Mesh Clients Research Articles

Performance evaluation of six mesh router replacement methods for wireless mesh networks: A comparison study for small and middle scale networks considering two islands distribution of mesh clients

In this paper, we present a hybrid intelligent simulation system for optimization of mesh routers in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) called WMN-PSOHCDGA. We implemented six mesh router replacement methods: CM, RIWM, LDIWM, LDVM, RDVM and FC-RDVM and consider Two Islands distribution of mesh clients. We carry out a comparison study of these router replacement methods for small and middle scale WMNs. We assessed the performance by computer simulations. The simulation results show that six methods have a good performance for connectivity and coverage metrics, for both small and middle scale WMNs. However, they have different behavior for load balancing. For small scale WMNs, the load balancing of LDIWM, RIWM and FC-RDVM is better than CM, LDVM and RDVM. While, comparing LDIWM, RIWM and FC-RDVM, the LDIWM has better load balancing. We found that the load balancing for small scale WMNs is not good, because there is a concentration of mesh routers in some areas. For middle scale WMNs, the CM, LDIWM, LDVM and RDVM have not a good load balancing. While, the RIWM and FC-RDVM have better performance. Comparing RIWM and FC-RDVM, we found that the load balancing of FC-RDVM is better than RIWM.

Energy-aware wireless mesh network deployment using optimization mechanism

Wireless mesh networks are widely used to create network infrastructure in rural areas due to their flexible properties, such as self-healing mechanisms and associated redundant paths. For example, a wireless mesh network can suitably operate with limited battery power in wildlife monitoring applications. The locations of mobile routers to support mobile sensor nodes are essential for extending the system lifetime. This study proposes an energy-aware wireless mesh network deployment optimization mechanism. The goal is to determine a suitable location for the mesh routers with the aim of maximizing network lifetime. After the location solution is obtained from the proposed mechanism, it is then evaluated for system lifetime and network performance by the network simulator (ns-3). The proposed method outperforms the brute-force method in terms of computation time for all amounts of mesh clients. For example, for 30 mesh clients, the proposed method uses only a few minutes, while the brute-force mechanism requires more than 200 minutes to complete the process. Furthermore, compared to the brute-force method, it achieves nearly the same system lifetime and other performance parameters, such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, and packet inter-arrival time. In the real implementation, in which the sensor node placements can be changed during the installation period owing to the environmental status or the recommendation of the installers, the results can be recalculated in a short period.

A Delaunay Edges and Simulated Annealing-Based Integrated Approach for Mesh Router Placement Optimization in Wireless Mesh Networks.

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) can build a communications infrastructure using only routers (called mesh routers), making it possible to form networks over a wide area at low cost. The mesh routers cover clients (called mesh clients), allowing mesh clients to communicate with different nodes. Since the communication performance of WMNs is affected by the position of mesh routers, the communication performance can be improved by optimizing the mesh router placement. In this paper, we present a Coverage Construction Method (CCM) that optimizes mesh router placement. In addition, we propose an integrated optimization approach that combine Simulated Annealing (SA) and Delaunay Edges (DE) in CCM to improve the performance of mesh router placement optimization. The proposed approach can build and provide a communication infrastructure by WMNs in disaster environments. We consider a real scenario for the placement of mesh clients in an evacuation area of Kurashiki City, Japan. From the simulation results, we found that the proposed approach can optimize the placement of mesh routers in order to cover all mesh clients in the evacuation area. Additionally, the DECCM-based SA approach covers more mesh clients than the CCM-based SA approach on average and can improve network connectivity of WMNs.

An Optimal Routing Protocol Using a Multiverse Optimizer Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless networks, particularly Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), are undergoing a significant change as a result of wireless technology advancements and the Internet's rapid expansion. Mesh routers, which have limited mobility and serve as the foundation of WMN, are made up of mesh clients and form the core of WMNs. Mesh clients can with mesh routers to create a client mesh network. Mesh clients can be either stationary or mobile. To properly utilise the network resources of WMNs, a topology must be designed that provides the best client coverage and network connectivity. Finding the ideal answer to the WMN mesh router placement dilemma will resolve this issue MRP-WMN. Since the MRP-WMN is known to be NP-hard, approximation methods are frequently used to solve it. This is another reason we are carrying out this task. Using the Multi-Verse Optimizer algorithm, we provide a quick technique for resolving the MRP-WMN (MVO). It is also proposed to create a new objective function for the MRP-WMN that accounts for the connected client ratio and connected router ratio, two crucial performance indicators. The connected client ratio rises by an average of 16.1%, 12.5%, and 6.9% according to experiment data, when the MVO method is employed to solve the MRP-WMN problem, the path loss falls by 1.3, 0.9, and 0.6 dB when compared to the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), correspondingly.

Implementation of roulette wheel and random selection methods in a hybrid intelligent system: A comparison study for two Islands and Subway distributions considering different router replacement methods

The Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G wireless networks have made it possible to connect intelligent devices with each other and to the Internet. Different kind of networks and applications are appearing and they support us in everyday life. The Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a good approach for edge computing and last miles networks. They can be applied in different scenarios and areas with difficult terrains. In order to deploy reliable and highly connected WMNs at low cost, we optimize the connectivity of mesh routers and the coverage mesh clients. In our previous work, we designed and implemented a hybrid intelligent system called WMN-PSODGA, which integrates two intelligent algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Distributed Genetic Algorithm (DGA). In this work, we implement in our system Two Islands and Subway distributions of mesh clients and evaluate the performance of different router replacement methods considering two selection methods: roulette wheel and random. We compare the simulation results for each selection and router replacement method and find the best scenarios in terms of coverage, connectivity, and load balancing. For each combination, the achieved network connectivity and client coverage are 100%, but the best scenarios in terms of load balancing are when we combine the random selection method and Constriction Method (CM) for the Two Islands distribution, and the random selection method and Random Inertia Weight Method (RIWM) for the Subway distribution.

Performance Evaluation of Chi-Square and Normal Distributions of Mesh Clients for WMNs Considering Five Router Replacement Methods

In our previous work, we implemented a simulation system to solve the node placement problem in WMNs considering Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Distributed Genetic Algorithm (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. In this paper, we compare Chi-square and Normal distributions of mesh clients for different router replacement methods. The router replacement methods considered are Constriction Method (CM), Random Inertia Weight Method (RIWM), Linearly Decreasing Inertia Weight Method (LDIWM), Linearly Decreasing Vmax Method (LDVM) and Rational Decrement of Vmax Method (RDVM). The simulation results show that for both distributions, the mesh routers cover all mesh clients for all router replacement methods. In terms of load balancing, Normal distribution shows better results than Chi-square. The best router replacement method for this distribution is LDIWM. Thus, the best scenario is the Normal distribution of mesh clients with LDIWM as a router replacement method.

Security in IoT Mesh Networks Based on Trust Similarity

Internet of Things (IoT) Mesh networks are becoming very popular to enable IoT devices to communicate without relying on dedicated PC services. Internet of Things (IoT) implicitly uses mesh networks. IoT connectivity to cloud and edge computing is in vogue. A Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a multi-hop and distributed wireless network with mesh routers and mesh clients. Data originating from mesh clients are forwarded to destinations through mesh routers. In IoT Mesh networks, mesh clients are IoT devices. The crucial security issue with these networks is the lack of a trusted third party for validation. However, trust between nodes is required for the proper functioning of the network. WMNs are particularly vulnerable as they rely upon cooperative forwarding. In this research work, a secure and sustainable novel trust mechanism framework is proposed. This framework identifies the malicious nodes in WMNs and improves the nodes’ cooperation. The proposed framework or model differentiates between legitimate and malicious nodes using direct trust and indirect trust. Direct trust is computed based on the packet-forwarding behavior of a node. Mesh routers have multi radios, so the promiscuous mode may not work. A new two-hop mechanism is proposed to observe the neighbors’ packet forwarding behavior. Indirect trust is computed by aggregating the recommendations using the weighted D-S theory, where weight is computed using a novel similarity mechanism that correlates the recommendations received from different neighbors. Dynamic weight computation calculates the overall trust by using several interactions. We present the evaluations to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the presence of packet drop/modification attacks, bad-mouthing attacks, on-off attacks, and collusion attacks by using the ns-2 simulator.

A web interface for WMN-PSODGA hybrid intelligent simulation system: performance evaluation for different mesh client distributions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to implement a web interface for a hybrid intelligent system. By using the implemented web interface, one can find optimal assignments of mesh routers in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). This study evaluates the implemented system considering three distributions of mesh clients to solve the node placement problem in WMNs.Design/methodology/approachThe node placement problem in WMNs is well known to be a computationally hard problem. Therefore, intelligent algorithms are used for solving this problem. The implemented system is a hybrid intelligent system based on meta-heuristics algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO) and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA). The proposed system is called WMN-PSODGA.FindingsThis study carried out simulations using the implemented simulation system. From the simulations results, it was found that the WMN-PSODGA system performs better for chi-square distribution of mesh clients compared with Weibull and exponential distributions.Research limitations/implicationsFor simulations, three different distributions of mesh clients were considered. In the future, other mesh client distributions, number of mesh nodes and communication distance need to be considered.Originality/valueThis research work, different from other research works, implemented a hybrid intelligent simulation system for WMNs. This study also implemented a web interface for the proposed system, which make the simulation system user-friendly.

A comparison study of chi-square and uniform distributions of mesh clients for different router replacement methods using WMN-PSODGA hybrid intelligent simulation system

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are gaining a lot of attention from researchers due to their advantages such as easy maintenance, low upfront cost and high robustness. Connectivity and stability directly affect the performance of WMNs. However, WMNs have some problems such as node placement problem, hidden terminal problem and so on. In our previous work, we implemented a simulation system to solve the node placement problem in WMNs considering Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Distributed Genetic Algorithm (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. In this paper, we compare chi-square and uniform distributions of mesh clients for different router replacement methods. The router replacement methods considered are Constriction Method (CM), Random Inertia Weight Method (RIWM), Linearly Decreasing Inertia Weight Method (LDIWM), Linearly Decreasing Vmax Method (LDVM) and Rational Decrement of Vmax Method (RDVM). The simulation results show that for chi-square distribution the mesh routers cover all mesh clients for all router replacement methods. In terms of load balancing, the method that achieves the best performance is RDVM. When using the uniform distribution, the mesh routers do not cover all mesh clients, but this distribution shows good load balancing for four router replacement methods, with RIWM showing the best performance. The only method that shows poor performance for this distribution is LDIWM. However, since not all mesh clients are covered when using uniform distribution, the best scenario is chi-square distribution of mesh clients with RDVM as a router replacement method.

Deployment optimization of wireless mesh networks in wind turbine condition monitoring system

This study aims to propose a deployment optimization method based on IEEE 802.11 heterogeneous wireless mesh networks (WMNs) for the condition monitoring system (CMS) of wind turbines. This method can provide a flexible, low-cost, and easy-to-implement network framework for wind farms in harsh environments, thereby avoiding interference of the newly installed CMS on the communication network of the SCADA system. The K-medoids clustering algorithm transforms the continuous space location problem into the discrete space location problem. Moreover, the mesh client (MC) coverage and backbone network connectivity issues are considered to ensure that the generated candidate point set can meet the coverage and connectivity requirements without generating numerous redundant nodes. Firstly, according to the characteristics of the model, the K-medoids clustering algorithm is used to obtain a set of candidate points of mesh routers (MRs) that meet the coverage rate. Secondly, a reasonable connection algorithm is proposed according to the constraints, and the optimal deployment is selected from the candidate points. Thirdly, taking the number of hops from MR to MG and the priority of MC as the weight. The path planning with the least number of MRs and load balancing is obtained by constructing a minimum spanning tree (MST) based on the improved Kruskal algorithm. Finally, Multi-channel inter-frequency networking technology is adopted to reduce interference between co-channels and between adjacent channels. The result shows that the method proposed can minimize network operating costs, meet the capacity requirements of MC, and reduce link losses.

Fairness-Oriented Semichaotic Genetic Algorithm-Based Channel Assignment Technique for Node Starvation Problem in Wireless Mesh Networks.

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged as a scalable, reliable, and agile wireless network that supports many types of innovative technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), and Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Due to the limited number of orthogonal channels, interference between channels adversely affects the fair distribution of bandwidth among mesh clients, causing node starvation in terms of insufficient bandwidth distribution, which impedes the adoption of WMN as an efficient access technology. Therefore, a fair channel assignment is crucial for the mesh clients to utilize the available resources. However, the node starvation problem due to unfair channel distribution has been vastly overlooked during channel assignment by the extant research. Instead, existing channel assignment algorithms equally distribute the interference reduction on the links to achieve fairness which neither guarantees a fair distribution of the network bandwidth nor eliminates node starvation. In addition, the metaheuristic-based solutions such as genetic algorithm, which is commonly used for WMN, use randomness in creating initial population and selecting the new generation usually leading the search to local minima. To this end, this study proposes a Fairness-Oriented Semichaotic Genetic Algorithm-Based Channel Assignment Technique (FA-SCGA-CAA) to solve node starvation problem in wireless mesh networks. FA-SCGA-CAA maximizes link fairness while minimizing link interference using a genetic algorithm (GA) with a novel nonlinear fairness-oriented fitness function. The primary chromosome with powerful genes is created based on multicriterion links ranking channel assignment algorithm. Such a chromosome was used with a proposed semichaotic technique to create a strong population that directs the search towards the global minima effectively and efficiently. The proposed semichaotic technique was also used during the mutation and parent selection of the new genes. Extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm. A comparison with related work shows that the proposed FA-SCGA-CAA reduced the potential node starvation by 22% and improved network capacity utilization by 23%. It can be concluded that the proposed FA-SCGA-CAA is reliable to maintain high node-level fairness while maximizing the utilization of the network resources, which is the ultimate goal of many wireless networks.

WMN-PSODGA - An Intelligent Hybrid Simulation System for WMNs Considering Load Balancing

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are becoming an important networking infrastructure because they have many advantages, such as low cost and increased high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. In the authors' previous work, they implemented a hybrid simulation system based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. Moreover, they added to the fitness function a new parameter for mesh router load balancing a number of covered mesh clients per router (NCMCpR). In this article, the authors consider Exponential, Weibull, and Normal distributions of mesh clients and carry out a comparison study. The simulation results show that the performance of the Exponential, Weibull and Normal distributions was improved by considering load balancing when using WMN-PSODGA. For the same number of mesh clients, the Normal distribution behaves better than the other distributions. This is because all mesh clients are covered by a smaller number of mesh routers and the standard deviation is improved by effectively using NCMCpR.

Secure Routing Algorithm in Wireless Mesh Network

In the today’s’ era of communication technology disaster management plays important role in life saving. Regardless of men made disasters or natural disasters proper communication network can be used to exchange information. In natural calamities wireless sensor mesh network proved to be as good option for communication. Low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which is associated with WLAN Mesh Networks (WMNs) can be used in disaster management areas. The advantage of it is it can be installed on demand and it can use for efficient exploration of sized areas. The WMN is consisting of different components such as mesh clients, mesh routers and base station. It is more prone to have attacks of different types such as Denial of Service attack, black hole, gray hole , reply attack, Sybil attack etc. The most important attack which can damage whole working of WMN is routing attack. IEEE 802.11i is used as standard protocol for security in WLAN and IEEE 802.11s is used as secure algorithm for communication in WLAN mesh network. But both of them fail to address issue of routing problem in WLAN mesh network. The primary purpose of this paper is to outline routing algorithm and to design assured routing protocol. In this paper we have proposed improved secure Position-Aware, Secure, and Efficient mesh Routing approach (S-PASER). The proposed mechanisms have obviated more attack than regular IEEE 802.11s/i security mechanism and well known, secure routing protocol. The proposed methodology can be implemented on omnet++ simulator. The simulation results proved to be have better performance and throughput than existing algorithm.

A Hybrid Intelligent Simulation System for Constructing IoT Networks: Performance Evaluation of WMN-PSODGA Simulation System Considering Different Router Replacement Methods

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are becoming an important networking infrastructure because they have many advantages such as low cost and increased high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. In our previous work, we implemented a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based simulation system, called WMN-PSO, and a simulation system based on Genetic Algorithm (GA), called WMN-GA, for solving node placement problem in WMNs. Then, we implemented a hybrid intelligent simulation system based on PSO and distributed GA (DGA), called WMN-PSODGA. Moreover, we added in the fitness function a new parameter for the load balancing of the mesh routers called NCMCpR (Number of Covered Mesh Clients per Router). In this paper, we consider five router replacement methods for WMN-PSODGA. The simulation results show that CM and LDVM router replacement methods have better performance than other methods. Comparing LDVM and CM, we see that LDVM has better behavior.

Design and analysis of a hybrid mobility management scheme for wireless mesh network to handle highly mobile mesh clients

Nowadays, the importance of continuous connectivity of wireless network has increased because of increase in the number of applications in handheld devices. For offering continuous connectivity, seamless mobility management is very much necessary. Many mobility management schemes have been proposed. The techniques can broadly classified as, tunnel based scheme and routing based scheme. The tunnel based techniques has the advantage of limited route management packet transmission. But disadvantage is that besides source and destination addresses each of the data packets carry an extra header for routing. In case of routing based scheme, advantage is that the data packets do not carry any extra header for routing. But the disadvantage is that during handoff lots of route management packets are transmitted. As the mesh client speed increases, these problems further increase. Hybrid mobility management technique has been proposed in this paper for minimizing the problems of both tunnel based scheme and routing based scheme. It has been designed to handle highly mobile mesh clients. The proposed scheme routes internet packets using routing table entries. On the other hand, it uses tunneling to route the intranet packets to the destination. The hybrid scheme and some of the existing schemes have been analyzed and compared. Performance comparison shows that the hybrid scheme outperforms these techniques.

RTS: A Robust and Trusted Scheme for IoT-Based Mobile Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks consist of various mesh clients that are organized in an unfixed infrastructure and packets are forwarded using a multi-hop model. Routing protocols have a significant impact on mesh networks because their performance has a crucial effect on nodes connectivity and throughput. Recently, the integration of mesh clients with the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant importance to connect billions of machines and achieve fast coverage with minimum network cost. However, if mesh clients are mobile, then data routing via intermediate nodes gives a noteworthy effect on the network performance and latency. Furthermore, over the Internet, a malicious node may be a part of the mesh network and as a result, the sending information can be manipulated and compromised. Therefore, this research article aims to propose a robust and trusted scheme (RTS) for IoT-based mobile mesh networks to provide reliable routing, data confidentiality, and integrity. Firstly, the proposed scheme presents a robust data routing among mobile mesh clients, routers and gateway devices based on the network parameters and measurement of wireless channels. Moreover, the wireless channels between mesh devices are formulated based on the efficacy of link costs for data dissemination. Besides, the location of mobile mesh clients is determined by computing the distance vector at a regular time interval. Secondly, a secure and authentic data protection technique is proposed using public-private key cryptography, which aims to increase the protection of mesh clients with minimal overhead. The competence of the proposed scheme is significantly improved with respect to network throughput by an average of 14%, packet loss rate by an average of 37%, latency rate by an average of 12%, computational overhead by an average of 34%, and energy efficiency by an average of 20% as compared to other works.

A Cross-Layer Routing Metric with Link Prediction in Wireless Mesh Networks

Abstract Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) is one of the encouraging technologies for future-generation wireless network with diverse applications as it is undergoing rapid progress. WMNs are multi-hop networks which are beneficial in situations where there is little or no network infrastructure. WMNs consist of mesh nodes which interact with each other to establish a network connection. Mesh nodes include mesh clients and mesh routers. Mesh clients can be stationary or move from one place to another, whereas mesh routers have minimum movability and act as a backbone for WMNs. Due to the mobility of mesh nodes, the fundamental problem in WMNs is estimating the link quality. The efficiency of network protocols depends on the accuracy of link quality. Therefore, there is a need for an intelligent mechanism to find solutions to link quality problems in the wireless network. To address this problem, we apply machine learning prediction techniques. We evaluate the performance of prediction techniques like multiple linear regression, support vector regression and Gaussian regression. The experiments were conducted on various scenarios with cross-layer routing metric PCL-IDA to predict the link quality, which is embedded in OLSR routing protocol. Results using NS-2 simulations reveal that the link quality parameters throughput, average delay and packet loss are better when multiple linear regression prediction technique is applied.

Cross-layer Optimization for Video Transmission using MDC in Wireless Mesh Networks

Abstract In this paper, we propose a cross-layer optimization technique for improving the QoS of video streaming applications in multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) using Multiple Description Coding (MDC). WMN is an emerging technology which is used to connect various types of networks to the internet. As the trafficdensity is very high fromthe client mesh to the gateways, load balancing in these networks has become an important research issue. Thus, there is a need for multipath routing which can exploit the multi-radio capabilities along with the load balancing mechanism. Furthermore, the dynamic and shared nature of wireless medium makes the task of supporting QoS for video streaming applications challenging. Towards this,MDCis an effective technique for the video transmission over the unpredictable routes because of varying channel conditions.In this work,we compute multiple paths using Passive Interference andDelay Aware (PIDA) metric and performload balancing using MDC. Proposed work is implemented in Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol using NS2 simulator. The results reveal that proposed technique withMDCperforms better in terms of PSNR, frame delay and frame loss compared to existing technique

Implementation of a Web interface for hybrid intelligent systems

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to implement a Web interface for hybrid intelligent systems. Using the implemented Web interface, this paper evaluates two hybrid intelligent systems based on particle swarm optimization, hill climbing and distributed genetic algorithm to solve the node placement problem in wireless mesh networks (WMNs).Design/methodology/approachThe node placement problem in WMNs is well-known to be a computationally hard problem. Therefore, the authors use intelligent algorithms to solve this problem. The implemented systems are intelligent systems based on meta-heuristics algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Hill Climbing (HC) and Distributed Genetic Algorithm (DGA). The authors implement two hybrid intelligent systems: WMN-PSODGA and WMN-PSOHC-DGA.FindingsThe authors carried out simulations using the implemented Web interface. From the simulations results, it was found that the WMN-PSOHC-DGA system has a better performance compared with the WMN-PSODGA system.Research limitations/implicationsFor simulations, the authors considered Normal distribution of mesh clients. In the future, the authors need to consider different client distributions, patterns, number of mesh nodes and communication distance.Originality/valueIn this research work, the authors implemented a Web interface for hybrid intelligent systems. The implemented interface can be extended for other metaheuristic algorithms.

ID-Based Signcryption Authentication Algorithm for Intra- and Inter-domain Handoff in Wireless Mesh Networks

In wireless mesh networks, during handoff process, the mobile client needs to authenticate with other nodes. It is necessary to ensure secure communication between the mobile client and mesh nodes. However, using the conventional public key infrastructure requires a large overhead of storage requirement, since it has to deal with the management of the public key certifications. In the present paper, an ID-based signcryption authentication algorithm for intra- and inter-domain handoff has been proposed. In this solution, a proxy-based hierarchical network has been considered. To reduce the handoff latency, a caching-list-based pre-fetching technique has been applied. During inter-domain handoff, authentication messages are encrypted using ID signcryption and signed by the mesh clients. Thus, the proposed algorithm ensures high security along with fast handoff. It has been observed from simulation results that the proposed algorithm reduces the percentage of compromised nodes, authentication delay, and communication cost with increased packet delivery ratio.