Message Carriers Research Articles

Artistic mutilation of genitalia: an interpretive analysis of representations of genitalia in Indian school science textbooks

ABSTRACT Visual representations (and their censorship) are carriers of messages and are powerful tools to invoke discourses. Visuals are not just supplements to written text; rather, these can be read independently as the primary text and are crucial to scientific communication, particularly in life sciences. This paper aims to investigate various textbook depictions of genitalia and examine how ideologies are manifested through visuals in relation to the human body. Here we try to unpack the visual representations of genitalia in different discursive spaces within Indian science textbooks from 6th to 12th grade. We position our study within the hermeneutic methodological landscape and apply the socio-semiotic analytic framework developed by Serafini [Serafini, Frank. 2010. “Reading Multimodal Texts: Perceptual, Structural and Ideological Perspectives.” Children's Literature in Education 41 (2): 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10583-010-9100-5], consisting of three analytic perspectives: perceptual, structural, and ideological, to interpret the visual images of genitalia and the ideological matrix that produced these images. Our analysis of textbooks' portrayal reveals a tendency to censor or obscure genital depictions. The paper discusses the potential effects of these representations on students' health and relationships with their bodies and argues that they must engage in dialogue with discourses challenging normative understandings of the body and remain open to change.

Effectiveness of safety precaution intervention regarding use of fire crackers on knowledge and fire accidents among school children

Diwali is one such joyous festival which is loved and celebrated by everyone over the country as the festival of lights. It is celebrated by lighting oil lamps and firecrackers like a bomb, flowerpots, chakri, rockets, etc. Firecracker injuries are common in India, of which the majority takes place during diwali. A quasi experimental study was done to assess the effectiveness of safety precaution intervention regarding use of fire crackers on knowledge and fire accidents among school children at Government Middle school, Tiruvannamalai.110 subjects in experimental & 110 subjects in control group were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Post test only design was used. Knowledge and fire accidents were assessed by using questionnaire and observational checklist respectively. The study findings revealed that in control group, the mean posttest score for knowledge was 9.2 whereas in experimental group, the mean score was 18.1 and the calculated t value is 8.5 shows statistically significant at P<0.001 level.The mean score for fire accidents in control group is 4.19 whereas in experimental group mean score was 2.8 and the calculated unpaired t value t=5.5 shows statistically significant at P<0.001 level. The study concluded that safety precaution intervention is necessary to create awareness and control the fire crackers injuries among school children and they are also the message carrier.

Pulse wave-based evaluation of the blood-supply capability of patients with heart failure via machine learning

Pulse wave, as a message carrier in the cardiovascular system (CVS), enables inferring CVS conditions while diagnosing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Heart failure (HF) is a major CVD, typically requiring expensive and time-consuming treatments for health monitoring and disease deterioration; it would be an effective and patient-friendly tool to facilitate rapid and precise non-invasive evaluation of the heart’s blood-supply capability by means of powerful feature-abstraction capability of machine learning (ML) based on pulse wave, which remains untouched yet. Here we present an ML-based methodology, which is verified to accurately evaluate the blood-supply capability of patients with HF based on clinical data of 237 patients, enabling fast prediction of five representative cardiovascular function parameters comprising left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVDs), left atrial dimension (LAD), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2). Two ML networks were employed and optimized based on high-quality pulse wave datasets, and they were validated consistently through statistical analysis based on the summary independent-samples t-test (p > 0.05), the Bland–Altman analysis with clinical measurements, and the error-function analysis. It is proven that evaluation of the SpO2, LAD, and LVDd performance can be achieved with the maximum error < 15%. While our findings thus demonstrate the potential of pulse wave-based, non-invasive evaluation of the blood-supply capability of patients with HF, they also set the stage for further refinements in health monitoring and deterioration prevention applications.

The practice of metaphor in conversation: an ecological integrational approach

In this study an integrational linguistic approach to metaphor is used in the context of an ecological psychology study of novel metaphor creation by adults in a structured conversation setting. This paper forms an example of the proposed complementarity of integrational linguistics (Harris, 1981) and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Jones and Read, 2023) by providing a study of novel metaphor that eschews the traditional “coded carrier of message” assumptions about language, as well as the traditional “knowledge is mental representation” assumptions of representationalist cognitive psychology. Instead, novel metaphor is presented as the sine qua non of the creation of signs in the process of communication, and that creation is proposed to be founded on the perception of invariants across different naturally occurring kinds of objects and events (cf., Read & Szokolszky, 2016). The practice of metaphor is taken as a special case of perceptually guided kinematic semiology. This study describes the practice of metaphor by adults in a structured experimental situation designed to present metaphoric resemblance and to encourage the practice of metaphor with guiding verbal instructions. Such a study allows explication of the integrational method as applied to structured conversational settings. Although the conversation and context were designed to draw attention to metaphoric resemblance and to encourage verbal metaphor, not everyone practiced metaphor, showing that the practice is not determined by context. When metaphor was created, the form often mirrored the perceptual invariants available to the perceiver, i.e., motion or stationary resemblances. No one created exactly the same metaphor even in this consistent context, which emphasizes the creative aspect of metaphor as a prototype of sign creation, with its core properties of novelty, enhanced interest and noticeableness. I make the following central points: communicating by creating and integrating signs is the foundation of language; metaphor is the prototype of the creation of signs, the creation of novel metaphor in conversation is a practice that enhances communication, even in structured experimental settings; and conversation can be studied as the ongoing process of sign integration, that is, as perceptually guided kinematic semiology. The current study shows that metaphor as a practice in conversation is closely coordinated with the perception of metaphoric resemblance and the request to talk about objects and events that are alike metaphorically. Finally, it is argued that direct perception is the best approach on which to found an account of metaphor in communication.

Teodoro Riccio’s Conundrum of 'Missa Ludovicus Dux Wirtenbergensis' Resolved?

The long-note melody from the mass Ludovicus Dux Wirtenbergensis (from Liber primus missarum, 1579) by Teodoro Riccio is not a conventional cantus firmus of the soggetto cavato type. The meaning and provenance of this melody is therefore quite a puzzle. In addition, how to reconcile the homage-like and conciliatory character of Riccio's preface to Liber missarum, a collection dedicated to Stefan Batory, with the presence of a mass in it, which could be treated as an open affront to the king of Poland. The antiphon Cornelius centurio, vir religiosus ac timens Deum and the story of the centurion Cornelius from the Acts of the Apostles allow us to look at this composition from a different point of view. Perhaps the Mass of Ludovicus Dux Wirtenbergensis is a carrier of a theological message resulting from the conscious coupling of the melody of the antiphon with the name of Duke Ludwig of Württemberg, a message which was to strengthen the message contained in the preface and whose aim was to seek mutual understanding and respect between Christian denominations.

Efficient fault-tolerant quantum dialogue protocols using a quantum reordering circuit of EPR pairs

This study proposes two efficient fault-tolerant quantum dialogue (QD) protocols that are robust against the collective-dephasing and collective-rotation noises, respectively. In the proposed protocol, the message carriers are decoherence-free quantum states that are resistant to the corresponding collective noise, provided that all quantum photon pairs of a transmitted unit remain within the same time window. These quantum states and their combinations are used to compose the decoy photon pairs to ensure the security of the transmission. An observation on the Bell measurement has allowed an EPR pair as a message carrier to Require only one of its photons for protection. That is, the measurement of one single photon in an EPR pair will gain no information on its actual Bell state. This property has effectively reduced the number of decoy photons in quantum transmission. Since the photons used in the message carriers are particles of EPR pairs, the proposed two fault-tolerant QD protocols required only half of the decoy photons to ensure the same level of security. In the transmission, one photon of each EPR pair is separated using a reordering mechanism, and a quantum logic circuit is designed and implemented to demonstrate the concept in practice. The reduction of decoy photons has significantly improved the qubit efficiency of the proposed QD protocols compared with other relevant existing works. Furthermore, the proposed schemes also have no information leakage problem.

Regulatory role of exosomes in colorectal cancer progression and potential as biomarkers.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains an enormous challenge to human health worldwide. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying CRC progression is not well understood. Mounting evidence has confirmed that exosomes play a vital role in CRC progression, which has attracted extensive attention among researchers. In addition to acting as messengers between CRC cells, exosomes also participate in the CRC immunomodulatory process and reshape immune function. As stable message carriers and liquid biopsy option under development, exosomes are promising biomarkers in the diagnosis or treatment of CRC. In this review we have described and analyzed the biogenesis and release of exosomes and current research on the role of exosomes in immune regulation and metastasis of CRC. Moreover, we have discussed candidate exosomal molecules as potential biomarkers to diagnose CRC, predict CRC progression, or determine CRC chemoresistance, and described the significance of exosomes in the immunotherapy of CRC. This review provides insight to further understand the role of exosomes in CRC progression and identify valuable biomarkers that facilitate the clinical management of CRC patients.

Sosialisasi Penggunaan Aplikasi GeoGebra dalam Meningkatkan Minat BelajarSiswa Kelas VI pada Pelajaran Bangun Ruang di SDIT Buah Hati Padang

Community Service (PKM) is one of the forms of Higher Education's Tri Dharma. PKM is proposed to carry out activities that focus on socialization and education. Learning mathematics is about understanding abstract ideas or concepts, structures, and their logically and systematically organized relationships. Media is a communication component that serves as a carrier of messages from the communicator to the communicant. One of the learning media used to facilitate students is the Geogebra application. Geogebra is a computer application created to facilitate mathematics learning, especially in geometry, algebra, and calculus subjects. By using the Geogebra application, it can improve students' mathematics learning outcomes. The method used in this PKM is education and direct practice of the "jarimatika" method in multiplication problems. As a result, participants become more understanding of the Geogebra application.

Social Gender Construction Under the Effect of Visual Culture and Its Manifestation in Graphic Design

Culture is the collection of unwritten norms enabling people to live in harmony and order from the past to the present. Having started with images, visual communication later continued via speech and text. Despite presenting itself in a myriad of ways throughout the ages, in this age of technology, there is an increased trend towards nonverbal communication among modern people racing against time. Visual culture is how the cultural perspective that changes dependent on technology is structured via visual siege. As one bonus of visual culture, social gender perceptions shift with quick acceleration. Speed-message algorithm provided for developing mass communication tools opened the doors to visibility from producer to consumer. Graphic design tools that manage this algorithm best effectively in this age act as salient message carriers. As they manage social perception with constructed designs, they also provide space and income to the consumer. The aim of this study is to seek an answer to the question, “What are the manifestations of visual culture reflections on the graphic design domain with its interaction on social gender?”. Accordingly, eight pieces of magazine advertisement graphics analyzed via the survey model have been examined according to Van Dijk’s “discourse analysis” model. Through the discourse analysis method, advertisement graphic samples studied in this research have been evaluated within the context of constructed micro and macro structures that were re-adapted in line with graphic design principles. Microstructures are analyzed according to typography and font styles, color use, and holistic construct in design, while macro structures are included in the research according to pictograms and symbols, active and passive sentence structures, and visual use. In light of the detected findings, it is suggested that advertisement graphics in hand change according to past and present-day, but in both periods, visual elements are prepared by utilizing social gender perceptions efficiently.

Combination RC4 Algorithm and Base64 Encryption on The Least Significant Bit Method

Steganography is an art form of hiding data or information on a medium. Steganography was created as a way to secure data by hiding it in other media so that it is "invisible". In steganography, secret data is hidden in a carrier such as sound, image or video. Securing messages using steganography is still vulnerable to third parties because the message inserted is still the original message, so that when it is successfully deleted from the message carrier it can be immediately identified. Given these problems, the steganography method needs to be combined with other methods to strengthen the level of data security, in this case a combination of steganography and cryptography will be carried out so that the embedded message will be different from the original message. Even if the data is deleted from the user, the message cannot be known immediately. In this trial, the RC4 cryptographic method which has a symmetric key and also Base64 will be implemented in the PHP and Android programming languages using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography method which will create encrypted secret messages embedded in JPG format, JPEG image media formats on each the last bit of a pixel so that the eye does not see the difference between the inserted and non-inserted images with the original image variable/result of 131.91KB after the Encryption process the amount of data is 31.92KB with very small differences so that data security is maintained without being visible to the naked eye

Zdravlje u funkciji promocije fitnesa u Srbiji

Physical exercise is crucial for maintaining good health and well-being. Scientific research on the impact of physical exercise on health is fundamental for advancing our understanding of the subject, informing public health policies, promoting evidence-based medical practices, and ultimately improving the health and well-being of individuals and communities. The basic goal of this research is to determine the relevance of the term health as a carrier of a promotional message on the fitness market in the Republic of Serbia. The paper used descriptive statistics to describe the sample, T test of independent samples, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation analysis to examine the relationship between variables. The research results showed that the primary focus of the promotional message should still be health. Apart from this, the research found that a significant number of fitness centers use Instagram as the primary social network, and that there is great promotional potential in the relationships that develop between employees and service users.

Struggles with Dramatic Form in 16th-Century English Biblical Plays

The aim of the article is to pinpoint how 16th-century biblical drama tried to appropriate its genre and medium to carry the reformist message and in what sense the project turned out to be a self-defeating one. The analysis of selected plays from reformed biblical cycles (The Chester Mystery Cycle, play iv; and “The Norwich Grocers’ Play”) and newly composed drama (John Bale’s plays, Lewis Wager’s Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magdalene, the anonymous “History of Jacob and Esau”), supported with an over- view of the criticism on the matter, reveals some common tensions in the dramatic texts which may have had their roots in the reformist need to eliminate any room for doubt that a theatrical performance could leave. The conclusion is that, in its attempts at striking the right balance between dramatizing and overt sermonizing, engaging and distancing, as well as providing an immersive experience and discouraging it, post-Reformation Scrip- ture-based drama oscillated between being more effective as a performance or as a carrier of the doctrinal message, with the resulting tendency to subvert either the former or the latter.

Message exchange dynamics in wireless biological nanonetworks

SummaryDiffusive biological nanonetworks have been established as a communication physical layer option and are envisaged to govern the development of future nanonetwork communications. Being the major communication paradigm in biological environments, it allows biological nanomachines to communicate through exchanging pulses of molecules in an aqueous medium being endogenous to these dimensions and following the requirements for biocompatibility and interoperability. The peculiarities of this nanoscale level, related mostly to the channel and the message carriers, hinder the performance of communication protocols. Therefore, in this work, parameters that affect the communication at the lowest level are being analyzed bringing new insights in the sector. Analyzing the major components that take part in the reception process, the dynamics of message transfer between nanonodes are revealed by a plethora of simulation scenarios. By entering into the equation the dynamics of chemotaxis, the behavior of such a system is scrutinized pertaining to the communication performance and stability. The proposed analysis revealed that unlike electromagnetic nanonetworks and due to the nature of the medium, there are factors that should be foreseen in the design of biological communication protocols. These significant deductions are supplementary to the established work, by shedding light on the special characteristics of biological communication entities and the way they affect the information exchange.

Сurrent state and prospects of steganography development in telecommunication systems

At present, it is necessary to ensure stable, continuous and hidden transmission of information, so it is advisable to consider the hiding of the very fact of the transmission of the message. Thus, the risk of access to information with limited access is significantly reduced. Along with this, additional messages can be encrypted. Thus, steganography is a science that provides information exchange in such a way that the very fact of the existence of a confidential message is hidden. It complements cryptography (data encryption) with another level of security rather than replacing it. To date, the use of steganography involves a number of methods for protecting information resources. It is divided into linguistic and technical. In turn, linguistic steganography is divided into: semagrams, open codes and closed ciphers. Technical steganography is divided into stego-text, stego-audio, stego-video and stego-image. For this purpose, such message carriers as images, text, audio or video are used. The media message and message (information) that needs to be hidden is broken down into bits, and these bits of information are hidden in each bit (in bits) of the media message. The information is encrypted by changing the different properties of the message carrier. Technical steganography uses special methods of signal protection, which it is advisable to implement in promising departmental means of digital communication. One of the ways to increase the hidden fact of the transmission of digital message by steganographic methods is the use of streamlined electromagnetic steganography. This concept involves the transmission of a low-power digital signal simultaneously with the radiation of a significantly more powerful legitimate source. Such a source, for example, can be a digital broadcasting transmitter. The hiding message transmission algorithm consists of three main stages: 1) the formation of electromagnetic radiation containing a hidden message 2) the additive linear addition of electromagnetic radiation containing a hidden message and stream electromagnetic container in space, 3) the demodulation of the total signal, followed by the release of the hidden message. Electromagnetic steganography, as an independent branch in the general theory of stego, with the creation of the theory of multiplayer detection has the prospects of qualitatively new development. The approaches of this theory allow to mask the hidden message not by reducing the spectral power density due to the use of broadband signals, but by ensuring the possibility of concealment of the ocular spectrum of the hidden message emitter under the ambient energy spectrum of radiation.

Simultaneous Identification of Fundamental Frequency, Mode Shape, and Damping of a Bridge by a Passing Vehicle-Trailer System

A theoretical framework is proposed to identify fundamental frequency, mode shape, and damping of a bridge simultaneously by a passing vehicle-trailers system with only accelerometers. The framework is the first attempt to use indirect method to identify all fundamental modal properties of a bridge simultaneously without shaker, laser sensors and pre-known information. The vehicle performs as both “tractor” and “excitor” and the trailers perform as “message carriers”. The residual response defined as the response difference of one trailer to another one was usually adopted in the previous studies to remove the adverse effect of road roughness; however, it lacks theoretical support. Instead, the residual response of one trailer–bridge contact point to another one is used in this study, and theoretical analysis proves that it can effectively eliminate the adverse effect of road roughness. Different from previous studies, the residual response of contact point in this study is obtained in the frequency domain rather than the time domain. Frequency and damping can be evaluated by applying single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model-based curve fitting technique to several discrete values from the Fourier transform of the residual response. Mode shapes can be reconstructed by dividing the Fourier transform of one residual response at the natural frequency by another one without time lag. The proposed framework is validated by independent finite element (FE) analysis and it shows great performance. Parametric study including vehicle speed, measurement noise, calibration error, road surface roughness and boundary condition has also been conducted to check its feasibility in various scenarios.

YAŞAM KAVGASI (1978) FİLMİNİN ELEŞTİREL SÖYLEM ANALİZİ: FAİRCLOUGH 3D MODELİ BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

The aim of this study is to analyze the tools used as message carriers in the movie "Life Fight/Yaşam Kavgası (1978)" within the framework of Fairclough's (1995) three-dimensional model and to reva the power relations and ideology in the movie. This research shows that Fairclough's framework can be used in multimodal film discourse studies. Findings, while a criticism made during the release period of the movie in the consumption phase, it was reported that the film director made a lower level of film than expected, while the comments of audiences on the virtual sites (2008-2020) were generally positive. In the movie "Life Fight/Yaşam Kavgası (1978)", it was seen that the mining situations were limited in terms of time and space. In the presentation of old age through the character of Vehip, the existing stereotypes of the period about old age were reinforced. Various behavioral definitions of Emine's character; contrary to the presentation of “woman” in the context of “gender”, it contained vocabulary, sound, mood and transitivity. On the other hand, in the choice of style of social actors, an ideological stance was displayed regarding the task of providing the unity of the family to women and the fact that women had no place in social life without a family/wife. In the scene of Şükran, Emine's departure with two or three men made an intertextual reference to "female-male witnessing" in Islam. In the main theme, the only home of the "family" was reminded in the world where there were cruelties and difficulties. It was seen that the greatest responsibility of the family in ensuring the continuity in social relations and maintaining its protection was given to the woman through the character of Emine in the movie. Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Turkish Cinema, Fairclough 3D Model, Ideology

Knock, knock, log: Threat analysis, detection & mitigation of covert channels in syslog using port scans as cover

In this paper we perform a threat analysis for a covert Command and Control (C2) channel using port scans as cover and syslog as carrier for data infiltration. We describe a theoretical threat scenario in which an adversary makes use of known covert channels in TCP and DNS, and propose a novel method for hiding information in TCP ports scans and the resulting (sys)logs as a carrier for hidden messages. For forensic purposes, we provide details on Indicators-of-Compromise (IoC) as well as mitigating measures aiming at preventing the covert channel apriori. Moreover, we propose a novel detection scheme in order to identify and prevent such threats hidden in port scans and evaluate its effectiveness using datasets generated by a proof of concept implementation of the proposed covert channel based threat scenario.

The Role of Muhammadiyah Islamic Movement in Hacking a New Map of Local Culture in Indonesia

This article aims to examine the movement of Muhammadiyah. Muhammadiyah's commitments since its establishment until now is that Muhammadiyah has positioned itself as a pure creed-based Islamic da'wah movement. Muhammadiyah's role in creating a local culture for modern culture, Muhammadiyah has several programs launched in the field of culture. To examine those backgrounds, this article uses a historical approach to the normative juridical method. This article found that Muhammadiyah's program in the field of culture is an effort intended to develop an appreciation of art that is in line with the views of Muhammadiyah's beliefs. One of the applications of Muhammadiyah's cultural program is the development of culture-based education. Muhammadiyah is expected to be able to carry out its strategic role in terms of culture very optimally. In forming a progressive culture, Muhammadiyah does not only need a commensurate movement strategy but at the same time has a building of thought that goes beyond, so that it appears as a carrier of a progressive alternative Islamic message with a strong and superior character. From the womb of Muhammadiyah was born the transformation of Indonesian culture which is religious and progresses parallel to and even superior to other nations. Here the important role of actualizing the view of progressive Islam as declared in the One Century Congress, which is accompanied by the strategy of the enlightenment movement (a movement that liberates, empowers, and advances) in all its orientations and steps.

A machine learning strategy for fast prediction of cardiac function based on peripheral pulse wave

ObjectivePulse wave has been considered as a message carrier in the cardiovascular system (CVS), capable of inferring CVS conditions while diagnosing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Clarification and prediction of cardiovascular function by means of powerful feature-abstraction capability of machine learning method based on pulse wave is of great clinical significance in health monitoring and CVDs diagnosis, which remains poorly studied. MethodsHere we propose a machine learning (ML)-based strategy aiming to achieve a fast and accurate prediction of three cardiovascular function parameters based on a 412-subject database of pulse waves. We proposed and optimized an ML-based model with multi-layered, fully connected network while building up two high-quality pulse wave datasets comprising a healthy-subject group and a CVD-subject group to predict arterial compliance (AC), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and stroke volume (SV), which are essential messengers in monitoring CVS conditions. ResultsOur ML model is validated through consistency analysis of the ML-predicted three cardiovascular function parameters with clinical measurements and is proven through error analysis to have capability of achieving a high-accurate prediction on TPR and SV for both healthy-subject group (accuracy: 85.3%, 86.9%) and CVD-subject group (accuracy: 88.3%, 89.2%). DiscussionThe independent sample t-test proved that our subject groups could represent the typical physiological characteristics of the corresponding population. While we have more subjects in our datasets rather than previous studies after strict data screening, the proposed ML-based strategy needs to be further improved to achieve a disease-specific prediction of heart failure and other CVDs through training with larger datasets and clinical measurements. ConclusionOur study points to the feasibility and potential of the pulse wave-based prediction of physiological and pathological CVS conditions in clinical application.

Bi-directional semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol based on high-dimensional single-particle states

Semi-quantum secure direct communication allows the quantum party and the classical party to transmit secure messages directly, but does not need sharing a secret key in advance. To increase the information transmission efficiency and practicability of semi-quantum secure direct communication, a bidirectional semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol with high-dimensional single-particle states is designed. The proposed protocol involves quantum party Alice and classical party Bob. Each participant can receive a secret message while sending a secret message. Unlike most of existing quantum secure direct communication protocols, it is not necessary for the classical party Bob in the proposed protocol to possess the capability of measuring quantum states, which greatly enhances the feasibility of the protocol. The protocol allows the classical party Bob to implement the unitary operations on particles and reorder the quantum sequence. Furthermore, the quantum party Alice and the classical party Bob can verify the correctness of the received secret message with the Hash function. Security analysis indicates that without being discovered by the legitimate participants, Eve cannot obtain the secret message with common attack, such as intercept-resend attack, measure-resend attack, tampering attack and entanglement-measure attack. Compared with the typical semi-quantum secure direct communication protocols, the proposed protocol has a high qubit efficiency of about 28.6%. In addition, the transmission efficiency of secret message is greatly enhanced, since the proposed protocol utilizes the high-dimensional single-particle states as the carrier of secret message.