Mesorrhine Nose Research Articles

Distribution of nose types among Igbos of South-East Nigeria

Background: The nose is an important aesthetic unit that is essential in defining the facial appearance of an individual and also helps in identifying a tribe or race. Understanding the distribution of nose types within the Igbo population is crucial for elucidating patterns of human diversity, population genetics, and evolutionary anthropology. The aims of this study were to determine some nasal parameters of Igbo adults, analyze the distribution of the types, check sexual dimorphism, and to correlate the parameters with age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) respectively Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 312 Igbos in Enugu of Southeastern Nigeria using cluster sampling. The nasal dimensions were measured with digital Vernier’s calipers and the nasal indices were calculated. Weight and height were also measured and BMI calculated. All data were collated and analyzed. Results: The mean age was 37.05 (±15.83). The age range was 20 to 69 years and they were grouped into 20 – 29 years group, 30 – 39, 40 – 49, 50 – 59 and 60 – 69 years groups. The range nasal height was 37.24 - 57.63mm for males, while range for females was 32.43 - 52.97mm. The range for nasal width was 37.04 - 51.29mm for males and 32.93 - 48.52mm for females. The mean nasal widths of males were significantly wider than those of females in all age groups respectively (p < 0.01). The mean nasal indices for males and females were 91.91 (platyrrhine) and 86.26 (platyrrhine) respectively. Majority of the sample population had platyrrhine nose (67%) while 32% of them had mesorrhine nose and only 1% of them had leptorrhine nose. There was a significant positive correlation between height of nose and width of nose of adult Igbos with their age, height and weight (p value <0.01) and a significant negative correlation with body mass index (p <0.01). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the distribution of nose types among the Igbo people of South-East Nigeria. We have characterized the prevalence of different nose types and explored potential associations with demographic and anthropometric factors. The major nose type of Igbos is platyrrhine, while the minor one is mesorrhine. Knowledge of nasal parameters are applied in forensic studies; and in surgeries involving the nose, and this ensures that individuals do not lose their identities even after extensive nasal surgeries.

Anthropometric Study of the Nasal Index of Adult Native of Ikwerre of Rivers State, Nigeria.

Background: The human nose differs in its anatomy and morphology among different ethnic groups. The nasal index is a vital measurement for classifying the ethnic groups and sex of an individual. The study aims at determine the nasal index of adult male and female Ikwerre natives in relation to age and to show its interest in forensic anthropology.
 Materials and methods: Three hundred and thirty subjects (160 males and 170 females) aged 20–59 years were recruited for this study. Nasal height and width were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. The nasal index was calculated as nasal width/nasal height ×100. 
 Results: The mean nasal index of females aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years were 87.45±0.85, 94.69±1.30, 93.90±1.71, and 93.94±1.39 respectively. The mean nasal index of males aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years were 94.22±0.8, 90.46±1.45, 90.24±1.10, and 99.46±1.68 respectively. The nasal index of overall males and females was 77.22±2.11 and 94.23±0.90 respectively. The higher nasal index was observed in males within the age groups 20–29 and 50–59 years, as compared to the females, who had a higher nasal index within the age groups 30-39 and 40–49 years. The result revealed sexual dimorphism. 
 Conclusion: This study showed that males in the Ikwerre ethnicity fall within the Mesorrhine nose type while females have the Platyrrhine nose type.

NASOFACIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND ITS RELEVANCE IN COVID 19: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Context- Nasofacial anthropometry is the measurement of facial and nasal parameters for racial and gender determination, forensic reconstructions, quantication and treatment of nasofacial abnormalities. Anthropometry also plays a pivotal role in industrial and fashion design, ergonomics and architecture. In these pandemic times, when mask etiquette has become the norm, it is imperative to ergonomically design facial masks to custom t individuals. 'One size ts all' does not serve the purpose as air leaks waiver the use of these masks completely. Hence revising nasofacial anthropometric baseline data of populations has become more relevant than ever. To assess the nasofacial parameters of males and females of Lucknow population. The present cross sectionalAim- Subjects & methods- study was conducted in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, BabuBanarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow where 200 subjects with an age group of 18- 35 years were assessed. Nasal, Facial, Philtrum and Columella parameters were recorded using vernier calipers. Statisical analysis- Student's T test was applied to compare two independent groups and Chi square test was applied to compare categorical groups. - Our study found that hyperleptoprosopic face and mesorrhine nose was predominant in both genders with aResults and conclusions denite increase in dimension among males; conrming sexual dimorphism. Literature review conrmed similarity of face types in places closer to India and variations in farther areas. To conclude, facial type may be majorly dependent on genetic descent and nasal type on environmental factors. Taking into account the huge Indian immigrant population worldwide, results of our study will provide baseline data to researchers.

Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of the nose has a great importance to differentiate gender, race, and ethnicity. Nasal index is an important parameter in forensic sciences and rhinoplasty surgery. Our aim is to compare the nasal index of both males and females and its role to identify gender differences among medical students. Methods: First and second year medical students were chosen and height, breadth and nasal index were calculated. The height and width of the nose was measured using a vernier caliper. The nasal index of both males and females were calculated and compared and based on this, the nasal shape was also determined. Results: Among 184 total participants, 114 (61.9%) were Nepalese and 70 (38.1%) were Indian. In the Nepalese cohort, mean nasal height for male students was 4.58 ± 0.37 cm which was higher than females (4.39 ± 0.34 cm). The mean nasal index was higher among males in students of both the countries. The mesorrhine was most common type of morphology found among all students. Conclusions: Nasal index of male medical students was significantly higher than females. Mesorrhine nose was the commonest type of nose in our study. This information may be used to estimate gender differences.

Dominance of the Leptoprosopic Face and Mesorrhine Nose Types: Does Stature and Facial Types Matter in Northern Nigerian Adults?

World scientists are using facial morphometry as a reconstructive option in the treatment of patients and ethnic differentiations. Hence, the authors aimed to study the naso-facial dimensions of northern population in Nigeria. About 500 subjects (Igede, n = 260 and Idoma, n = 240) were recruited from schools in the Benue-Plateau valley in 2014-2015 academic session. Notable parameters measured using vernier caliper were upper facial length, lower facial length, total facial indices, nasal length, nasal width, and nasal indices. Also, stature was measured to the nearest centimeters with stadiometer. Taller Idoma males than Igede males (169.25 ± 8.92, 167.13 ± 8.99), and taller Igede females than Idoma females (164.57 ± 8.77, 163.45 ± 8.94). The mean facial indices of Idoma subjects showed 97.89 ± 8.53 and 97.82 ± 8.11 with nasal indices of 77.77 ± 7.34 and 80.42 ± 7.53, whereas Igede subjects showed 96.88 ± 8.61: 97.83 ± 8.36 with nasal indices of 75.59 ± 7.45 and 77.55 ± 0.21. Both ethnic groups showed dominance of the leptoprosopic face type and mesorrhine nose type. All R2 values appeared to be above 0.5% (P < 0.05), where Igede males and females were 0.72, 0.71: 0.82, 0.81, and 0.69, 0.65 and 0.72, 0.73 for stature with total facial indices, and nasal indices respectively. Facial and nasal types serve as good predictors of stature, important for dimorphic and ethnic classifications in time of forensic needs.

Variations in somatometric and somatoscopic characters among the Santhals of Dumka district, Jharkhand

Background: Baseline data collection is always very important for the planning and upliftment of any community. It determines the requirement in a more specific manner, thereby acting as an indicator, which can be used to monitor and evaluate any project. With this intention the Santhal people of Dumka in the state of Jharkhand, have been studied to prepare a baseline of their body measurements as well as their somatoscopic observations.Methods: A total of 206 adult Santhal sample has been collected, of which 111 are females and 95 are males. The data was collected with respect to 17 somatometric variables, 3 anthropometric indices and 24 somatoscopic observations.Results: The mean age of Santhal males in the present study is 35.72 years and the mean age of the females is 32.45 years. A typical Santhal of Dumka, Jharkhand is of short stature, with a hyper dolichocephalic head, females with a mesorrhine nose and the males with platyrrhine nose. The nasal index could be an adaptive strategy of survival among them. They have a euryprosopic face. Their skin colour is dark brown. Hairs are coarse, broad wavy and black in colour, which are medium in quantity. Their eyes dark brown in colour has a marked epicanthic fold. The supraorbital ridges are continuous with a broad forehead. They have a medium facial prognathism with thick lips. The Santhals of Dumka are therefore a well-adapted population of the region.Conclusions: Santhals of the present study show all the characters of Austro-Asiatic classification.

Morphometric variations of nasal parameters in gujarati population: An anatomical study

Introduction: Nasal morphology is an important factor in forensic investigations and facial reconstructive procedures. Found to be strongly related to ethnicity and environmental factors, and known to be sexually dimorphic, the study of nasal parameters is useful in forensic facial reconstruction. The aim of the study is to evaluate the nasal morphological characteristics of the Gujarati population as an indicator for personal identification and to assess the prevalent nasal morphology of the study population determined. Material and Methods: The study involved randomly selected 180 healthy subjects (90 males and 90 females) between three age groups. Nasal width and nasal height were measured using a digital vernier caliper, and nasal index was calculated along with other parameters. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean nasal width for male and female was 38.23 mm and 34.94 mm while the mean nasal height was 47.59 mm and 44.35 mm, respectively. The mean nasal index for male subjects (81.08) was also higher than for female subjects (77.30). The morphological classification showed the mesorrhine nose type as the most prevalent among both the males (58.88%) and females (66.66%). Discussion and Conclusion: The population under the study exhibits mesorrhine type of the nose and shows sexual dimorphism in the values of nasal measurements. Thus, the current study is valuable not only in forensic facial reconstruction but also as an added method for determining the gender and ethnicity of an unidentified individual.

Nasal index among Students of People’s Dental College and Hospital

Introduction: Nasal anthropometry is a study that deals with the measurements of the proportion, size, and shape of nose. The nasal index is considered as one of the major landmarks for craniofacial surgery, gender differentiation, and ethnic identity. This study is aimed to provide baseline data of the nasal index of Nepalese people and to assess the gender variation which will be of clinical, surgical interest in rhinology and craniofacial prosthetic purpose.&#x0D; Methods: BDS students from 17 to 25 years with various ethnicity were included in the study. A total of 160 students with an equal number of male and female students was included. Nasal parameters were measured and the nasal index was calculated for each student.&#x0D; Result: The mean nasal index was 78.03±7.07 suggesting Mesorrhine type of nose. The nasal width and height show statistically significant difference whereas there was no significant difference found between the nasal indices of male and female students. Hill Janajati showed the highest nasal index followed by Newar, Brahmin and Chettri; and Others.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concludes the type of nose has an effect on gender when compared between the sex but the nasal index calculated to have a little contribution to sexual dimorphism. Mesorrhine nose were found to be most frequent. Among the population, Hill Janajati showed highest nasal index. We recommend a further study to compare the nasal index of various ethnical groups of Nepalese population.

Comparison of Nasal Index Between Northwestern Nigeria and Northern Iranian Populations: An Anthropometric Study.

The nasal index has a great value in anthropological studies, because it is one of the anthropometric indices acknowledged in nasal surgery as well as management. Anthropometric studies are very important area for craniofacial surgery and syndromology. The aim of this research was to compare the nasal characteristics between northwestern Nigerian and Iranian populations and compare them with other studies. The nasal breadths and heights were measured from 400 individuals with 200 participants from Hausa ethnic group of northwestern Nigeria and 200 participants from Northern Tehran, Iran. Nasal index (NI) was calculated and analyzed statistically. There were significant difference in the nasal breadth (P = 0.0001), height (P = 0.0001) and NI (P = 0.0001) of sex groups in both Iranian and Nigeria population. The distribution of the nasal shapes for Iranian population is 127 leptorrhine (31.9%), 62 mesorrhine (15.6%) and nine platyrrhine (2.3%), while Nigeria population has 120 mesorrhine (30.2%), 75 leptorrhine (18.8%) and five platyrrhine (1.3%). This shows that Nigeria Hausa population has predominantly mesorrhine nose shape, while Northern Iranians are leptorrhine. The NI of males is higher than females in both population and this study can be ofclinical and surgical interest in Rhinology. We recommend further studies to compare the NI of Nigeria and Iranian population of different ethnic groups and with other countries.

The Indian nose: An anthropometric analysis

Anthropometric measurements of the nose are of great importance in planning aesthetic nasal surgery. Abundant literature is available on anthropometric analysis of Caucasians and Orientals, without similar references on the Indian nose and its regional differences. Thus, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study of 1000 volunteers, with equal number of subjects derived from five geographic groups, namely North, Central, West, South, and the Himalayan region, to determine differences in nasal morphology of Indian population and among its various regions. The objective was to establish a standard Indian data for guidance in nasal surgery. All measurements were deduced using photographic analysis. The mean nasal height and width of our study population was 50.48 and 36.59mm, respectively. Nasal profile varied among all five regions of the country. North Indians had the longest (52.69mm nasal height) but the narrowest nose (35.01mm width), thus having a leptorrhine nose with Caucasoid features. South Indians had the broadest nose (nasal width=38.66mm), whereas subjects from the Himalayan region had the shortest nose (nasal height=47.2mm). Indians on average had a mesorrhine nose as compared to Caucasians and Orientals who have a leptorrhine nose and Africans who have a platyrrhine nose. We thus conclude that the Indian nose should be considered a different entity in comparison to the nose of Caucasian, Oriental, and African populations. There are obvious differences in the facial architecture of people from different regions within the country. Therefore, appropriate adjustments need to be made according to different racial descents during nasal surgeries so as to give patients results that blend harmoniously with other facial features.

Preservation of nostril morphology in nasal base reduction.

Asian patients often desire reduction of the base and alar lobules of the Asian mesorrhine nose. Sill excision is commonly used, but may result in an angular or notched nostril rim. We developed an internal method of alar base reduction involving triangle flaps for sill resection. This method avoids alar rim notching and teardrop deformity. Cinching sutures and double-layer closure avoid tension on the wound. We categorized the results in 50 patients (4 men, 46 women) who underwent surgery between November 2012 and August 2015 and who could be followed up for more than 3months. The mean age of the subjects was 26.3years and the mean follow-up period was 8.9months. Forty patients underwent base reduction with the internal method, while ten with alar flare were treated with additional external resection. The mean reduction of the nostril sill width was 4.8mm for both methods. In the subjects receiving flare resection, the mean reduction of the lateral alar width was 4.4mm. There was no notching at the suture site. Complications included a short scar running obliquely under the sill in 13 patients and a trap door deformity in one patient. Nasal base reduction is widely performed, but subject to outcomes with abnormal nostril contour. We used triangle flaps to narrow the sill, and cinching sutures to prevent tension on the wound. Our methods prevent nostril notching and/or teardrop deformity. Scarring can occur, but can be reduced using cinching sutures for wound relaxation. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Nasal biometrics and nasofacial proportion in Hausas and Yorubas using Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm

Background: Nasal biometrics is vital to facial analyses. This study evaluated nasal biometrics in Hausas and Yorubas of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Hausas (150 males and 150 females, aged 18-36 years) and Yorubas (150 males and 150 females, aged 15-33 years) were selected as subjects with informed consents and when established as Hausas or Yorubas by parents and grandparents. Height, body weight and cephalometric parameters (evaluated on three-dimensional facial photographs) were measured on subjects. The novel Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm was developed using modified row method of computer programming. Nasal root width, nose height, nose width, nasal bridge length, nasal tip protrusion, nasal index, facial width and nasofacial proportion computed from readings of Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm were analyzed using Z-test ( P ≤ 0.05) of 2010 Microsoft Excel statistical software. Results: Computed nasal biometrics showed statistically nonsignificant higher values ( P > 0.05) in males of Hausas (100%) and Yorubas (80%) compared to their female counterparts. In addition, results showed nonsignificant higher values ( P > 0.05) in 80% of nasal biometrics in Hausas compared to Yorubas in both sexes. Based on classifications of nose types from nasal index, Hausas have the platyrrhine nose type while Yorubas have the mesorrhine nose type. Nasofacial proportion was lower in Hausa males compared to females, but of same values in Yoruba males and females. In addition, nasofacial proportions were lower in Hausas compared to Yorubas in both sexes. Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism of nasal biometrics exists between sexes of Hausas and Yorubas. Furthermore, Hausas and Yorubas are of similar nasal sizes.

Nasofacial Anthropometric Study among University Students of Three Races in Malaysia

Objective. Anthropometric data of the nasofacial dimensions is vital in nasofacial surgery, forensics medicine, and diagnostic comprehension. Nasofacial anthropometry is “ethnic sensitive” and has distinct sexual dimorphism. This study is aimed to observe the variations of length and width of face and nose among university students of three races in Ipoh, Malaysia. Material and Method. A cross-sectional study was done on 200 college students aged between 18 and 21 years, using convenient sampling method. The facial length and width and nasal length and width were measured. The data were analysed using the SPSS software. Result. The mean facial index of Malay subjects showed 88.82 ± 6.63 with nasal index of 81.00 ± 7.48, showing dominance of the leptoprosopic face type and mesorrhine nose type. Chinese subjects showed facial index and nasal index of 85.65 ± 6.50 and 79.56 ± 8.62, respectively, having mesoprosopic face type and mesorrhine nose type. Indian students had facial index of 92.57 ± 7.19 and nasal index of 76.27 ± 7.39, having leptoprosopic face type and mesorrhine nose type. The differences in means of facial and nasal indices between the three races were statistically significant (P&lt;0.005). Conclusion. The result of our study has confirmed that there was sexual dimorphism of facial and nasal parameters and also significant differences of facial and nasal indices amongst the three Malaysian race groups.

A comparative study on nasal ergonomics of Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh males

IntroductionNasal index is an ethnic sensitive anthropometric index. It is an important anthropometric parameter for classifying the race and sex of an individual whose identity is unknown. The present study was undertaken to observe the midline nasal ergonomics of MP & UP males. Materials and MethodA random sample of males of 18–28 years age group was chosen for examination. Nasal breadth (NB), nasal height (NH) and nasal depth (ND) were measured with the help of Digital Vernier Caliper. Nasal index (NI) and nasal elevation index (NEI) of each group were calculated as NB/NH × 100 & ND/NB × 100. ResultThe result was analyzed statistically using Unpaired Student t-test with significant relationship (p < 0.001) of NI & NEI between the two groups. The result showed that the MP males had mean NI of 68.73 ± 8.25 while that of UP males had NI of 76.91 ± 6.25 (p < 0.001). DiscussionThe NI of MP males is <70 and so fall within the classification leptorrhine while the UP males had a NI between 70.00 and 84.9 so fall within the mesorrhine nose type. The NEI of MP males is 51.08 ± 7.33 which was greater than UP males which had 44.13 ± 6.54 which indicates that MP males have a significance protruded longer & more elevated nose than UP counterpart. The data obtained showed difference in nose types. Thus the data of this study is recommended in anthropological studies and reconstructive surgery amongst the ethnic groups under study.

Nasal Parameters of Ibibio and Yakurr Ethnic Groups of South South Nigeria

The study involved 400 subjects, 200 each of the two ethnic groups(100 males and 100 females). The age range was 18-35years. Subjects with facial deformities or surgeries that involved the nasal region were excluded from the study. Subjects that have both parents and grandparents of each ethnic group and who have lived in that environment for at least the first 18years of their lifetime were selected for the study. The nasal length and width were measured using spreading calipers and nasal indices deducted from these measurements. Test for significance was done using the students' t-test. Results showed the nasal indices of the Ibibio males and females to be 86.58±1.20 and 81.75±1.14 respectively and for the Yakurr males and females, it was 77.76±0.82 and 102.27±1.13 respectively. There was significant ethnic and gender differences in all the nasal parameters (nasal length, nasal width and nasal indices) at p<0.05. From the nasal indices the nose type of the Ibibio males is platyrrhine while that of the Ibibio females is mesorrhine, the Yakurr males also have mesorrhine nose type while the Yakurr females have platyrrhine nose type. With this result, nasal parameters could be a useful tool in gender and ethnic differentiation between the Ibibio and Yakurr ethnic groups.

Anthropometric comparison of nasal indices between Andoni and Okrika tribes of Rivers State, Nigeria

A comparative study on Nasal Index was carried out on subjects from Andoni and Okrika tribes of Rivers State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Four hundred individuals were randomly selected from each tribe comprising 200 males and 200 females, respectively. The ages of the subjects ranged from 21-30 years. The height of the nose (NH) and the breadth of the nose (NB) were measured for each subject using a sliding caliper and the nasal index calculated. The mean nasal index of the Adonis was 79.83 ± 4.19 and 83.77 ± 1.09 for male and female respectively while that of the Okrikas males and females were 86.23 ±1.72 and 86.46 ± 2.37, respectively. The mean nasal index of the Okrika tribe was 86.38 ± 1.35 and this was significantly higher than the mean nasal index of Andoni tribe (81.86 ± 2.26) p< 0.05. Thus the Okrikas fall within the Platyrrhine nose type while the Andonis fall within the Mesorrhine nose type. Key words: Nasal indices, platyrrhine, mesorrhine, Okrika, Andoni, Nigeria

Somatometric Variations Among the Lotha Naga of Wokha District, Nagaland

AbstractData on Somatometric variations on head and face, on body and on subcutaneous fat content were collected among the Lotha Nagas of Nagaland. In all thSese variables the Lotha males showed higher mean values except for the measurement on the subcutaneous fat content where the females were found to have much higher mean values. The Lothas are found to be medium – statured people with brachycephalic head, euryprosopic face and mesorrhine nose.

Blood Groups among the Khasis

THE Khasis are inhabitants of the district of Khasia and Jaintia Hills, Assam. They are short statured with a high mesocephalic head, a meso-prosopic face and a mesorrhine nose, and in the height of the root of the nose above the level of the orbit they are pro-opic. The head varies from long to medium and has a high vault. The hair is of medium growth, straight and black in colour. The forehead is vertical and medium in height. The depression of the nose is shallow and the nasal bridge is concave. The malars are prominent and there is no alveolar prognathism. The lips are of medium thickness, the chin ordinary and the angle of the lower jaw medium. The eye colour is light brown and the eye slit is horizontal.