Message Dissemination In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

RC-LAHR: Road-Side-Unit-Assisted Cloud-Based Location-Aware Hybrid Routing for Software-Defined Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.

The reliability of the communication link is quite common and challenging to handle as the topology changes frequently in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Another problem with VANETs is that the vehicles are from different manufacturers. Hence, the heterogeneity of hardware is obvious. These heterogeneity and reliability problems affect the message dissemination in VANETs. This paper aims to address these challenges by proposing a robust routing protocol capable of ensuring reliable, scalable, and heterogeneity-tolerant message dissemination in VANETs. We first introduced a hybrid hierarchical architecture based on software-defined networking (SDN) principles for VANETs, leveraging SDN's inherent scalability and adaptability to heterogeneity. Further, a road-side unit (RSU)-assisted cloud-based location-aware hybrid routing for software-defined VANETs (SD-VANETs) that we call RC-LAHR was proposed. RC-LAHR was rigorously tested and analyzed for its performance in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end-to-end delay (EED), along with a comprehensive assessment of network traffic and load impacts on cloud infrastructure and RSUs. The routing protocol is compared with state-of-the-art protocols, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Opportunistic and Position-Based Routing (OPBR). The proposed routing protocol performs well as compared to GPSR and OPBR. The result shows that the EED is reduced to 20% and the PDR is increased to 30%. The network reliability is also increased up to 5% as compared to the OPBR and GPSR.

Modeling and analysis of traffic warning message dissemination system in VANETs

As the preferred underpinning technology of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been widely used to cope with various traffic problems. However, implementing application-specific message dissemination in VANETs with fewer message dissemination is a challenge since, in fact, it is not meaningful for some vehicles to get such a message for the application requirements for alleviating traffic congestion. Thus, this paper proposes a traffic warning message dissemination system (TWMDS) framework together with a protocol for traffic warning messages (TWMs) dissemination called the reverse routing protocol (RRP). With TWMDS, when an abnormal traffic event (ATE) occurs, the vehicle causing this event generates a standardized TWM. This message is then forwarded only to the vehicles that may enter the potential congestion area (PCA) via vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-intersection interactions. In addition, three colored petri net models are developed to model and analyze the interaction behavior of TWMDS. In this way, we show the correctness and reliability of RRP and provide a feasibility measure for the subsequent development and implementation of TWMDS. Finally, we use Veins framework integrating OMNeT++ and SUMO to simulate the TWMDS functional modules, which further validates that RRP has a higher application value compared with three other routing protocols in TWMDS. With TWMDS, drivers can re-route their traveling paths as soon as possible to alleviate traffic congestion.

ReUse: Reliable and efficient RSU-enabled relay vehicle selection using harmony search and EDAS for message dissemination in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are expected to provide the driver and passengers of a vehicle a number of safety and non-safety services in the very near future. The safety and non-safety related information are forwarded by the vehicles in the network so that the information reaches the intended vehicles. The vehicles can use either the broadcast links for forwarding the information or via roadside units (RSUs). As the safety (emergency) information intended for vehicles must be sent over the network in real time, the vehicles in the network must use a broadcast method for communication. However, the broadcast storm problem in the network leads to improper utilization of network resources. In this work, to alleviate the consequences of the broadcast storm, we propose an efficient relay vehicle selection mechanism ReUse for selecting the promising relay vehicle(s) in the network for data dissemination. The relay vehicle(s) is(are) chosen from the prime area of transmission range of the source vehicle depending on a number of factors including mobility, link quality, buffer size, and number of neighbours. In our work, two multicriteria decision tools named as Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) are used together for obtaining criteria weights and utilizing them for ranking the vehicles of the prime area for the selection of relay vehicles. The suggested approach beats existing relay vehicle selection schemes in terms of reachability, redundancy rate, collision rate, delay, PDR, PSR, and throughput, according to simulation results.

A Low-Overhead Message Authentication and Secure Message Dissemination Scheme for VANETs

Given the enormous interest shown by customers as well as industry in autonomous vehicles, the concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has evolved from Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs). VANETs are likely to play an important role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). VANETs based on fixed infrastructures, called Road Side Units (RSUs), have been extensively studied. Efficient, authenticated message dissemination in VANETs is important for the timely delivery of authentic messages to vehicles in appropriate regions in the VANET. Many of the approaches proposed in the literature use RSUs to collect events (such as accidents, weather conditions, etc.) observed by vehicles in its region, authenticate them, and disseminate them to vehicles in appropriate regions. However, as the number of messages received by RSUs increases in the network, the computation and communication overhead for RSUs related to message authentication and dissemination also increases. We address this issue and propose a low-overhead message authentication and dissemination scheme in this paper. We compare the overhead, related to authentication and message dissemination, of our approach with an existing approach and also present an analysis of privacy and security implications of our approach.

Speed and Position Aware Dynamic Routing for Emergency Message Dissemination in VANETs

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) can help reduce traffic-related accidents by broadcasting Emergency Messages (EMs) in advance between vehicles. Due to the high-speed mobility of VANETs and attenuation of the wireless signal, reliable and fast transmission of EMs is a challenging task. Such as the chosen next-hop vehicle may have driven away from the neighborhood of the sender before receiving the EM, and rerouting may increase the delay when the EMs encounter transmission failure. To this end, we propose a Speed and Position aware Dynamic Routing (SPDR) for EM dissemination in VANETs. First, we introduce a speed metric dynamic greedy routing to provide a dynamic hop-by-hop rebroadcast of the EM. SPDR dynamically shrinks the Routing Decision Area (RDA) range based on the velocity variance of candidate neighbors and prioritizes the farthest vehicle in the shrunk RDA as the optimal next-hop, enhancing the reliable transmission of EMs. Then, we present a collaborative forwarding strategy to enable candidate neighbors to collaborate in communication. In case of transmission failure, SPDR elects the candidate vehicle close to the destination as the forwarder to reduce rerouting. Simulations in a practical motorway scenario using NS-2 and VanetMobiSim show that SPDR outperforms the existing protocols in terms of message delivery ratio, network throughput, and average dissemination delay.

A scalable and distributed architecture for secure and privacy-preserving authentication and message dissemination in VANETs

With significant advances in the development of autonomous cars and Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years, Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) have become a promising technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) as well. However, the wireless nature of VANET communication makes it vulnerable to a plethora of attack vectors to otherwise secure vehicles. Authenticated message dissemination plays a key role to avert such security vulnerabilities. Many of the existing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) based schemes use Certificates for authentication. In such schemes, for authenticating an entity which presents its certificate, Certificate Revocation List (CRL) is used to check if the entity’s certificate has been revoked. But, as the size of the CRL grows, using CRL for authentication can incur computation and storage overhead in VANETs. To overcome this limitation of CRL-based approach for authentication, in this paper, we propose a distributed, scalable, low-overhead, privacy-preserving authentication scheme for VANETs. The proposed scheme uses a Merkle Hash Tree (MHT) for authenticating Road Side Units (RSUs) and Modified Merkle Patricia Trie (MMPT) for authenticating vehicles. We also present an informal analysis as well as formal correctness proof of the proposed scheme.

Smartphone-Based Platform for Secure Multi-Hop Message Dissemination in VANETs.

Vehicular ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are recognized as a cornerstone of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to enable the exchange of information among vehicles, which is crucial for the provision of safety-related and entertainment applications. However, practical useful realizations of VANETs are still missing, mainly because of the elevated costs and the lack of a final standardization. In this regard, the feasibility of using smartphones as nodes in VANETs has been explored focusing on small-scale deployments to mainly validate single-hop communication capabilities. Moreover, existing smartphone-based platforms do not consider two crucial requirements in VANETs, namely, multi-hop communication and the provision of security services in the message dissemination process. Furthermore, the problem of securing message dissemination in VANETs is generally analyzed through simulation tools, while performance evaluations on smart devices have not been reported so far. In this paper, we aim to fill this void by designing a fully on-device platform for secure multi-hop message dissemination. We address the multi-hop nature of message dissemination in VANETs by integrating a location-based protocol that enables the selection of relay nodes and retransmissions criteria. As a main distinction, the platform incorporates a novel certificateless cryptographic scheme for ensuring data integrity and nodes’ authentication, suitable for VANETs lacking of infrastructure.

RBO-EM: Reduced Broadcast Overhead Scheme for Emergency Message Dissemination in VANETs

Effective information dissemination constitutes the cornerstone of communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Avoiding broadcast storm is one of the considerable challenges in the development of an effective dissemination scheme for VANETs, which leads to extensive rebroadcasting. Reliable emergency messages delivery is another substantial measure of performance, especially in dense traffic and high mobility scenarios. A generic solution to deal with these problems is to cluster vehicles, so that emergency messages can be re-broadcasted to adjacent clusters only by a smaller number of vehicles. Thus, reliable selections of cluster head and relay nodes are important to reduce the number of retransmissions. In this regard, we propose a clustering technique for Reduced Broadcast Overhead Scheme for Emergency Message Dissemination (RBO-EM). RBO-EM is based on the mobility metrics to strengthen the cluster formation, avoid communication overhead and maintain the message reliability in a high mobility scenario. Moreover, we introduce relay nodes based on estimated link stability to limit the number of retransmissions. RBO-EM is evaluated against eminent schemes by varying traffic densities and speed. Simulation results indicate that RBO-EM enables a reasonable performance gain in terms of coverage, end-to-end delay and message reliability.

A distributed time-limited multicast algorithm for VANETs using incremental power strategy

Efficient information dissemination is the pinnacle of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). In case of delay-sensitive information such as safety-related messages, it is imperative to minimize the transmission delay and increase the message reliability in VANETs. In a previous work, we proposed a Time-Limited Reliable Broadcast Incremental Power (TRBIP) algorithm, which is a centralized heuristic to reduce transmission interferences for safety message dissemination in VANETs. By reducing the total transmission energy and the number of hops, TRBIP is able to reduce the transmission interference and thus-forth maximizes the reliability. Furthermore, in TRBIP, VANETs’ features such as vehicle mobility and frequent network fragmentation are also taken into account through store-carry-and-forward and the periodic multicast tree reconstruction strategies. However, multicast tree management is hard to maintain in urban environments due to the high density of nodes in VANETs (large trees), and is affected by the city streets organizations (intersections, roundabout, ... etc.). To address the afore-mentioned issues, in this paper we propose a Distributed version of Time-Limited Reliable Broadcast Incremental Power (DTRBIP) based on a road segmentation technique. Our proposal is extended to handle both delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant applications, and also both low and high dynamic VANETs scenarios respectively urban and highway environments. The results of the simulation conducted using NS-2 simulator advocate for the efficiency of our proposed method in term of reducing the total emission energy (at least by 150 dBm), reducing the average delay by 52%, increasing the packet delivery ratio by more than to 5%, and reducing the protocol overhead up to 3%. Obtained results show a clear enhancement compared to the previous solutions (i.e, RGRP-SA, RBIP, and TRBIP).

Binary-Partition-Assisted MAC-Layer Broadcast for Emergency Message Dissemination in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have recently been considered as an attractive network architecture to provide various services ranging from road safety to entertainment applications. In this paper, we propose an IEEE-802.11-based multihop broadcast protocol to address the issue of emergency message dissemination in VANETs. The protocol adopts a binary-partition-based approach to repetitively divide the area inside the transmission range to obtain the furthest possible segment. The forwarding duty is then delegated to a vehicle chosen in that segment. Aside from accomplishing directional broadcast for highway scenario, the protocol also exhibits good adaptation to complex road structures. The main focus of the paper lies in reducing broadcast delay, which is an important factor for time-critical safety applications. Most importantly, the contention delay remains almost constant, irrespective of vehicle density. Mathematical analysis is performed to assess the effectiveness of the protocol. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol imparts greater performance in terms of latency and message progress when compared with contemporary multihop broadcast protocols for VANETs.

Determining the Representative Factors Affecting Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs

In this paper, we present a statistical analysis based on the 2k factorial methodology to determine the representative factors affecting traffic safety applications in Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Our purpose is to determine what are the key factors affecting Warning Message Dissemination (WMD) in order to concentrate on such parameters, thus reducing the amount of required simulation time when evaluating VANETs. Simulation results show that the key factors affecting warning messages delivery are: (i) the transmission range, (ii) the radio propagation model used, and (iii) the density of vehicles. Based on this statistical analysis, we evaluate a compound key factor: neighbor density. This factor combines the above-mentioned factors into a single entity, reducing the number of factors that must be taken into account for VANET researchers to evaluate the benefits of their proposals.

A Novel Position-based Multi-hop Broadcast Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are considered as a promising scheme to actively guarantee vehicle safety, and broadcast is a key technology for warning message dissemination in VANETs. This paper proposes a novel Position-based Multi-hop Broadcast (PMB) protocol for VANETs in view of some shortcomings of existing broadcast protocols for VANETs, such as ignoring the differences of transmission range among different nodes (vehicles), and disseminating warning messages only with the help of nodes in the one-way lane, PMB calculates waiting time to select the rebroadcast nodes based on additional coverage area of adjacent nodes considering the transmission ranges of nodes together with the inter-vehicle spacing, to guarantee less nodes used to rebroadcast warning packets. Besides, it guarantees the reliability of warning message dissemination by adopting the alternative answering mechanism named implicit ACK and explicit ACK adaptively and rebroadcast packets based on nodes in the two-way lane. The simulation results show that PMB outperforms existing broadcast protocols for warning message dissemination in VANETs in terms of suppression of broadcast redundancy, real-time performance and reliability even if all nodes have different transmission ranges.

A Region-Based Clustering Mechanism for Channel Access in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Several contention-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been proposed for the vehicles to gain the radio channels to distribute active safety messages timely, e.g., Safety Critical Application (SCA) information, for inter-vehicle communications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In these MAC protocols, a contention period is introduced before the vehicle for channel access so that we may not have the timely and reliably message dissemination in VANETs. To reduce the contention period, this paper proposes a Region-based Clustering Mechanism (RCM) to be applied in these MAC protocols. We propose analytical models to investigate the performance of the RCM, which are validated by the simulation experiments.