Mesoporous MnO2 Research Articles

Multifunctional manganese-based nanogels catalyze immune energy metabolism to promote bone repair

Tissue regeneration during bone defect repair is regulated by the energy metabolism of macrophages. Abnormal energy metabolism can negatively affect bone repair in pathological conditions. A promising strategy involves developing biomaterials that regulate macrophage energy metabolism to coordinate immune response and bone regeneration. In this study, hollow mesoporous MnO2, known for its excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and drug-loading abilities, was loaded with dexamethasone. This was followed by electrostatic self-assembly using chitosan coating to create nanogels (Alg-MD@CS). In vitro experiments showed that the nanogel effectively scavenged excess ROS, restored mitochondrial function, and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors. It downregulated glycolysis by inhibiting the ERK/HIF-1α/GLUT1 pathway, facilitating the M1-to-M2 phenotype switch to promote an anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative ecological environment. In vivo experiments confirmed these findings. The nanogel reduced ROS levels in rats, reshaped the local immune microenvironment, and promoted bone regeneration. In summary, we developed a multifunctional nanogel for bone defect repair and demonstrated the significance and feasibility of reverse reprogramming by regulating the energy metabolism of macrophages during bone regeneration.

Gelation embolism agents suppress clinical TACE-incited pro-metastatic microenvironment against hepatocellular carcinoma progression

Current embolic agents in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) encounter instability and easy leakage, discounting TACE efficacy with residual HCC. Moreover, clinical TACE aggravates hypoxia and pro-metastatic microenvironments, rendering patients with HCC poor prognosis. Herein, we developed Zein-based embolic agents that harness water-insoluble but ethanol-soluble Zein to encompass doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded mesoporous hollow MnO2 (HMnO2). The conditions and capacity of HMnO2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assayed. Mechanical examinations of Zein-HMnO2@DOX were performed to evaluate its potential as the embolic agent. Invitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of Zein-HMnO2@DOX on HCC. The subcutaneous HCC mouse model and rabbit VX2 HCC model were established to investigate its anti-tumor and anti-metastasis efficacy and explore its potential anti-tumor mechanism. The high adhesion and crosslinking of Zein with HMnO2@DOX impart Zein-HMnO2@DOX with strong mechanical strength to resist deformation and wash-off. Zein gelation and HMnO2 decomposition in response to water and acidic tumor microenvironment, respectively, enable continuous DOX release and Fenton-like reaction for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and O2 release to execute ROS-enhanced TACE. Consequently, Zein-based embolic agents outperform clinically-used lipiodol to significantly inhibit orthotopic HCC growth. More significantly, O2 release down-regulates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT1), which thereby re-programmes TACE-aggravated hypoxic and pro-metastatic microenvironments to repress HCC metastasis towards lung. Mechanistic explorations uncover that such Zein-based TACE agents disrupt oxidative stress, angiogenesis and glycometabolism pathways to inhibit HCC progression. This innovative work not only provides a new TACE agent for HCC, but also establishes a new strategy to ameliorate TACE-aggravated hypoxia and metastasis motivation against clinically-common HCC metastasis after TACE operation. Excellent Young Science Fund for National Natural Science Foundation of China (82022033); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82373086, 82102761); Major scientific and technological innovation project of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau (Grant No. ZY2021009); Shanghai Young Top-Notch Talent.

Utilization of manganese ore waste in development of mesoporous Mn3O4 and spinel LiMn2O4 octahedrons as a cathode for Li-ion battery

Nowadays, research on extracting gainful materials from waste precursors is highly fascinating and possesses excellent economic importance. This contribution validates the utilization of waste manganese sulphate (MnSO4) solution produced during the Mn mining processes for value-added battery materials. Specifically, the nano-sized spherical Mn3O4 particles were prepared using the MnSO4 solution by a controlled crystallization process in high purity, which was subsequently employed to develop efficacious cathode material i.e. LiMn2O4 (LMO) by a scalable solid-state method. The structural and morphological properties of as-prepared Mn3O4 and LiMn2O4 are studied by various characterization techniques like XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM, FE-TEM, XPS, and BET. The investigation reveals the formation of highly crystalline and phase-pure materials. The well-defined truncated octahedral LMO was successfully demonstrated as cathode electrode materials in the assembly li-ion battery coin cell. The as-prepared pristine, highly crystalline LiMn2O4 exhibited specific charge and discharge capacities of 122 mAhg-1 and 116 mAhg-1, respectively at 0.1C and prolonged stability with 71.4% capacity retention after 900 cycles at the current density of 1C within the potential window of 3.6 to 4.5V. The superior cycling performance of LMO suggests the significance of surface orientation in achieving enhanced electrochemical performance.

Mesoporous manganese oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a base material for the 99mTc/99Mo generator: Development, characterization, and implementation study

The uptake capacity of Mo on the active MnO2 nanoparticles was determined in a previous study, and it was found to be 7 mg/g. This value is appropriate for 99Mo, which is more complex to separate due to its production using the 235U fission reaction with a high specific activity. Currently, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) linked to mesoporous MnO2 are being prepared and studied as a novel sorbent for the 99Mo produced with a low specific activity by thermal neutron activation of natural molybdenum consisting of 92M0, 94Mo, 95Mo, 96Mo, 97Mo, 98Mo, and 100Mo, based on the 98Mo(n,γ) reaction to prepare the 99Mo/99mTc generator with a high uptake capacity for Mo. FTIR spectroscopy, EDX-mapping, XRD, particle size analysis, FESEM, and TEM analysis were used to characterize the novel mesoporous MnO2/MWCNT sorbent with a large total pore area 193.3 m2/g and porosity about 52%. Several factors influencing the sorption of 99Mo and 99mTc onto the mesoporous MnO2/MWCNTs were studied, including the distribution coefficient (Kd), contact time, temperature, and sorbent/solute ratio, etc. The Mo uptake capacities on the novel sorbent were 133 and 115 mg Mo/g, respectively. A preliminary study on the prepared new sorbent for the 99Mo/99mTc generator was performed, and the elution yield of 99mTc was found to be 82.55% with low 99Mo breakthrough. The radiochemical, radionuclide, and chemical purity of the eluted 99mTc were checked to ensure that it was free of impurities.

Low-temperature catalytic methane deep oxidation over sol-gel derived mesoporous hausmannite (Mn3O4) spherical particles

In this study, Mn3O4 spherical particles (SPs) were synthesized by the sol-gel process, after which they were thermally annealed at 400 °C, and comprehensively characterized. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that Mn3O4 exhibited a tetragonal spinel structure, and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified surface-adsorbed functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the specific surface area analyses by Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) revealed a porous, homogeneous surface composed of strongly agglomerated spherical grains with an estimated average particle size of ∼35 nm, which corresponded to a large specific surface area of ∼81.5 m2/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that Mn3O4 was composed of metallic cations (Mn4+, Mn3+, and Mn2+) and oxygen species (O2−, OH− and CO32−). The optical bandgap energy is ∼2.55 eV. Assessment of the catalytic performance of the Mn3O4 SPs indicated T90 conversion of CH4 to CO2 and H2O at 398 °C for gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 72000 mL3 g−1 h−1. This observed performance can be attributed to the cooperative effects of the smallest spherical grain size with a mesoporous structure, which is responsible for the larger specific surface area and available surface-active oxygenated species. The cooperative effect of the good reducibility, higher ratio of active species (OLat/OAds), and results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the total oxidation of CH4 over the mesoporous Mn3O4 SPs might take place via a two-term process in which both the Langmuir−Hinshelwood and Mars−van Krevelen mechanisms are cooperatively involved.

Mesoporous Oxidized Mn-Ca Nanoparticles as Potential Antimicrobial Agents for Wound Healing.

Managing chronic non-healing wounds presents a significant clinical challenge due to their frequent bacterial infections. Mesoporous silica-based materials possess robust wound-healing capabilities attributed to their renowned antimicrobial properties. The current study details the advancement of mesoporous silicon-loaded MnO and CaO molecules (HMn-Ca) against bacterial infections and chronic non-healing wounds. HMn-Ca was synthesized by reducing manganese chloride and calcium chloride by urotropine solution with mesoporous silicon as the template, thereby transforming the manganese and calcium ions on the framework of mesoporous silicon. The developed HMn-Ca was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible), and visible spectrophotometry, followed by the determination of Zeta potential. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by using the 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation reaction. The wound healing effectiveness of the synthesized HMn-Ca is evaluated in a bacterial-infected mouse model. The loading of MnO and CaO inside mesoporous silicon enhanced the generation of ROS and the capacity of bacterial capture, subsequently decomposing the bacterial membrane, leading to the puncturing of the bacterial membrane, followed by cellular demise. As a result, treatment with HMn-Ca could improve the healing of the bacterial-infected wound, illustrating a straightforward yet potent method for engineering nanozymes tailored for antibacterial therapy.

Dual biomarkers-activatable hollow MnO2-Based theranostic nanoplatform for efficient breast cancer-specific multisite fluorescence imaging and synergistic therapy

BackgroundTheranostic nanoplatforms with integrated diagnostic imaging and multiple therapeutic functions play a vital role in precise diagnosis and efficient treatment for breast cancer, but unfortunately, these nanoplatforms are usually stuck in single-site imaging and single mode of treatment, causing unsatisfactory diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency. Herein, a dual biomarkers-activatable facile hollow mesoporous MnO2 (H–MnO2)-based theranostic nanoplatform, DNAzyme@H–MnO2-MUC1 aptamer (DHMM), was constructed for the simultaneous multi-site diagnosis and multiple treatment of breast cancer. ResultsThe DHMM acted as an integrated diagnostic and therapeutic nanoplatform that realizes multi-site fluorescence imaging-guided high-efficient photothermal/chemodynamic/gene synergistic therapy (PTT/CDT/GT) for breast cancer. The H–MnO2 exhibits high loading capacity for Cy5-MUC1 aptamer (3.05 pmoL μg−1) and FAM-DNAzyme (3.37 pmoL μg−1), and excellent quenching for the probes. In the presence of MUC1 on the cell membrane and GSH in the cytoplasm, Cy5-MUC1 aptamer and FAM-DNAzyme was activated triggering dual-channel fluorescence imaging at different sites. Moreover, the self-supplied Mn2+ was further supplied as DNAzyme cofactors to catalytic cleavage intracellular EGR-1 mRNA for high-efficient GT and stimulated the Fenton-like reaction for CDT. The H–MnO2 also showcases a favorable photothermal performance with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 44.16%, which ultimately contributes to multi-site fluorescence imaging-guided synergistic treatment with an apoptosis rate of 71.82%. SignificanceThis dual biomarker-activatable multiple therapeutic nanoplatform was realized multi-site fluorescence imaging-guided PTT/CDT/GT combination therapy for breast cancer with higher specificity and efficiency, which provides a promising theranostic nanoplatform for the precision and efficiency of breast cancer treatment.

Pore size modulation for mesoporous MnO2/ acetylene black with superior rate performance as lithium-ion battery anode material

The mesopore structure is critical to the performance of anode for LIBs, while the effect of pore size on the electrochemical properties of the materials remains unclear. In this study, mesoporous MnO2/acetylene black composites with different pore sizes exhibit similar reaction mechanisms but significantly differ in rate performance. This difference may be primarily attributed to the local electrochemical environment of the electrode. This study provides a new perspective for enhancing the rate capability of manganese-based oxides from the microstructure tuning.

Manganese oxide-based mesoporous thin-film electrodes: manganese disproportionation reaction in alkaline media

In this study, we explore the disproportionation reaction mechanism in alkaline media during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) utilizing mesoporous electrodes, namely LiMn2O4 (m-LMO), Mn3O4 (m-Mn3O4), and Mn2P2O7 (m-MnPP).

Decoupling Activation and Transport by Electron-Regulated Atomic-Bi Harnessed Surface-to-Pore Interface for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery.

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) promises a route to low-cost and grid-scale electricity storage using renewable energy resources. However, the interplay of mass transport and activation processes of high-loading catalysts makes it challenging to drive high-performance density VRFB. Herein, a surface-to-pore interface design that unlocks the potential of atomic-Bi-exposed catalytic surface via decoupling activation and transport is reported. The functional interface accommodates electron-regulated atomic-Bi catalyst in an asymmetric Bi─O─Mn structure that expedites the V3+ /V2+ conversion, and a mesoporous Mn3 O4 sub-scaffold for rapid shuttling of redox-active species, whereby the site accessibility is maximized, contrary to conventional transport-limited catalysts. By in situ grafting this interface onto micron-porous carbon felt (Bi1 -sMn3 O4 -CF), a high-performance flow battery is achieved, yielding a record high energy efficiency of 76.72% even at a high current density of 400mA cm-2 and a peak power density of 1.503W cm-2 , outdoing the battery with sMn3 O4 -CF (62.60%, 0.978W cm-2 ) without Bi catalyst. Moreover, this battery renders extraordinary durability of over 1500 cycles, bespeaking a crucial breakthrough toward sustainable redox flow batteries (RFBs).

Intratumoral Lactate Depletion Based on Injectable Nanoparticles-Hydrogel Composite System Synergizes with Immunotherapy against Postablative Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence.

Thermal ablation is a crucial therapeutic modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its efficacy is often hindered by the high recurrence rate attributed to insufficient ablation. Furthermore, the residual tumors following insufficient ablation exhibit a more pronounced immunosuppressive state, which accelerates the disease progression and leads to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistance. Herein, evidence is presented that heightened intratumoral lactate accumulation, stemming from the augmented glycolytic activity of postablative residual HCC cells, may serve as a crucial driving force in exacerbating the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment (TME). To address this, an injectable nanoparticles-hydrogel composite system (LOX-MnO2 @Gel) is designed that gradually releases lactate oxidase (LOX)-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles at the tumor site to continuously deplete intratumoral lactate via a cascade catalytic reaction. Using subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC tumor-bearing mouse models, it is confirmed that LOX-MnO2 @Gel-mediated local lactate depletion can transform the immunosuppressive postablative TME into an immunocompetent one and synergizes with ICB therapy to significantly inhibit residual HCC growth and lung metastasis, thereby prolonging the survival of mice postablation. The work proposes an appealing strategy for synergistically combining antitumor metabolic therapy with immunotherapy to combat postablative HCC recurrence.

Two-pronged microenvironmental modulation of metal-oxidase cascade catalysis and metabolic intervention for synergistic tumor immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment modality for tumors after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Despite the potential for eliminating primary tumor cells and depressing cancer metastasis, immunotherapy has huge challenges including low tumor immunogenicity and undesirable immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, the two-pronged microenvironmental modulation nanoplatform is developed to overcome these limitations. Specifically, hollow mesoporous MnO2 (HM) nanoparticles with pH responsive property are prepared and modified with glucose oxidase (GOX) by amide bond, which are further loaded with a potent glutaminase inhibitor CB839 to obtain HM-GOX/CB839. Under the low pH values in TME, HM was disintegrated, thereby releasing Mn2+, GOX and CB839. On the one hand, Mn2+ can convert H2O2 that increased by GOX catalysis in tumors into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and further induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) through the metal-oxidase cascade catalytic reaction, enhancing immunogenicity. On the other hand, GOX and CB839 can block glycolytic and glutamine metabolism pathways, respectively, which effectively reduce the number of immunosuppressive cells and reshape TME, improving anti-tumor immune efficacy. It is demonstrated that HM-GOX/CB839 can effectively activate the body's immunity and inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, providing a potential strategy for comprehensive tumor therapy. Statement of significanceIntegrated microenvironmental modulation of metal-oxidase cascade catalysis and metabolic intervention offers a potential avenue for tumor immunotherapy. Under this premise, we constructed a two-pronged microenvironmental modulation nanoplatform (HM-GOX/CB839). On the one hand, the metal oxidase cascade could catalyze the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), enhancing immunogenicity; on the other hand, metabolic intervention reprogrammed tumor microenvironment to relieve immunosuppression and thereby enhancing anti-tumor immune response. The resulting data demonstrated that HM-GOX/CB839 effectively inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, providing therapeutic potential for cancer immunotherapy.

Tannic acid-mediated synthesis of flower-like mesoporous MnO2 nanostructures as T1–T2 dual-modal MRI contrast agents and dual-enzyme mimetic agents

This study introduces a simple method for preparing a new generation of MnO2 nanomaterials (MNMs) using tannic acid as a template. Two shapes of MnO2 NMs, flower-like M1-MnO2 and near-spherical M2-MnO2, were prepared and compared as dual-active nanozymes and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Various parameters, including the crystallinity, morphology, magnetic saturation (Ms), surface functionality, surface area, and porosity of the MNMs were investigated. Flower-like M1-MnO2 NMs were biocompatible and exhibited pH-sensitive oxidase and peroxidase mimetic activity, more potent than near-spherical M2-MnO2. Furthermore, the signal intensity and r1 relaxivity strongly depended on the crystallinity, morphology, pore size, and specific surface area of the synthesized MNMs. Our findings suggest that flower-like M1-MnO2 NM with acceptable dual-enzyme mimetic (oxidase-like and peroxidase-like) and T1 MRI contrast activities could be employed as a promising theranostic system for future purposes.

Hollow Mesoporous MnO2 Nanospheres as Light Source-Free Carriers for Synergistic Starvation and Chemiexcited Photodynamic Tumor Therapy

Hollow Mesoporous MnO₂ Nanospheres as Light Source-Free Carriers for Synergistic Starvation and Chemiexcited Photodynamic Tumor Therapy

Effect of cation insertion on the stability of gliding arc plasma-precipitated mesoporous MnO2 dye bleaching catalysts

Effect of cation insertion on the stability of gliding arc plasma-precipitated mesoporous MnO2 dye bleaching catalysts

Nanoarchitectonics of high-performance supercapacitors based on mesoporous carbon and MnO2 electrodes using Aquivion electrolyte membrane

Mesoporous carbons can contribute to the development of high energy and high-power density energy storage devices due to their tunable pore structures, high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. The well-known mesoporous carbon CMK-3 with a hierarchical nanoporous structure can be promising candidate as electrode materials for supercapacitors to achieve high performance. Herein, we have produced a series of well-ordered mesoporous carbon materials with nano-sized structural units adopting two methods of synthesis: i) standard method and ii) ultrasonication assisted synthesis. Mesoporous carbons with hierarchical porous features and high surface area were obtained by both methods, and symmetrical supercapacitors containing these carbons and using an Aquivion membrane as polymer electrolyte were subsequently fabricated. Specific capacitance values of 66 and 78 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 were found for sonication assisted synthesised carbon (USC) and standard method derived carbon (SMC), respectively. Furthermore, the fabricated SMC//MnO2 supercapacitor with asymmetric configuration delivers a capacitance performance of 95 F g−1 and presents a low self-discharge rate if charged for 3 h at 1.6 V. This asymmetric supercapacitor device, as-assembled, also demonstrates a long-term durability of more than 10,000 galvanostatic charge and discharge cycles and 150 h under floating conditions at 1.6 V, which is among the best asymmetric supercapacitors developed.

Laser Cutting Coupled with Electro-Exfoliation to Prepare Versatile Planar Graphene Electrodes for Energy Storage.

The study of planar energy storage devices, characterized by low-cost, high capacity, and satisfactory flexibility, is becoming a valuable research hotspot. Graphene, monolayer sp2 hybrid carbon atoms with a large surface area, always acts as its active component, yet there is a tension between its high conductivity and ease of implementation. Although the difficult-to-assemble graphene can easily achieve planar assemblies in its highly oxidized form (GO), the undesirable conductivity, even after proper reduction, still restricts its further applications. Here, a facile "Top-down" method has been proposed to prepare the graphene planar electrode via in situ electro-exfoliation of graphite supported on a piece of laser-cutting patterned scotch tape. Detailed characterizations have been performed to study its physiochemical property evolution during electro-exfoliation. The obtained flexible graphene planar electrodes show decent energy storage performance, e.g., 40.8 mF cm-2 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 and an 81% capacity retention at a current density of 8 mA cm-2 for the optimized sample G-240. Their high conductivity also makes it possible to couple them with other redox-active materials through electrodeposition to improve their performance, e.g., ferrocene-functionalized mesoporous silica film (Fc-MS), MnO2, and polyaniline (PANI). The highest capacity was achieved with the PANI functionalized sample, which achieved a 22-fold capacity increase. In a word, the versatility, practicality, and adaptability of the protocol to prepare the planar graphene electrode proposed in this work make it a potential candidate to meet the continuously growing energy storage demands.

Two-in-one separator capturing and reutilizing polysulfides for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries

The lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) is highly attractive as a next-generation class of batteries because of its high theoretical energy density and cost-effectiveness. The LSB has not yet been commercialized, however, due to performance fading caused by the severe shuttle reactions of polysulfides. Herein, we have strategically designed a multifunctional composite separator by coating ordered mesoporous Mn2O3 (m-Mn2O3) together with highly conductive Super P (SP) on polyethylene (PE) separators. The coating layer is intentionally designed to cause spontaneous chemisorption and reutilization of dissolved polysulfides, thereby enhancing the reversibility and cycling stability of LSBs. The m-Mn2O3 offers fast chemisorption of polysulfides dissolved in electrolyte through the features of its high polarity and large specific surface area. Meanwhile, the highly conductive SP can physically mitigate the crossover of polysulfides and reversibly reutilize the polysulfides during cycling. In practice, the LSB cell assembled with the separator coated with m-Mn2O3 and SP delivers a high reversible capacity of 553 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 C, even after 300 cycles. We argue that the integration of functional m-Mn2O3 and SP (“two-in-one”) on the PE separator would be a practical solution to minimize the undesirable loss of reversibility and maximize the cycling stability of LSBs.

Aptamer-mediated hollow MnO2 for targeting the delivery of sorafenib

Sorafenib (SRF) presents undesirable effects in clinical treatment, due to the lack of targeting, poor water solubility, and obvious side effects. In this study, we constructed a novel nanodrug carrier system for accurate and efficient delivery of SRF, improving its therapeutic effects and achieving tumor-specific imaging. The hollow mesoporous MnO2 (H-MnO2) nanoparticles equipped with target substance aptamers (APT) on the surface were used to load SRF for the first time. The resulting H-MnO2-SRF-APT could specifically bound to glypican-3 (GPC3) receptors on the surface of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), rapidly undergoing subsequent degradation under decreased pH conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and releasing the loaded SRF. In this process, Mn2+ ions were used for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging simultaneously. The in vitro cell experiments indicated that H-MnO2-SRF-APT showed much more effects on the inhibition in the proliferation of Huh7 and HepG2 HCC cells than that of the non-targeted H-MnO2-SRF and free SRF. Besides, the in vivo results further confirmed that H-MnO2-SRF-APT could effectively inhibit the growth of xenograft tumors Huh7 in the naked mouse with good biosafety. In conclusion, H-MnO2-SRF-APT could significantly enhance the therapeutic effect of SRF and is expected to be a new way of diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

Mesoporous MnO2 nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction via high spin polarization induced by oxygen vacancy

Mesoporous MnO2 nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction via high spin polarization induced by oxygen vacancy