Mesh Network Architecture Research Articles

Performance Analysis of Internet of Vehicles Mesh Networks Based on Actual Switch Models

The rapid growth of the automotive industry has exacerbated the conflict between the complex traffic environment, increasing communication demands, and limited resources. Given the imperative to mitigate traffic and network congestion, analyzing the performance of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) mesh networks is of great practical significance. Most studies focus solely on individual performance metrics and influencing factors, and the adopted simulation tools, such as OPNET, cannot achieve the dynamic link generation of IoV mesh networks. To address these problems, a network performance analysis model based on actual switches is proposed. First, a typical IoV mesh network architecture is constructed and abstracted into a mathematical model that describes how the link and topology changes over time. Then, the task generation model and the task forwarding model based on actual switches are proposed to obtain the real traffic distribution of the network. Finally, a scientific network performance indicator system is constructed. Simulation results demonstrate that, with rising task traffic and decreasing node caching capacity, the packet loss rate increases, and the task arrival rate decreases in the network. The proposed model can effectively evaluate the network performance across various traffic states and provide valuable insights for network construction and enhancement.

Мобільна mesh-мережа для управління роєм об'єктів

The purpose of the article is to develop an adaptive wireless mesh-network architecture for managing technological processes, robotic devices and other objects. The article describes the architecture of a wireless mesh-network. The concept of a wireless mesh-network is described. The mesh-network is self-organizing, adaptive, and to be work autonomously able. The presented wireless mesh node controller architecture is the basis for small control systems for many objects and a swarm of objects. The interaction of network nodes is carried out using several transceivers. Multiple transceivers allow for the separation of control traffic and data traffic on different channels. The protocol stack is optimized for the functioning of the mesh network. The topology of a mesh network can change dynamically. That is, network nodes can move in space without losing communication with each other. The current state of the network is updated with a period that depends on the rate of change of the network node in the space. The mesh network configuration strategy and algorithms allow you to effectively build a network topology and establish interaction between network nodes. There can be many objects in the network that can act as a relay. A repeater can be a network node and a special dedicated repeater node. The low cost of network nodes makes it possible to create a low-cost network for performing various functions of object control and data transmission. The network can be used to manage a swarm of objects. Proprietary software is used to increase the efficiency of forming routing tables taking into account cluster structures in a mesh network. The mesh network can be used to control IoT objects, robotic objects, as well as a variety of objects and control systems for various technological processes.

DLDP-FL: Dynamic local differential privacy federated learning method based on mesh network edge devices

With increasing concerns about data security, privacy protection has become a necessary consideration in machine learning. Federated Learning (FL) solves the problem of data islands in machine learning and protects the privacy of participants by enabling further encryption through Differential Privacy (DP). In Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), edge devices also suffer from data islands, which are addressed by applying FL to AIoT. However, the privacy and efficiency of existing FL needs to be further improved, and the integration with edge computing is not yet high enough. In this paper, first, we propose a novel edge FL architecture based on edge devices in mesh network architecture; next, we exploit the mesh networking features to address the problem of possible internal attacks from edge devices and design a Dynamic Local Differential Privacy (DLDP) algorithm; then, according to the communication characteristics of mesh network, we design Edge-FedAvg algorithm to reduce the communication cost; finally, to enhance the response to untrusted center servers, embed watermark in the model to further enhance the privacy protection capability. The Dynamic Local Differential Privacy Federated Learning (DLDP-FL) framework designed in this paper is used for FL of edge devices under mesh network, which can improve communication efficiency and enhance privacy protection capabilities at the same time.

Design and Implementation of 400 MHz Video Real-Time Transmission System Based on Self-Organizing Wireless Mesh Network

At present, the common wireless multimedia transmission systems are mainly based on mobile networks and wireless local area networks. Most of the devices work in the 2.4 GHz/5 GHz frequency band and have poor signal penetration capability, which is not suitable for complex environment applications. Meanwhile, Wireless mesh networks are characterized by self-organization, self-healing, multi-hop and so on. In this paper, we down-converted the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi signal, designed and implemented a wireless mesh network architecture broadband wireless multimedia transmission system based on the IEEE 802.11s protocol, which works at 400 MHz, the open band I. The system consists of a mobile central node station and 15 simple mobile stations to form a self-organized network, realizing independent wireless multimedia transmission in complex environment. According to results, its signal can diffract most objects in real scenes, such as 2-storey basement and 3-storey above ground buildings, which has high mobility, high reliability and meets complex wireless environment applications such as complex buildings, basements, jungles, etc.

ORGANIZATION OF A DECENTRALIZED AND ANONYMOUS MESH NETWORK

As part of this work, proposed the Mesh network architecture, which provides decentralization, security, anonymity and connection of devices without a dedicated router or Internet access. The nodes establish connections directly using Android P2P Wi-Fi technology, which complies with the Wi-Fi Direct standard. P2P Wi-Fi API organizes group communication and allows applications to connect to neighboring devices without the need for an Internet connection or access point. Despite the fact that in the Wi-Fi Direct standard there are no restrictions on connecting groups to each other, the Android Wi-Fi P2P API does not allow organize a connection between several groups. This is due to the fact that the IP addresses of owners of different groups in Wi-Fi Direct are always the same and unchanged. Communication between a P2P client and an inherited client that also owns another group is allowed in both directions. This provides connections between groups, where a P2P client acts as a proxy to access a neighboring group. Thus communication between nodes in a multigroup network is ensured through the use of transport layer tunnels installed in the logical topology and packet switching at the application level. When one or more nodes access the Internet, remote nodes outside the Wi-Fi coverage area communicate with the mesh through the application server. This architecture allows build a corporate, public or home network based on a wireless Mesh network, the nodes of which can be access points, computers and mobile devices of users.

A Novel Wolf Based Trust Accumulation Approach for Preventing the Malicious Activities in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad hoc Network is self-organized and movable in nature, it is widely used in various applications including military and private sectors. However, security is one of the key concerns in routing because of the moving nodes; thus it is usually affected by Black Hole and Grey Hole attack. These types of malicious activities are more harmful to the network channel, and once the attack is happened it is difficult to predict and mitigate. To end this problem the current research proposed a novel Grey Wolf Trust Accumulation (GWTA) Schema in wireless mesh network architecture, thus the attacks are identified by the finest function of the GWTA model. Moreover, the predicted attacked nodes are replaced to the last position of the network medium to prevent the packet loss. Furthermore, the comparison studies proved the effectiveness of the proposed model by attaining less packet drop and high throughput ratio rate.

Software Defined Wireless Mesh Network Flat Distribution Control Plane

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), have a potential offering relatively stable Internet broadband access. The rapid development and growth of WMNs attract ISPs to support users’ coverage anywhere anytime. To achieve this goal network architecture must be addressed carefully. Software Defined Networking (SDN) proposes new network architecture for wired and wireless networks. Software Defined Wireless Networking (SDWN) has a great potential to increase efficiency, ease the complexity of control and management, and accelerate technology innovation rate of wireless networking. An SDN controller is the core component of an SDN network. It needs to have updated reports of the network status change, as in network topology and quality of service (QoS) in order to effectively configure and manage the network it controls. In this paper, we propose Flat Distributed Software Defined Wireless Mesh Network architecture where the controller aggregates entire topology discovery and monitors QoS properties of extended WMN nodes using Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) protocol, which is not possible in multi-hop ordinary architectures. The proposed architecture has been implemented on top of POX controller and Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) protocol. The experiments were conducted in a Mininet-wifi emulator, the results present the architecture control plane consistency and two application cases: topology discovery and QoS monitoring. The current results push us to study QoS-routing for video streaming over WMN.

A Black-Box Noninvasive Characterization Method for Industrial Wireless Networks.

Industrial control systems are increasingly using wireless communications to improve monitoring and control of industrial processes. In existing installations, distances and costs for installation often prohibit the running of new cables and conduits, making wireless solutions very attractive. With costs reduced, monitoring of the physical process becomes easier, and operators often desire to extend wireless to include supervisory and feedback control. Feedback control, in particular, requires certain reliability, latency, and performance guarantees that are difficult to characterize. Industrial wireless solutions rarely make quality-of-service measurements available at the control system level. When they do, indicators such as per-link packet success rate are often difficult to translate into meaningful metrics useful to the control system designer. This is especially true for multihop mesh network architectures, where it is difficult to translate link performance to system performance. In this paper, we propose a more useful method to characterize true network latency and reliability of a deployed industrial wireless network without the need for physical layer and link layer performance metrics and design knowledge.

Broadband communications for high-speed trains via NDN wireless mesh network

With increasing investment and deployment of high speed trains (HST), a critical demand of high bandwidth and the better user experience under high speed mobility arises. Although, TCP/IP has been studied in a static, walking and lower mobility environment, it can not work well at high speed (>50 m/s) cases. The reason is cellular networks use TCP/IP (eg. Mobile-IP) protocol that consumer node requires to connecting to producer node when the consumer handover to anther node. In this paper, we proposed NDN wireless mesh network architecture for HST networking (NDN-Mesh-T), which combined advantages of WMN and NDN architectures. We attempt to solve the reliability and handoff delay problems, which supports high bandwidth and lower latency Internet access in HST scenario. We proposed direction-aware forwarding to keep the same direction of running train, which further improve reliability and bandwidth. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the packet loss ratio up to 67% comparing to IP. In addition, the proposed can reduce number of node deployments, hanoff delay and data redundancy.

Intelligent Software-Defined Mesh Networks With Link-Failure Adaptive Traffic Balancing

In the software defined networking (SDN)-based wireless mesh network (WMN) architecture (SD-WMN), the network is monitored and managed in a centralized manner. Although the use of SDN simplifies the WMN management, it is still not clear whether the SDN architecture, which was originally designed for wired links, can effectively handle the dynamic topology of WMNs. This paper addresses the traffic balancing issue introduced by node mobility. To reduce the response time of SDN controller for dynamic network topology, a two-layer supervised learning model is proposed that helps the controller to predict the node mobility and link failure probability. Then, an alternative route selection scheme is proposed, which achieves optimal traffic balancing while minimizing the control plane overhead. Efficiency of the proposed SD-WMN architecture is validated in the widely used network simulator-ns-3. Our results demonstrate the network throughput enhancement achieved by the proposed SD-WMN architecture with link-failure adaptive traffic control.

Performance analysis of WMNs by WMN-GA simulation system for two WMN architectures and different TCP congestion-avoidance algorithms and client distributions

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of two wireless mesh networks (WMNs) architectures considering packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, delay and fairness index metrics. For simulations, we used ns-3, distributed coordination function (DCF) and optimised link state routing (OLSR). We compare the performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) Tahoe, Reno and NewReno for normal and uniform distributions of mesh clients by sending multiple constant bit rate (CBR) flows in the network. The simulation results show that the PDR for both distributions and architectures is almost the same, but the PDR of I/B WMN for uniform distribution is a little bit higher than normal distribution. For both WMN architectures, the throughput of normal distribution is better than uniform distribution. The delay of Tahoe is a little bit lower compared with other algorithms for normal distribution and Hybrid WMN, but in case of uniform distribution, the NewReno performs better than other algorithms for both architectures. The fairness index of normal distribution is higher than uniform distribution.

Performance analysis of two WMN architectures by WMN-GA simulation system considering different distributions and transmission rates

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of two Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) architectures considering throughput, delay and fairness index metrics. For simulations, we used a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based simulation system (called WMN-GA) and ns-3. We compare the performance for two architectures considering normal and uniform distributions, different transmission rates and OLSR protocol. The simulation results show that the throughput and delay are increased, but the fairness index is decreased with increasing of transmission rate. The throughput of Hybrid WMN is higher than Infrastructure/Backbone (I/B) WMN. But, the delay of I/B WMN is higher than Hybrid WMN for normal distribution. The fairness index of normal distribution is higher than uniform distribution.

Performance analysis of two WMN architectures by WMN-GA simulation system considering different distributions and transmission rates

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of two Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) architectures considering throughput, delay and fairness index metrics. For simulations, we used a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based simulation system (called WMN-GA) and ns-3. We compare the performance for two architectures considering normal and uniform distributions, different transmission rates and OLSR protocol. The simulation results show that the throughput and delay are increased, but the fairness index is decreased with increasing of transmission rate. The throughput of Hybrid WMN is higher than Infrastructure/Backbone (I/B) WMN. But, the delay of I/B WMN is higher than Hybrid WMN for normal distribution. The fairness index of normal distribution is higher than uniform distribution.

On the Role of Communications Plane in Distributed Optimization of Power Systems

Distributed optimization methods have been widely studied in recent years as they could be instrumental in optimizing the operation of future power systems. Compared to the centralized approach, communications will have greater impact on distributed methods as their performance depends heavily on the information exchange among multiple control entities. However, it is not clear what communications infrastructures and technologies should be adopted for distributed methods in practice. To investigate this issue and bridge the gap between the power system communications research community and the distributed optimization research community, this paper models the communications infrastructures and schemes required by distributed methods using the OPNET modeler. The capabilities and limitations of centralized and distributed communications infrastructures are investigated in terms of communications delays incurred and their impact on the convergence of two distributed algorithms, namely, Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and Optimality Condition Decomposition (OCD) for solving the AC Optimal Power Flow problem in the IEEE 118-bus system and in the large-scale Polish power system. Our simulation results show that the existing communications plane in power systems might not be able to support widely used distributed optimization techniques (such as ADMM and OCD), which is a major finding. In addition, our results indicate that the connectivity requirements of distributed optimization necessitate a mesh network architecture with additional communications links among substations.

Performance analysis of two Wireless Mesh Network architectures by WMN-SA and WMN-TS simulation systems

Performance analysis of two Wireless Mesh Network architectures by WMN-SA and WMN-TS simulation systems

Performance analysis of different architectures and TCP congestion-avoidance algorithms using WMN-GA simulation system

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of two Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) architectures considering throughput, delay, jitter and fairness index metrics. For simulations, we used ns-3, Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). We compare the performance of WMN for different Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Tahoe, Reno and NewReno considering normal and uniform distributions of mesh clients by sending multiple Constant Bit Rate (CBR) flows in the network. The simulation results show that for normal and uniform distributions and both WMN architectures, the PDR values are almost the same. For Hybrid WMN, the throughput of TCP NewReno is good, but for I/B WMN, the throughput of TCP Tahoe is higher than other algorithms. For normal distribution, the delay and jitter of I/B WMN are lower compared with Hybrid WMN, while for uniform distribution, the delay and jitter of TCP NewReno are a little bit lower compared with other algorithms. The fairness index of normal distribution is higher than uniform distribution.

A GA-based simulation system for WMNs: comparison analysis for different number of flows, client distributions, DCF and EDCA functions

In this paper, we compare the performance of Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) for normal and uniform distributions of mesh clients considering two Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) architectures. As evaluation metrics, we consider throughput, delay, jitter and fairness index metrics. For simulations, we used WMN-GA simulation system, ns-3 and Optimized Link State Routing. The simulation results show that for normal distribution, the throughput of I/B WMN is higher than Hybrid WMN architecture. For uniform distribution, in case of I/B WMN, the throughput of EDCA is a little bit higher than Hybrid WMN. However, for Hybrid WMN, the throughput of DCF is higher than EDCA. For normal distribution, the delay and jitter of Hybrid WMN are lower compared with I/B WMN. For uniform distribution, the delay and jitter of both architectures are almost the same. However, in the case of DCF for 20 flows, the delay and jitter of I/B WMN are lower compared with Hybrid WMN. For I/B architecture, in case of normal distribution the fairness index of DCF is higher than EDCA. However, for Hybrid WMN, the fairness index of EDCA is higher than DCF. For uniform distribution, the fairness index of few flows is higher than others for both WMN architectures.

ZigBee Transmitter for IoT Wireless Devices

The rapid development in wireless networking has been witnessed in past several years, which aimed on high speed and long range applications. There are different protocol standards used for the short range wireless communication namely the Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wimax and Wi-Fi. Among these standards ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol can meet a wider variety of real industrial needs due to its long-term battery operation and reliability of the mesh networking architecture. The increasing demand for low data rate and low power networking led to the development of ZigBee technology. This technology was developed for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), directed at control and military applications, where low cost, low data rate, and more battery life were main requirements. This paper presents VerilogHDL simulation of the Top level module (Cyclic Redundancy Check, Bit-to-Symbol block, Symbol-to-Chip block, OQPSK block and Pulse shaping) of the ZigBee transmitter for IoT applications.

Quasi-Passive Optical Infrastructure for Future 5G Wireless Networks: Pros and Cons

In this paper, we study the applicability of the quasi-passive reconfigurable (QPAR) device, a special type of quasi-passive wavelength-selective switch with flexible power allocation properties and no power consumption in the steady state, to implement the concept of reconfigurable backhaul for 5G wireless networks. We first discuss the functionality of the QPAR node and its discrete component implementation, scalability, and performance. We present a novel multi-input QPAR structure and the pseudo-passive reconfigurable (PPAR) node, a device with the functionality of QPAR but that is pseudo-passive during steady-state operations. We then propose mesh and hierarchical backhaul network architectures for 5G based on the QPAR and PPAR nodes and discuss potential use cases. We compare the performance of a QPAR-based single-node architecture with state-of-the-art devices. We find that a QPAR node in a hierarchical network can reduce the average latency while extending the reach and quality of service of the network. However, due to the high insertion losses of the current QPAR design, some of these benefits are lost in practice. On the other hand, the PPAR node can realize the benefits practically and is the more energy-efficient solution for high reconfiguration frequencies, but the remote optical node will no longer be passive. In this paper, we discuss the potential benefits and issues with utilizing a QPAR in the optical infrastructure for 5G networks.

A Survey on Channel Assignment Techniques of Multi-Radio Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless Mesh Network is a promising network standard as it provides reasonable and inexpensive solutions for various types of applications. In the recent times, it has gradually developedin the direction of Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network(MRMC WMN) architecture, which improves performance of network by providing multiple radio interfaces to every node in the network and by equipping several non-overlapping channels. In this paper, research work of variousauthors has been analyzed and found that various authors proposed modified channel assignment techniques to improve the network performance.Lot of different methods and techniques are used by them to reduce the co-channel interference. It is found that very few authors measured the traffic flow in network for channel assignment. It is asalient area and it must be carefully examined during the channel assignment. In this study, it is observed that traffic flow along with power control and topology control must be considered for efficientchannel assignment.Channel assignment is essential to make sure the best possible utilization of a few numbers of channels in the frequency spectrum.Efficient utilization of MRMC WMN can be obtained by intelligent and dynamic channel assignment.