Eccrine Research Articles

Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) of clinically advanced and metastatic cutaneous adnexal carcinomas (CAs; MCADCA): A genomic landscape study.

9587 Background: Cutaneous adnexal tumors are a large group of malignant neoplasms that exhibit morphologic differentiation towards one of the four primary adnexal structures present in normal skin: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat-apocrine glands, and sweat-eccrine glands. Methods: 276 cases of MCADCA underwent hybrid capture-based CGP to evaluate all classes of genomic alterations (GA). Microsatellite instability (MSI) status, tumor mutational burden (TMB), genomic loss of heterozygosity (gLOH), genomic ancestry prediction and COSMIC genomic signature were determined from sequencing results. PD-L1 was measured by IHC (TPS; Dako 22C3). Fisher exact method was used for statistical analysis with the false discovery rate corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment. Results: Sequencing was performed on the primary cutaneous tumor in 131 (47.4%) and on a local recurrence or metastatic site biopsy in 145 (52.5%) MCADCA. Male preponderance (64-81%) and age distributions mean (59-63 yrs) were similar in all groups with apocrine (APO) older than eccrine (ECC) (72 vs 62 yrs; p = .001). There were 173 (62.7%) sweat gland (SWT) derived, 55 (19.9%) were sebaceous gland (SEB) derived, 14 (5.1%) were hair follicle (HRF) derived and 34 (12.3%) were unclassified (UNK). 150/173 (86.7%) of SWT were ECC and 23 (13.3%) were APO. The SWT cases included 12 (6.9%) digital papillary ca’s (DPA), 11 (6.3%) mucinous ca’s (MAC), 19 (11.0%) poroca’s (POR), 14 (8.1%) spiradenoca’s (SPR), 10 (5.8%) syringoadenoca’s (SRNG) and 77 (44.5%) unclassified ca’s (UNC). GA/tumor were highest in SEB vs SWT (7.9 vs 4.9; p = .004) and lowest in DPA (2.1 vs 5.0 non-DPA; p = .03). There we no ancestry distribution differences. When compared with the SWT group, the SEB group had higher frequencies of RB1 GA (38.2% vs 8.1%; p < .0001) and TP53 GA (76.4% vs 43.4%; p = .0002) indicating likely neuroendocrine differentiation. The MAC group had significantly higher PTCH1 GA than the non-MAC group (36.4% vs 1.8%; p = .044). MSI-High status was highest in the SEB group vs all other groups (SEB 15.7% vs SWT 1.2%; p = .005). gLOH > 16% was most frequent in SEB when compared with SWT (19.6% vs 7.2%; p = .081). The MMR signature was more frequent in SEB than SWT (32.0% vs 2.1%; p = .005). The mean TMB was high in all MCADCA ranging from 10.4 mut/Mb in HRF to 38.8 mut/Mb in MAC with the exceptions of APO (2.7 mut/Mb; p = .001 and DPA 1.4 mut/Mb; p = .003). PD-L1 expression was not significantly different in all the MCADCA with low positive scores SWT vs SEB (37.0% vs 33.3%; NS). Conclusions: As there is limited evidence on the treatment of MCADCA, we provide a repertoire of common GA found. An increased frequency of GA is observed in SEB MCADCA. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate MCADCA-based biomarkers prognostic of ICI response. Only then can we successfully incorporate novel therapeutic strategies in the evolving landscape of treatment.

Release of DNA from Dermanyssus gallinae during the Biting Process.

Simple SummaryLike many hematophagous parasites, the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae may release some material during the biting process. This investigation evidenced that small amounts of mite DNA may be found in chicken skin after D. gallinae infestation. Since the retrieved DNA is both of nuclear and mitochondrial origin, it is possible to hypothesize that, while biting, the mite releases cellular material.Dermanyssus gallinae is a hematophagous ectoparasitic mite that usually infests poultry, but is also known for occasionally attacking other animals and humans. It represents a major problem for poultry systems all over the world, with detrimental effects for both production and animal welfare. Despite the significance of D. gallinae, very little is known about the biting process to date. Therefore, this study has aimed to verify if mite DNA is injected into the host skin during the blood meal. Mite DNA has been detected by seminested PCR from infested chicken skin and quantified by real-time PCR. Furthermore, its localization within the host tissue has been checked by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Results showed that a very little amount of D. gallinae DNA can be released by mites, suggesting that the latter do not introduce whole or partially destroyed cells into the host, but rather it injects traces of nucleic acids, possibly together with merocrine secretions.

Eccrine Porocarcinoma Masquerading as Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract not available.

Fine structure of the silk spinning system in the caddisworm, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

Silk is produced by a variety of insects, but only silk made by terrestrial arthropods has been examined in detail. To fill the gap, this study was designed to understand the silk spinning system of aquatic insect. The larvae of caddis flies, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus produce silk through a pair of labial silk glands and use raw silk to protect themselves in the aquatic environment. The result of this study clearly shows that although silk fibers are made under aquatic conditions, the cellular silk production system is quite similar to that of terrestrial arthropods. Typically, silk production in caddisworm has been achieved by two independent processes in the silk glands. This includes the synthesis of silk fibroin in the posterior region, the production of adhesive glycoproteins in the anterior region, which are ultimately accumulated into functional silk dope and converted to a silk ribbon coated with gluey substances. At the cellular level, each substance of fibroin and glycoprotein is specifically synthesized at different locations, and then transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus as transport vesicles, respectively. Thereafter, the secretory vesicles gradually increase in size by vesicular fusion, forming larger secretory granules containing specific proteins. It was found that these granules eventually migrate to the apical membrane and are exocytosed into the lumen by a mechanism of merocrine secretion.

Enzymatic activities in the digestive tract of spirostreptid and spirobolid millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida and Spirobolida)

Millipedes represent a model for the study of organic matter transformation, animal-microbial interactions, and compartmentalisation of digestion. The activity of saccharidases (amylase, laminarinase, cellulase, xylanase, chitinase, maltase, cellobiase, and trehalase) and protease were measured in the midgut and hindgut contents and walls of the millipedes Archispirostreptus gigas and Epibolus pulchripes. Assays done at pH 4 and 7 confirmed activities of all enzymes except xylanase. Hydrolysing of starch and laminarin prevailed. The hindgut of E. pulchripes was shorter, less differentiated. Micro-apocrine secretion was observed only in the midgut of A. gigas. Merocrine secretion was present in midgut and hindgut of E. pulchripes, and in the pyloric valve and anterior hindgut of A. gigas. Alpha-polysaccharidases were mostly active in the midgut content and walls, with higher activity at pH 4. The low activity of amylase (A. gigas) and laminarinase (E. pulchripes) in midgut tissue may indicate their synthesis in salivary glands. Cellulases were found in midgut. Chitinases, found in midgut content and tissue (E. pulchripes) or concentrated in the midgut wall (A. gigas), were more active at an acidic pH. Polysaccharidases were low in hindguts. Protease shows midgut origin and alkaline activity extending to the hindgut in E. pulchripes, whereas in A. gigas it is of salivary gland origin and acid activity restricted to the midgut. Some disaccharidases, with more alkaline activity, showed less apparent midgut-hindgut differences. It may indicate an axial separating of the primary and secondary digestion along the intestinal pH gradient or the presence of enzymes of hindgut parasites.

2 sides to the story: Bilateral and multifocal eccrine poromatosis

2 sides to the story: Bilateral and multifocal eccrine poromatosis

Ultrastructure of the midgut epithelium in three species of Macrobiotidae (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Parachela)

Abstract Three species of Macrobiotidae, Macrobiotus polonicus, Macrobiotus diversus and Macrobiotus pallarii, were selected for analysis of the fine structure of the midgut epithelium. They are gonochoric and carnivorous species that live in wet terrestrial and freshwater environments. The ultrastructure of the midgut epithelium of the investigated Macrobiotidae species was analysed in both males and females. Their digestive system is composed of fore- and hindguts that are covered by a cuticle, and the middle region, termed the midgut. It is lined with a simple epithelium that is formed by digestive cells that have a distinct brush border. Crescent-shaped cells that form an anterior ring in the border between the fore- and midgut were detected. The ultrastructure of the intestinal epithelium of the examined species differs slightly depending on sex. The digestive cells of the posterior segment of the intestine contain numerous lipid droplets, which are the reserve material. We concluded that the digestive cells of the Macrobiotidae midgut are responsible for its intracellular digestion owing to endocytosis. They also participate in the extracellular digestion owing to merocrine secretion (exocytosis). However, the midgut is not the main organ that accumulates reserve material. Additionally, the midgut epithelium does not participate in oogenesis.

Changes in milk yield, fat and protein mass fractions in mares’ milk within 24 hours

During the day protein mass fraction and fat mass fraction in mares’ milk changes in different ways. The variability of fat content in mare’s milk reaches 60% within 24 hours. Several experiments, including the milking of mares continuously during the day, were conducted to explain the nature of this phenomenon. Differences in the variability of fat and protein contents in the mares’ milk during the day and various way of secretion of the milk components from udder’s secretory cells were explained by the authors in this scientific article. The protein is secreted due to merocrine secretion, and fat secretion mainly occurs due to apocrine secretion. Reduction of fat content in the mares’ milk is caused by the significant increase of milk yield in the early morning, when secretion of synthesized fat slows down. When milk yield is reduced, the secretion of stored fat is increased, which also increases the fat content in milk. It was found that in the morning milk yield of mares is higher than at night by 16.39 %. It was also found that during the day protein mass fraction is higher than it is at night by 5.24 %. The fat content in the mares’ milk during the day is higher than it is at night by 12.24 %. The ratio of daily milk yield and fat content was amounted to 0.22, of daily milk yield and protein mass fraction was + 0.44, and of fat mass fraction and protein mass fraction was + 0.47.

Syringoid eccrine carcinoma of the vulva: differential diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up

Syringoid eccrine carcinoma of the vulva: differential diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up

Eccrine Spiradenoma with a Zosteriform Pattern: A Case Report

Eccrine Spiradenoma with a Zosteriform Pattern: A Case Report

Eccrine Nevus of the Forearm Controlled With Topical Glycopyrrolate

Not available.

A case of ductal eccrine carcinoma with skull invasion

A case of ductal eccrine carcinoma with skull invasion

Primary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of Skin: Myoepithelial Cells are a Clue to its Diagnosis.

Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma is a rare adnexal neoplasm of eccrine gland. Fewer than 200 cases are reported in literature. Clinically, it can be mistaken as a benign lesion. The primary challenge in these lesions is to differentiate these rare primary lesions from more frequent mucinous secondary deposits. Morphologically, they are similar to metastatic deposits of mucinous carcinoma from other viscera such as breast, lung, or gastrointestinal tract. Use of ancillary techniques and a thorough metastatic work up are mandatory to differentiate these lesions from metastases. We report a case of primary mucinous carcinoma of nasojugal region in a 51-year-old female. It was diagnosed on fine-needle aspiration cytology, and later, the lesion was excised and diagnosis confirmed on histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry.

Perianal Eccrine Syringofibroadenoma.

Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA) is a rare eccrine ductal adnexal tumor. It shows variable presentations as solitary or multiple nodular lesions arranged in different patterns. It is most commonly seen in middle-aged to elderly patients, and most common sites include the extremities. Classic histopathological findings show anastomosing cords and strands of uniform cuboidal cells surrounded by fibrovascular stroma. Herein, we report a case of reactive ESFA which developed on the perianal region of a 31-year-old man.

Sebaceoma: a clinicopathological analysis of 31 cases

Objective To analyze clinicopathologic features of sebaceoma. Methods Clinical, pathologic and immunohistochemical findings from 31 cases of sebaceoma were retrospectively analyzed. The clinicopathologic features of sebaceoma were investigated. Results There were 9 males and 22 females. The patients′ age was 53.90 ± 15.40 years, and the clinical course was 9.41 ± 13.75 years. Sebaceoma predominantly affected the face. The common lesion of sebaceoma was red, yellowish-red, skin-colored or slight brown papules, with no subjective symptoms in most cases. Histopathologically, neoplasms had symmetric structures, and were located in the dermis. Epidermal involvements were found in 9 cases. The neoplasm cells were mainly composed of basaloid cells, a few mature sebocytes and some transition cells. The proportion of mature sebocyts was less than 1% in 26 cases, less than 20% in 2 cases, and 20%-40% in 3 cases. Mitoses were occasionally found in 5 cases. One patient was complicated by eccrine poroma. Varying amounts of ducts were found in all the patients. Immunohistochemical staining showed that epithelial membrane antigen was expressed on ducts and mature sebocytes in all the patients, while epithelial antigen was undetected in any of the patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen, androgen receptor and D2-40 were found in 20, 24 and 28 patients with sebaceoma, respectively. Conclusions The diagnosis of sebaceoma mainly depends on histopathological examination. Combined immunohistochemical detection of epithelial membrane antigen, androgen receptor and D2-40 is beneficial to its differential diagnosis. Key words: Sebaceoma; Carcinoembryonic antigen; Receptors, androgen; Epithelial membrane antigen; Epithelial antigen; D2-40

The coagulating gland in the male greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus): morphological and immunohistochemical features.

This study reveals the structure, ultrastructure and immunoexpression of oestrogen alpha and beta receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the coagulating glands of the greater cane rat. Gland samples from 15 adult male cane rats were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies while immunohistochemistry was also carried out. Coagulating gland in the cane rat is a paired, triangularly shaped, transparent gland weighing about 1 ± 0.48 g. Histologically, each secretory acinus is composed of folded mucosa surrounded by fibromuscular stroma. The simple columnar epithelium consists of principal cells at different stages of secretion evidenced by their apical blebs of various heights and occasional basal cells. Fine structure of the principal cells revealed the presence of apical blebs that contained secretory granules of varying electron-density, secretory vesicles and vacuoles on both their luminal surfaces and the lumen. While supranuclear cytoplasm contained Golgi apparatus with different cisternal arrangements, the infranuclear part is covered with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Nuclei, apical bleb and stroma of secretory epithelium all showed positive immunostaining for ERα and ERβ. These findings revealed the prominence of apocrine secretion with no structural evidence of merocrine secretion and the uncommon ERα and ERβ distribution pattern in the coagulating gland of the cane rat.

Generalized eruptive syringoma.

Eruptive syringoma is a very rare variant of syringoma. It is a benign adnexal tumor of the intraepidermal portion of eccrine sweat ducts. Here we report a 32-year-old female presented with classical asymptomatic eruptive syringomas involving her face and extremities.

The digestive system of the “stick bug” Cladomorphus phyllinus (Phasmida, Phasmatidae): A morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis

This work presents a detailed morphofunctional study of the digestive system of a phasmid representative, Cladomorphus phyllinus. Cells from anterior midgut exhibit a merocrine secretion, whereas posterior midgut cells show a microapocrine secretion. A complex system of midgut tubules is observed in the posterior midgut which is probably related to the luminal alkalization of this region. Amaranth dye injection into the haemolymph and orally feeding insects with dye indicated that the anterior midgut is water-absorbing, whereas the Malpighian tubules are the main site of water secretion. Thus, a putative counter-current flux of fluid from posterior to anterior midgut may propel enzyme digestive recycling, confirmed by the low rate of enzyme excretion. The foregut and anterior midgut present an acidic pH (5.3 and 5.6, respectively), whereas the posterior midgut is highly alkaline (9.1) which may be related to the digestion of hemicelluloses. Most amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities occur in the foregut and anterior midgut. Maltase is found along the midgut associated with the microvillar glycocalix, while aminopeptidase occurs in the middle and posterior midgut in membrane bound forms. Both amylase and trypsin are secreted mainly by the anterior midgut through an exocytic process as revealed by immunocytochemical data.

STRUCTURE AND SECRETION OF THE EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES OF AUSTRALIAN ACACIAS

ABSTRACT The extrafloral nectaries of A. pycnantha and A. myrtifolia are quite different morphologically but very similar ultrastructurally. The porate nectary of A. pycnantha has a deep goblet-shaped depression in transverse section with the secretory region at the base of the depression. The non-porate nectary of A. myrtifolia is a flattened gland with the secretory region in the centre of the nectary disc. In both species there are three cell types between the network of vascular bundles at the base of the nectary and the surface. The flanking zone consisted of thin-walled cells which merge into the glandular zone of thick-walled secretory cells. Carbohydrate, protein and lipid secretion products are visible in the intercellular spaces between the glandular cells and those of the surface secretory zone, which are loosely arranged. These nectar components appear to be transported outside the cell by both eccrine and granulocrine processes. The cuticle, very thin in the secretory zone, is distended by th...

Floral nectar production in Helleborus foetidus: an ultrastructural study

The floral nectaries of Helleborus foetidus L. were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as light microscopy. Nectaries are tubular and consist of an external epidermis, a photosynthesizing parenchyma, large branches of vascular tissue, a nectar-producing parenchyma, and an internal epidermis. The external epidermis is characterized by thick outer walls and a thin cuticle. Cells of the photosynthesizing parenchyma are characterized by chloroamyloplasts. The nectar-producing parenchyma consists of small cells with lobed nucleus, several small vacuoles, and numerous undifferentiated elongated plastids. These cells contain lipid bodies, Golgi membranes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and are connected by numerous plasmodesmata. Parenchyma cells around sieve elements contain some amyloplasts. The outer cell wall of the internal epidermis displays a central thinned area containing a depression. The cuticle is very thick with amorphous structure, especially evident in its proximal part. Secretion takes place only in the inner basal region of the nectary cup. The surface of the internal epidermis is devoid of secreting structures. Nectar is released by fracture of the cuticle and underlying cell wall; however, epidermal cell death is not apoptotic. This holocrine secretion is coupled with a more common merocrine secretion through which nectar accumulates in subcuticular spaces. This combined secretion mode produces an enriched “nectar soup” crucial for interactions with pollinators and yeasts during winter flowering.