafter, the polarization of the protons was transferred to 13C. Following a workup procedure, the free hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate-d3 was obtained in clean aqueous solution. After injection into animals bearing either pancreatic or colon cancer xenografts, slice-selective MR spectra were acquired and analyzed to determine rate constants of metabolic conversion into lactate and alanine. 1-13C-pyruvate-d3 proved to follow the increased metabolic rate to lactate and alanine in the tumor xenografts.

An absorption model of volatile organic compound by plant leaf: The most influential site in the absorption pathway

Plant leaves absorb some kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and can contribute to air purification, as revealed by recent exposure experiments conducted at environmentally realistic concentrations in ppb (v/v). However, the mechanisms underlying VOC absorption by plants remain unclear. In this study, we applied Fick's first law of diffusion to a VOC absorption model for plant leaves to account for the VOC diffusion process via stomata, air-liquid partitioning, partitioning into the plasma membrane, and metabolic conversion of the VOC in plant cells. The resistance and concentration of VOCs at individual sites were determined using previously reported absorption data for aliphatic aldehydes and ketones in three plant species and the leaf morphology parameters obtained from leaf cross-section micrographs. The highest resistance occurred at the metabolic site (rmet), suggesting that VOC metabolic capacity is the most influential factor in VOC absorption. The resistance of stomata (rs) or plasma membrane (rpl) was the second highest, depending on compound family. Using the absorption rate data of Q. acutissima, it is revealed that metabolic site resistance rmet for methyl vinyl ketone is affected by light intensity. Thus, our VOC absorption model can determine the most influential site in the absorption pathway both for different VOCs and plant species. Our model can contribute to the development of plant-based strategies for controlling air pollution.

ChREBP plays a pivotal role in the nutrient-mediated regulation of metabolic gene expression in brown adipose tissue

AimsCarbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a transcription factor that regulates several metabolic genes, including the lipogenic enzymes necessary for the metabolic conversion of carbohydrates into lipids. Although the crucial role of ChREBP in the liver, the primary site of de novo lipogenesis, has been studied, its functional role in adipose tissues, particularly brown adipose tissue (BAT), remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of ChREBP in BAT under conditions of a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and ketogenic diet (KD), represented by extremely low carbohydrate intake. Main methodsUsing an adeno-associated virus and Cas9 knock-in mice, we rapidly generated Chrebp brown adipocyte-specific knock-out (B-KO) mice, bypassing the necessity for prolonged breeding by using the Cre-Lox system. Key findingsWe demonstrated that ChREBP is essential for glucose metabolism and lipogenic gene expression in BAT under HCD conditions in Chrebp B-KO mice. After nutrient intake, Chrebp B-KO attenuated the KD-induced expression of several inflammatory genes in BAT. SignificanceOur results indicated that ChREBP, a nutrient-sensing regulator, is indispensable for expressing a diverse range of metabolic genes in BAT.

Effect of dapagliflozin on ferroptosis through the gut microbiota metabolite TMAO during myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in diabetes mellitus rats

Dapagliflozin (DAPA) demonstrates promise in the management of diabetic mellitus (DM) and cardiomyopathy. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is synthesized by the gut microbiota through the metabolic conversion of choline and phosphatidylcholine. Ferroptosis may offer novel therapeutic avenues for the management of diabetes and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the precise mechanism underlying ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes and the specific role of TMAO generated by gut microbiota in the therapeutic approach for DM and myocardial IRI utilizing DAPA need to be further explored. Nine male SD rats with specific pathogen-free (SPF) status were randomly divided equally into the normal group, the DM + IRI (DIR) group, and the DAPA group. The diversity of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, the Wekell technique was employed to measure the levels of TMAO in the three groups. Application of network pharmacology to search for intersection targets of DAPA, DIR, and ferroptosis, and RT-PCR experimental verification. Ultimately, the overlapping targets that were acquired were subjected to molecular docking analysis with TMAO. The changes of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the gut microbiota of DIR rats were most significantly affected by DAPA. Escherichia-Shigella and Prevotella_9 within the phylum Bacteroidetes could be identified as the primary effects of DAPA on DIR. Compared with the normal group, the TMAO content in the DIR group was significantly increased, while the TMAO content in the DAPA group was decreased compared to the DIR group. For the network pharmacology analysis, DAPA and DIR generated 43 intersecting target genes, and then further intersected with ferroptosis-related genes, resulting in 11 overlapping target genes. The mRNA expression of ALB, HMOX1, PPARG, CBS, LCN2, and PPARA decreased in the DIR group through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) validation, while the opposite trend was observed in the DAPA group. The docking score between TMAO and DPP4 was − 5.44, and the MM-GBSA result of − 22.02 kcal/mol. It epitomizes the finest docking performance among all the target genes with the lowest score. DAPA could reduce the levels of metabolite TMAO produced by gut microbiota, thereby regulating related target genes to decrease ferroptosis in DIR cardiomyocytes.

The conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans and dilignans is closely correlated to the regulation of Arctium lappa seed germination.

The secondary metabolic conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely related to seed germination and seedling establishment in Arctium lappa. Arctium lappa plants are used as a kind of traditional Chinese medicines for nearly 1500years, and so far, only a few studies have put focus on the key secondary metabolic changes during seed germination and seedling establishment. In the current study, a combined approach was used to investigate the correlation among secondary metabolites, plant hormone signaling, and transcriptional profiles at the early critical stages of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Of 50 metabolites in methonolic extracts of A. lappa samples, 35 metabolites were identified with LC-MS/MS and 15 metabolites were identified with GC-MS. Their qualitative properties were examined according to the predicted chemical structures. The quantitative analysis was performed for deciphering their metabolic profiles, discovering that the secondary metabolic conversion from monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely correlated to the initiation of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Furthermore, the critical transcriptional changes in primary metabolisms, translational regulation at different cellular compartments, and multiple plant hormone signaling pathways were revealed. In addition, the combined approach provides unprecedented insights into key regulatory mechanisms in both gene transcription and secondary metabolites besides many known primary metabolites during seed germination of an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant species. The results not only provide new insights to understand the regulation of key medicinal components of 'ARCTII FRUCTUS', arctiin and arctigenin at the stages of seed germination and seedling establishment, but also potentially spur the development of seed-based cultivation in A. lappa plants.

Protective Mechanisms of SGLTi in Ischemic Heart Disease.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a common clinical cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Sodium glucose cotransporter protein inhibitor (SGLTi) is a novel hypoglycemic drug. To date, both clinical trials and animal experiments have shown that SGLTi play a protective role in IHD, including myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The protective effects may be involved in mechanisms of energy metabolic conversion, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, ionic homeostasis improvement, immune cell development, angiogenesis and functional regulation, gut microbiota regulation, and epicardial lipids. Thus, this review summarizes the above mechanisms and aims to provide theoretical evidence for therapeutic strategies for IHD.