Messages In Order Research Articles

Decentralized deadlock-free enforcement of message orderings in message-based systems

Message-based systems usually consist of distributed components that communicate using asynchronous message passing. In such systems, particular message orderings may violate some required properties. Given an automata-based specification of unwanted message sequences, we propose a decentralized deadlock-free runtime enforcement algorithm to prevent the formation of such sequences. In our approach, components are equipped with monitors executed concurrently. A component is only blocked before sending or receiving the last message of a sequence, until its associated monitor checks that such a message does not complete an unwanted sequence. According to the specification of unwanted sequences, some blocked components may suffer from a deadlock. Our deadlock-free algorithm guarantees that monitors detect and resolve such deadlocks by improving the existing deadlock detection algorithms. We evaluate the efficiency and scalability of our approach in terms of the communication overhead, the prevention latency, and the overhead of deadlock detection through simulation.

Order Matters When Using Two-Sided Messages to Influence Morally Based Attitudes.

Contrary to common beliefs, sometimes downplaying or even undermining one's case can enhance impact, especially for people with strong attitudes. Across four studies (N = 1,548), we demonstrate that the placement of the undermining information within a two-sided message matters. By manipulating message order within a two-sided message, Study 1 showed that the relative effectiveness of two- over one-sided messages for people with a moral attitude primarily occurred when the two-sided message acknowledged the recipient's side at the end rather than at the beginning of the message. Studies 2A/B showed that this effect was associated with positive source perceptions, such that placing the acknowledgment at the end results in people with a higher moral basis perceiving the source as more thoughtful and sincere. Furthermore, this inference process was more likely to occur when motivation to think was relatively high. Study 3, a preregistered experiment, replicated these findings using a different topic.

E-MAIL - ELECTRONIC ARCHIVAL RECORD (importance, availability, security and protection)

An electronic archival record is a digital document that is kept in an archive as a permanent and authentic record. When it comes to e-mail, an electronic archive record refers to an e-mail message that is recorded and saved as a permanent record in the archive. In order for an e-mail message to be considered an electronic archival record, it needs to be preserved in its original form, without changes or modifications, and to be archived in accordance with regulations and standards related to the preservation of electronic records. The aim of the article is to point out the importance, availability, security and protection of e-mails as electronic archival records, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use in the business world.

Temporal Framing in Balanced News Coverage of Artificial Intelligence and Public Attitudes

ABSTRACT This study investigates how balanced news coverage, presenting both the positive and negative aspects of artificial intelligence (AI), may lead to attitudinal changes among the public when it is paired with different temporal frames. Different construal levels associated with temporal distance and evaluations of pros and cons provide a theoretical grounding to understand these dynamics. The results of an online experiment showed that exposure to the near-future temporal framing of AI (vs. distant-future temporal framing) induced greater perceived severity of AI risks. This, in turn, decreased public support for AI development and use. The indirect effect was conditional upon message order such that the effect was only significant when the message was presented in the risk/benefit order. The findings suggest that non-refutational two-sided frames reflecting journalistic norms of balance may lead to public opinion change because the accompanying temporal frames unwittingly impact which side people put more weight on. Thus, the selection of sources and the use of time reference need to be carefully vetted by journalists when reporting controversial science and technology.

Towards an Optimized Distributed Message Queue System for AIoT Edge Computing: A Reinforcement Learning Approach.

The convergence of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) has made remarkable strides in the realm of industry. In the context of AIoT edge computing, where IoT devices collect data from diverse sources and send them for real-time processing at edge servers, existing message queue systems face challenges in adapting to changing system conditions, such as fluctuations in the number of devices, message size, and frequency. This necessitates the development of an approach that can effectively decouple message processing and handle workload variations in the AIoT computing environment. This study presents a distributed message system for AIoT edge computing, specifically designed to address the challenges associated with message ordering in such environments. The system incorporates a novel partition selection algorithm (PSA) to ensure message order, balance the load among broker clusters, and enhance the availability of subscribable messages from AIoT edge devices. Furthermore, this study proposes the distributed message system configuration optimization algorithm (DMSCO), based on DDPG, to optimize the performance of the distributed message system. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that, compared to the genetic algorithm and random searching, the DMSCO algorithm can provide a significant improvement in system throughput to meet the specific demands of high-concurrency AIoT edge computing applications.

Asynchronous communication of microservices

More and more business projects use microservice architecture, where large scale and long evolution of the project with the involvement of many developers are expected. This is due to the flexibility of scaling, the possibility of continuous deployment, ease of maintenance, and different teams can work on services without affecting the work pro-cesses as a whole, which is impossible with other architectural styles. Since micro-services are a complex structure consisting of independently designed and deployed ser-vices, communication between them can become a bottleneck, so we must be careful when considering asynchronous communication tools. The most popular open-source tools for asynchronous communication between RabbitMQ and Kafka services are considered. Although RabbitMQ and Kafka are some-times used interchangeably, their implementations are very different from each other. As a result, we cannot consider them as members of the same instrument category; one is a message broker, and the other is a distributed streaming platform. RabbitMQ is best used when we need: advanced and flexible routing rules, mes-sage timing control (managing message expiration or message delay). Advanced fault handling capabilities in cases where consumers are likely to be unable to process mes-sages (temporarily or permanently), simple implementations for consumers. Kafka is used when strict ordering of messages is required, the storage of messages for long periods of time, including the ability to replay past messages, and the ability to achieve high scale when traditional solutions are insufficient. We can implement most use cases using both platforms. However, the project ar-chitect must choose the most appropriate tool for the job. In making this choice, we must consider differences, as noted above. In other cases, when developing complex software systems, it may be tempting to implement all of the necessary messaging use cases using one platform when there are many advantages to using both platforms.

Braiding – A novel approach to supporting space/ground communication under signal latency

Braiding is a novel, text-based software designed to facilitate communication between crewmembers in space and mission support on Earth under signal latency. Its feasibility and benefits for text-based time-delayed communication were assessed in a Human-in-the loop (HITL) study involving flight surgeons FS/Mission Support personnel and former participants in space exploration analog simulations (Crew). The HITL evaluation was conducted online with pairs of volunteers (one crewmember and one FS/Mission Support personnel as MCC) collaborating under communication delay on operationally relevant task situations, contrasting a texting tool (functionally comparable to the one currently used in NASA analog missions) with braiding. Volunteers received fictional but realistic information for each task to help them perform in their assigned role (MCC or Crew). The study involved two test sessions over two days, each presenting participants with three task events. Data collected included participants' post-session ratings of their time-delayed communication and a 30–45 min exit interview. Quantitative analyses indicated that participants rated braiding more favorably than texting with respect to the quality of their time-delayed communication and its ability to mitigate the impact of communication delay and support teamwork. Qualitative analyses revealed that participants appreciated the affordances of braiding—that the software organized their conversation by topic, maintained the chronological order of related messages, and brought continuity and a natural feel to their conversation—but were less comfortable with some of its constraints. These findings suggest that braiding can be an effective communication tool under time delay and also point to specific training issues to ensure that users feel at ease not only with braiding's resources but also its medium-specific restrictions.

Unawareness of Common Errors in English and Its Impact on Human vs. Machine Translation Into Arabic

This study investigates the rate of unawareness of common errors in English and its impact on human vs. machine translation into Arabic. It analyzes the reaction of human and machine translators when encountering English sentences with common errors, and its impact on translation process. Translators are readers in the first place, they have to comprehend what they read in the SL in order to convey it in the TL. In order for the ST message to be correctly conveyed into the TL, detecting errors and correcting them before translating is a necessity. The study is conducted through presenting 40 SL texts and evaluating their 680 TL texts translated by 14 MA students of translation and 3 online machine translators. Results show that the rate of unawareness of common errors is 51% for human translators and 79% for machine translators.

Multi-Objective Personalization in Multi-Stakeholder Organizational Bulk E-mail

Bulk email is often used in organizations to communicate "important-to-organization'' messages such as policy changes, organizational plans, and administrative updates. However, normal employees may prefer messages more relevant to their jobs or interests. Organizations face the challenge of balancing prioritizing the messages they prefer employees to know (tactical goals) while maintaining employees' positive experiences with these bulk emails, then they continue to read these emails in the future (strategic goals). Could personalization help organizations achieve these tactical and strategic goals? In an 8-week field experiment with a university newsletter, we implemented a 4x5x5 factorial design on personalizing subject lines, top news, and message order based on both the employees' and the organization's preferences. We measured these designs' influences on the open/interest/recognition/read-in-detail rate of the whole newsletter and the single messages within it. We found that ''important-to-organization'' messages only got higher recognition rates when being put on subject lines / top news (tactical goal). Mixing them with employee-preferred messages in top news did not bring further improvement to their own recognition rates but could improve the whole newsletter's recognition rate. Only when the top news solely contained the employee-preferred messages were the employees slightly more interested in the newsletter (strategic goal). We further analyze on which topics the employees and the organization's preferences conflicted. Finally, we discuss the design suggestions for organizational bulk email.

Increasing turnout with a text message: evidence from a large campaign from the government

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the effect of a voter mobilization campaign to increase electoral turnout at the population level. The government sent a text message with an encouragement to vote to all 200,000 voters in Bergen, Norway. The timing and the order of the text message was randomized, and I am able to measure the immediate treatment effect by exploiting a unique data set containing the exact timing of each Norwegian vote. I estimate that the text message increases electoral turnout by between 1 and 2.2 percentage points.

Evaluation of Compliance Requirements for collaborative business process with process mining and a model of generic compliance controls

The daily operation of organizations leaves a trail of the execution of business processes (BPs) including activities, events and decisions taken by participants. %, as a basis for process improvement. Compliance requirements add specific control elements to process execution, e.g. domain and/or country regulations to be fulfilled, enforcing order of interaction messages or activities, or security checks on roles and permissions. As the amount of available data in organizations grows everyday, using execution data to detect compliance violations and its causes, can help organizations to take corrective actions for improving their processes and comply to applying rules. Compliance requirements violations can be detected at runtime to prevent further execution, or in a post mortem way using Process Mining to evaluate process execution data against the specified compliance requirements for the process. In this paper we present a BP compliance Requirements Model (BPCRM) defining generic compliance controls that can be used to specify specific compliance requirements over BPs, that are used as input to assess compliance violations with process mining. This model can be seen as a catalogue that includes a set of predefined compliance rules or patterns in one place, helping organizations to specify and evaluate the compliance of their processes.

Decentralized Deadlock-Free Enforcement of Message Orderings in Message-Based Systems

Decentralized Deadlock-Free Enforcement of Message Orderings in Message-Based Systems

The effects of message order on emotions and donation intention in charity advertising: the mediating roles of negative and positive empathy

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of message order on recipients’ responses to charity advertisements using the expectancy-contrast and negative-state relief models. The results show that a negative-positive message order evokes positive emotion, while a positive-negative order generates negative emotions. Both positive and negative emotions induced by charity advertisements affect helping intention through positive and negative empathy. This study enhances the current understanding of the roles of emotion and empathy in charity intention formation. Its results have substantial implications for increasing donations to fundraising campaigns based on charity advertisements.

Experience of Implementation of the Protocol TLS 1.3 Verification

This paper presents the experience of verifying server implementations of the TLS cryptographic protocol version 1.3. TLS is a widely used cryptographic protocol designed to create secure data transmission channels and provides the necessary functionality for this: confidentiality of the transmitted data, data integrity, and authentication of the parties. The new version 1.3 of the TLS protocol was introduced in August 2018 and has a number of significant differences compared to the previous version 1.2. A number of TLS developers have already included support for the latest version in their implementations. These circumstances make it relevant to do research in the field of verification and security of the new TLS protocol implementations. We used a new test suite for verifying implementations of the TLS 1.3 for compliance with Internet specifications, developed on the basis of the RFC8446, using UniTESK technology and mutation testing methods. The current work is part of the TLS 1.3 protocol verification project and covers some of the additional functionality and optional protocol extensions. To test implementations for compliance with formal specifications, UniTESK technology is used, which provides testing automation tools based on the use of finite state machines. The states of the system under test define the states of the state machine, and the test effects are the transitions of this machine. When performing a transition, the specified impact is passed to the implementation under test, after which the implementation's reactions are recorded and a verdict is automatically made on the compliance of the observed behavior with the specification. Mutational testing methods are used to detect non-standard behavior of the system under test by transmitting incorrect data. Some changes are made to the protocol exchange flow created in accordance with the specification: either the values of the message fields formed on the basis of the developed protocol model are changed, or the order of messages in the exchange flow is changed. The protocol model allows one to make changes to the data flow at any stage of the network exchange, which allows the test scenario to pass through all the significant states of the protocol and in each such state to test the implementation in accordance with the specified program. So far, several implementations have been found to deviate from the specification. The presented approach has proven effective in several of our projects when testing network protocols, providing detection of various deviations from the specification and other errors.

Wind of change: better air for microbial environmental control

BackgroundCOVID19 outbreak highlighted air disinfection's importance. All bacteria and viruses tested to date (including various coronaviruses) respond to UV-C disinfection. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of an UVC disinfection system for air in a real working context.MethodsThis descriptive study was carried out in November 2020 in an office of the Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine at the University of Siena. The disinfecting air system, Cleaning Air T12, produced by Italia Iso Group, has 12 lamps of 6.9 Watt of UVC/each, two inlet grills in its bottom and 2 outlet grills in the superior part. The volume of air that the system treat is of 210m3/h. The experiments were run over several days during the activities of 3-5 subjects working for several hours. Real time microbial air samplings were run during the tests switching the system ON and OFF. To verify microbial time variation, initial samplings (phase 1) had the system OFF, then ON (phase 2) and finally OFF again (phase 3). Petri dishes were incubated at 36 and 22 C°. Statistical analysis was executed with Stata 16. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe longest test highlighted that during phase 2, after 8 minutes from the end of phase 1, the system acted significantly (p = 0.001) on the reduction of environmental contamination up to a mean of 70 (95% C.I. 64 - 77) CFU/500 liters (about 70% at 22 °C) and 50% at 36 °C. In phase 3 the mean values became 171 (144 - 198) CFU/500 liters at 22C° and 259 (228-291) at 36 °C.ConclusionsThe system was able to significantly reduce the environmental contamination in real time. The experimental tests show how, as soon as the device is turned OFF after at least half an hour of operation, air healthiness drops dramatically within 10 minutes, bringing the levels of microbial contamination (induced by the presence of the operators in the room) to levels even higher than 150%.Key messages In order to convey a correct and truthful message about the disinfection capabilities of an air purification system, testing the device under real operating would be necessary.Testing the device under real operating conditions, with and without the presence of people in controlled environments, would be necessary before the final product is placed on the market.

Parental Beliefs on the Harmfull Effects of Third Hand Smoke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Background Third-hand smoke (THS); occurs as a result of the reaction of tobacco smoke residues left on furnitures or on smokers with the chemical substances in the environment. Children are a risky group in terms of THS exposure because they spend a lot of time at home and touch surfaces frequently. The aim is to systematically compile and meta-analyze studies in which parents' beliefs that THS are harmful are evaluated. Methods Pubmed, Scpous and Web of Science databases were scanned until April 6, 2021. Selective keywords were ‘third-hand smoke', ‘third hand smoke', ‘thirdhand smoke' and ‘belief'. Articles that were found to be suitable for the purpose of the study were also included by manually searching the references of the included articles. The PRISMA checklist was followed in the study. Studies that could not be clearly differentiated from THS from second-hand tobacco smoke and were not performed in parents were excluded. Duplicates were eliminated and the remaining article abstracts were read double-blind. Study data were entered into the OpenMeta [Analyst] program. Fixed effects model in the presence of homogeneous groups and random effects model in the presence of heterogeneous groups were used. Results As a result of the first literature search, 302 articles were reached. A total of 7 studies were included in the meta-analysis. As a result of the analysis, 4274 (57.3%, 95% CI 51.5-63.2) of 7632 parents were smoking and 5864 (76.3%, 95 CI 64.3-88.4) believed THS harms the health of children. In 4 studies, 2037 of 3581 parents (45.2%, 95% CI 24.2-66.1) were implementing a smoking ban at home. In 3 studies, the belief that THS is harmful to child health was higher in the presence of smoking ban at home (OR: 2.03, 95% GA 1.45-2.85, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions The frequency of smoking and smoking at home is high in parents. One in four parents does not believe THS is harmful to children's health. Key messages In order to protect children from THS harms, it is not enough just to not smoke in the house, and smoking should be evoided everywhere. Educational interventions should be planned to convince parents about the harmful effects of THS on child health.

Performance-enhancing drugs attitudes among young amateur Croatian athletes

Abstract Background Recent studies revealed that amateur athletes, especially young ones, have an increasing tendency of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) usage. The aim of this study was to explore PEDs attitudes among young, amateur Croatian athletes. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was done in convenient sample of young amateur Croatian athletes during the August 2019 to January 2020 at the occupational and sports medicine office in Eastern Croatia. Performance Enhancement Attitudes Scale (PEAS) was used for evaluation of athletes' attitudes towards doping. Results There were 306 athletes median age 18.0 (interquartile range (IR) 15.0 - 21.0) years; 62.7% females and 37.3% males. According to the age there were 52.9% of adolescents (aged 13 to 18 years) and 47.1% of young adults (aged 19 to 24 years). Regarding the type of sport there were 19.6% of subjects who played individual sports and 80.4% of them who played team sports. Considering the length of sport engagement 49.7% of subjects were engaged in their sport for 1 to 5 years and 50.3% of them were engaged in their sport for 6 or more years. The prevalence of current PEDs usage was 1.3%, while past PEDs usage prevalence was 3.3%. Current PEDs usage was more frequent among young adults (P = 0.048) and athletes playing individual sports (P = 0.001). Athletes who were engaged in sports for 1 to 5 years had more permissive attitudes toward PEDs (P &amp;lt; 0.001) as measured by the PEAS. The study did not establish any correlation between current or past PEDs usage and attitudes toward PEDs. Conclusions PEDs usage is present among young Croatian amateur athletes. There is a need for interventions directed toward the prevention of PEDs usage in an observed subgroup of athletes. Key messages In order to be more effective doping prevention strategies should take into account athletes’ attitudes towards doping. Public awareness and knowledge about doping in sports should be increased in order to achieve more efficient anti-doping programs.

Effects of message order and active participation on vaccine risk communication.

"Message order" and "active participation" could be effective as risk communication methods. "Anticipated regret" (AR) has also been recognized as affecting risk perception and vaccine uptake in vaccination risk communication. We aimed to evaluate the effects of message order and active participation and the interactions between these two interventions on AR for vaccination. We conducted a 2 (message order: positive-negative or negative-positive) × 2 (message calendar: with or without planning) factorial design study among 81 study participants. The effects of message order and active participation of mothers, using a message calendar, were evaluated on mothers' decision-making regarding vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for their children. Participants completed questionnaires to evaluate the AR of infection if unvaccinated (anticipated regret of inaction) and of side effects if vaccinated (anticipated regret of action, ARA) twice: immediately after interventions and 1 month later. An interaction between message order and active participation was significant with regard to anticipated regret of inaction immediately after interventions (P = 0.01), but this effect disappeared 1 month after interventions. The message order showed no main effect with regard to ARA. However, the main effect of active participation was marginally significant with regard to ARA 1 month after intervention (P = 0.09); AR over vaccine side effects was lower when vaccination was planned than in the condition without planning. The effect of message order was hardly detectable in a clinical setting. However, active participation induced by planning may affect AR. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of active participation in decision-making for vaccination.

A Study on EFL Learners’ Preferred Types of Salience and Categories in Movie English

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to observe EFL learners’ preferred types of salience in Movie English and (2) to examine which language categories are mainly salient. The types of salience are based on Schmid and Günther’s (2016) 4 types of salience, with categories of grammar, individual words, chunks, and messages. This is a case study of five college students majoring in English all with TOEIC scores higher than 800. The study was divided into a self-heuristic group of three students and a category-presented group of two students. The self-heuristic group was instructed to find out what they found salient and noticeable in a movie, without the terms salience and category being mentioned. The category-presented group was directed to find out what they found salient and noticeable in the movie, based on given categories. The results showed that the two groups preferred surprise and novelty. Both groups preferred different categories, however. The self-heuristic group mostly focused on chunks, with a preferred order of chunks, grammar, words, and messages. The category-presented group mainly focused on words, with a preferred order of words, chunks, messages, and grammar. Pedagogical implications will be discussed in more detail in this paper.

Prioritising build back safer messages for humanitarian shelter

Humanitarian shelter assistance increasingly employs build back safer messages as a technical assistance tool to disaster-affected communities. We sought to prioritise the importance of key messages for small, light-weight timber shelter using a combination of Delphi and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. A panel of twelve academic and practitioner experts were asked to rank build back safer messages developed in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 which have formed the basis for subsequent humanitarian messages in the Asia-Pacific region. Findings revealed three groups of shelter key messages by importance: (1) bracing and joints, (2) foundations, tie-downs, and roofing and (3) shape. However, there was low consensus among panellists in their judgements of these overall comparisons. The individual structural components used in guidance within each message were also ranked with high consensus among panellists. Our results were consistent with the original message ordering, but expert judgements revealed differing relative structural capacities between components. The resulting numerical weightings and rankings offer clearer guidance on the relative importance of different groups of build back safer messages for non-engineered shelter and housing in low- and middle-income countries. Results may help humanitarian agencies create more targeted messaging to support safer and more durable shelter.