Mental Self Research Articles

Human Self: Structure of the Recognition-Behaviour Model-System Working with Language-Metabolism and Significance Induced by Symbolical Figuring the Meta-Model-System

Science organizes the recognizable targets of objects and phenomena in the testable form, and it functions to understand, define, quantify, visualize or simulate properties of the target in the syllogistic-hierarchy of framing, modeling, and explanation with sound inferences of language. Human Self maintaining the homeostasis is defined in the thinking-frame. The physical Self is the substantial model-system defined in the physical frame, and the mental Self is the recognition-behavioral model-system defined in the psychological frame. The recognition-behavioral model-system that was analyzed via the scientific procedure, was considered to perform language-metabolism with the thinking-codes of homology-/simplification, clustering, operation and modeling, which are mounted in the Modeling-layer of Neuronal Network of the brain, with economic and stubborn manner coming from the biological characteristics. Systems theory is the transdisciplinary study of systems complex-networked interrelated and interdependent components. Human Self is the meta-model-system complex-networked the functional single-model-systems. The mental Self that was re-defined corresponding to the physical/psychological model-system coming from Chinese philosophy and Chinese traditional medicine, developed to the neuro-psychological Self under the idea of Systems theory. Neuro-psycho-pharmacological effect of the anti-epileptic agents Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine and Valproate on Exceed Stimulation-amplify of patients suffering from Bipolar-disease, which was not clear until recently, was compatibly explained via the neuro-psychological Self. Finally, the emergent neuro-psycho-pharmacological explanation was considered to be induced by symbolically-figuring the neuro-psychological Self in the neuro-psychological frame.

Science of Human Recognition-Behavioral Modeling-System

Human Self is an adaptation system to maintain homeostasis. The physical Self maintains physical homeostasis via the substantial modeling system, and the mental Self maintains mental homeostasis via the recognition-behavioral modeling system. Science organizes the recognizable targets of objects and phenomena in testable forms, and it functions to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate properties of the target in the syllogistic hierarchy of framing, modeling, and explanation with sound inferences of language. In the present study, I analyzed the recognition-behavioral modeling system via the scientific procedure, and I considered that the recognition-behavioral modeling system performs information metabolism with the thinking codes of homology/simplification, clustering, operation, and modeling mounted in the Modeling layer of the Neuronal Network with an economic and stubborn manner coming from biological characteristics._ _I also analyzed the significance of meta-modeling in a neuro-psycho-pharmacological frame of the poly-framing verbalized world, and I comprehended that an emergent understanding in a frame is induced by completing the meta-model in the frame, and that the significant single-/meta-modeling codes are transmitted as the symbolical figures shared in philosophies belonging to different cultures.

The nested hierarchical model of self and its non-relational vs relational posttraumatic manifestation: an fMRI meta-analysis of emotional processing.

Different kinds of traumatic experiences like natural catastrophes vs. relational traumatic experiences (e.g., sex/physical abuse, interpersonal partner violence) are involved in the development of the self and PTSD psychopathological manifestations. Looking at a neuroscience approach, it has been proposed a nested hierarchical model of self, which identifies three neural-mental networks: (i) interoceptive; (ii) exteroceptive; (iii) mental. However, it is still unclear how the self and its related brain networks might be affected by non-relational vs relational traumatic experiences. Departing from this background, the current study aims at conducting a meta-analytic review of task-dependent fMRI studies (i.e., emotional processing task) among patients with PTSD due to non-relational (PTSD-NR) and relational (PTSD-R) traumatic experiences using two approaches: (i) a Bayesian network meta-analysis for a region-of-interest-based approach; (ii) a coordinated-based meta-analysis. Our findings suggested that the PTSD-NR mainly recruited areas ascribed to the mental self to process emotional stimuli. Whereas, the PTSD-R mainly activated regions associated with the intero-exteroceptive self. Accordingly, the PTSD-R compared to the PTSD-NR might not reach a higher symbolic capacity to process stimuli with an emotional valence. These results are also clinically relevant in support of the development of differential treatment approaches for non-relational vs. relational PTSD.

Психометрическая проверка уточненной версии опросника «Невоплощенность в Интернете»

<p style="text-align: justify;">The alienation of the individual's own physical body, which until recently was associated mainly with the sphere of psychiatry, is strongly associated by modern researchers with the practice of using the Internet. The lack of scientific psychological grounds for studying the technological disembodiment of a user causes a deficiency of tools designed to diagnose the corresponding phenomenology. The article presents a revised version of the questionnaire "Unembodiment on the Internet" (2021), the construct of which goes back to the clinical concept of unembodiment, which belongs to the famous British existential psychologist R. Laing. The item base of the methodology has been changed and expanded in order to be more relevant to the subject of study. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was tested during a psychodiagnostic examination. It involved 200 Internet users (women and men equally). The mean age of the respondents was 20.72 years (SD=5.99). The scale of the previous version of the "Unembodiment on the Internet" questionnaire, “Unembodiment as Virtualization”, was supplemented by a new one, “Preference for Technological Disembodiment”, which specifies the user's attitude towards their special status in the cyberspace, and replaced the “Preference of the Internet” scale, which reflected a more general motivation. The “Vitality of the Embodied Self” scale in the refined questionnaire is divided into two: the scale of the same name, which implies broad manifestations of the embodied self, and the scale of the “Embodied Whole Self”, which implies the embodiment of the mental self in the physical body itself. The empirical construct in general corresponds to the theoretical one. The internal consistency scores of the questionnaire scales range from 0.82–0.91 for different criteria. External convergent validity was confirmed by the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS).</p>

Mothers' health problems of children with congenital heart disease: a qualitative method

Objectives: This study was done to address the physical and mental health problems experienced by mothers of children with congenital heart disease (CHD).
 Methods: This study was conducted by a qualitative approach in 2021 at Yazd Afshar Hospital, in which 10 mothers were selected by purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and data analysis was performed through conventional content analysis. Two university lecturers determined the validity of the interview questions, and the reliability of the data was verified by a researcher trained in coding.
 Results: Data analysis identified the base theme i.e. the threat to health, and subthemes including physical and psychological problems of the parent(s). Components of subthemes consisted of physical manifestations, physical self-harm, anxiety and worry, mental self- harm, impatience and helplessness, isolation, withdrawal, and denial.
 Conclusions: The results show that mothers suffer from a variety of experiences ranging from physical problems and illnesses to mental problems. An in-depth understanding of the phases of parenting under pressure provides direction for nurses to support parents of children with CHD. Interventions that help carers of children with complex health conditions move through the phases of our parenting under pressure process can help them maintain their children's survival and their survival as parents as they manage multiple needs. Therefore, the hospital should provide supportive procedures to better deal with the problem.

Conceptual Representations in Sherko Bekas’ Gray: A Cognitive Stylistic Study

The present paper aims to examine Bekas’ worldview (mind style) in the selected poem Gray from a cognitive stylistic perspective. The concept of mind style, which refers to any particular linguistic representation of an individual’s mental self, encompasses the process of “reality formation” in one’s mind. In cognitive stylistics, the worldview (mind style) of the poet, narrator and character is formed from and displayed through the linguistic structure of the text. Therefore, the highlighted research question is: How is Bekas’ worldview constructed and represented in the selected poem? This study is essential for readers and listeners because it will assist them in interpreting poetic texts so they can comprehend the poet’s worldview. To achieve the main aim, the researchers will apply the cognitive linguistic theories of schema, conceptual metaphor, and conceptual metonymy, all of which are concerned with the representation of conceptual structures. These cognitive theories are considered strong and dynamic theories in accounting for cognitive processes that underpin the production and interpretation of various types of discourse, whether factual or fictional, by forming mental representations in the mind. More specifically, schema theory can be used to explain how text worlds are created and processed during discourse processing, primarily when reading poetry. Additionally, schema theory involves researching mental models, which entails analysing how poets think about the world in contrast to readers. To examine the poet’s worldview, the researchers also use perspective and foregrounding in construal dimensions. Since the study is qualitative, the study’s data will be limited to the analysis of Bekas’ Gray. The study has concluded that Bekas views the world pessimistically and hopelessly.

Dreaming Philosophers: The Daoist and the Metaphysician

Is this just a dream? Daoist philosopher Zhuang Zi and metaphysician Descartes both considered this question but came to very different conclusions. In his Dream Hypothesis, Descartes imagined that all of his beliefs about the external world could be mistaken, which led him to the realization that the only thing that he could be certain of was his own existence: “I think therefore I am.” But what am “I”? “I am a thinking thing”, he said and concluded that the existence of one’s mental self is clear, certain and indubitable, while the existence of a physical world was open to doubt. Zhuang Zi, in a similar vein, dreamt that he was a butterfly, and, on awakening, could not be sure that he was not a butterfly dreaming that he was a man. Rather than drawing a distinction between dreams and reality, or between certainty and dubitability, however, he concluded that our identities, like everything else in the world, are fluid and subject transformation and transmutation. The very different treatments of the dream scenario by these two thinkers stem from fundamentally different assumptions embedded in the two philosophical traditions. Analyzing them side by side, we realize how the resources of each intellectual tradition cast light on the unquestioned assumptions underlying the philosophy of the other. This cross cultural engagement highlights the ways in which these two varieties of skepticism fall short of complete, universal skepticism and potentially points the way towards a synthesis of the resources of Western rationalism and philosophical Daoism that may lead to novel formulations of radically skeptical world views.

Disembodiment of Internet Users as a Consequence of Modern Information Technologies and Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Students

This article focuses on the concept of disembodied Internet personality. The Internet gives its users a special disembodied status because mental self of the Internet user has no physical manifestation. Although this concept appears in many studies, it remains practically unexplored in psychological terms. However, British existential psychologist R. Laing already described its varieties and consequences on clinical material. His The Divided Self: An Existential Study In Sanity And Madness became a theoretical foundation of virtual disembodiment and a questionnaire of the same name. In this article, R. Laing’s ideas were compared with the socio-cognitive concept of self-efficacy, which was developed by A.Bandura and then modified by R. Schwarzer and M. Jerusalem, who also designed the scale of general self-efficiency. This research used both the scale of general selfefficiency and the questionnaire of Internet disembodiment to establish the relationship between various aspects of the Self. The research featured the self-perception of technological disembodiment and the subjective sense of social vitality and capacity in university students during the development of their first integral form of identity. The artificial separation of the mental Self from the physical body in the virtual environment weakened their beliefs in personal efficacy outside the virtual space. Students with different severity of online disembodiment and general self-efficacy appeared to have different self-identification features.

Perceived Need, Mental Health Literacy, Neuroticism and Self- Stigma Predict Mental Health Service Use Among Older Adults

ABSTRACT Objectives Older adults are the least likely age group to seek mental health services. However, few studies have explored a comprehensive range of sociodemographic, psychological, and social barriers and facilitators to seeking treatment in later life. Methods A cross-sectional, national sample of Canadian older adults (55+, N = 2,745) completed an online survey including reliable and valid measures of predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics, based on Andersen’s behavioral model of health, as well as self-reported use of mental health services. Univariate and hierarchical logistic regressions predicted past 5-year mental health service use. Results Mental health service use was most strongly and consistently associated with greater perceived need (OR = 11.48) and mental health literacy (OR = 2.16). Less self-stigma of seeking help (OR = .65) and greater neuroticism (OR = 1.57) also predicted help-seeking in our final model, although their effects were not as strong or consistent across gender, marital status, and age subgroups. Conclusions The need category was crucial to seeking help, but predisposing psychological factors were also significant barriers to treatment. Clinical Implications Interventions that target older adults high in neuroticism by improving perceptions of need for treatment, mental health literacy, and self-stigma of seeking help may be particularly effective ways of improving access to mental health services.

Relationship Between Thinking Styles and Students’ Performance at University Level

The basic aim of the study was to check the validity of Sternberg's theory of mental self[1]government in the Pakistani context. Moreover, the study also investigated the relationship between students’ thinking styles and their academic achievement at the university level. Students’ thinking styles were assessed by using the Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised II, while students' CGPA was used as a measurement of student academic achievement. Data were collected from 86 students of Master of Education, Masters of English and Bachelors of Mathematics studying in University of Education Attock Campus. Pearson correlation and MANOVA were applied to analyze the data. Results show that students having conservative and oligarchic thinking styles perform better as compared to other thinking styles.

DISEMBODIMENT ON THE INTERNET AS A NEW FORM OF TECHNOLOGICAL SELF-ALIENATION (BASED ON THE STUDY OF STUDENTS OF HUMANITARIAN INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION)

Phenomenon of disembodiment of users of information technologies in virtual reality, in particular as a special form of self-alienation, was already noted by the first representatives of cyber culture. However, psychologists have not properly analyzed it yet, perhaps, due to the usual peripheral position of the problem of disembodiment of a physical body in psychology. In the present study we continue to develop our theoretical and empirical construct of the Disembodiment on the Internet (N.V. Kopteva, A.Yu. Kalugin, L.Ya. Dorfman) as a psychological impact of the use of contemporary information technologies in areas related to self-alienation and alienation. The construct is based on the conception of unembodiment of the mental self from the body by a British psychiatrist R. Laing, which is considered to be one of the fundamental psychiatric conceptions of disembodiment of the physical self. R. Laing’s description of the ‘detachment’ of schizoids from their own body helps understand the specifics of existential positions of embodiment - disembodiment determined by sociocultural, technological factors and choices made by individuals themselves. Our study was performed on a sample of active Internet users - students of humanitarian institutes of higher education (aged from 17 to 25 years) - with the use of the Disembodiment on the Internet diagnostic procedure. We revealed groups that differentiated in the severity of disembodiment and created their psychological portraits according to patterns of disembodiment, which include experience of unbodiliness of the virtual self, incompleteness and secondariness of the technological way of being limited by the Internet environment and Internet addiction. We also empirically detected the effects of disembodiment on the alienation of students in different aspects of their life (from who they are, from their families, in interpersonal communication, from their studies and the society) ranging from ‘vegetativeness’ to adventurism.

The Program of mental self-regulation of athletes engaged in Martial Arts

Being at a high level of sports form, some athletes who specialize in Martial Arts cannot cope with negative emotions, which leads to a decrease in their athletic performance. In the competitive and post-competitive periods there are sharp negative emotional shifts, so most athletes who specialize in Martial Arts, in particular Sambo wrestling (sports and combat sections) unable to normalize their condition, so the psychologist, as well as the coach – must support the athlete during the formation and development of his self-regulation in terms of many years of training.
 As a result of theoretical research, members of the research group developed a program of mental self-regulation of Sambo fighters (combat section) in the system of their annual training cycle. The program developed by us provides consideration of features of the organization of educational and training process of sportsmen who specialize in Martial Arts at various stages of an annual cycle of their preparation, namely: preparatory period (general-preparatory and special-preparatory stages) – formation of a positive and active attitude to the development and self-improvement of self-regulation skills in different conditions of long-term training of athletes specializing in Martial Arts, development and improvement of mental functions that underlie the provision of self- regulation of Sambo fighters (combat section); competitive stage – training of combat sambo wrestlers to manage their own consciousness aimed at achieving maximum sports results, increasing the emotional stability of combat Sambo wrestlers; transitional stage – restoration (stabilization) of mental and psychophysical levels of combat Sambo wrestlers.
 Prospects for further research in the chosen direction of scientific intelligence include testing the program of mental self- regulation of Sambo fighters (combat section) in the system of their annual training cycle.

The Lost Neural Hierarchy of the Autistic Self-Locked-Out of the Mental Self and Its Default-Mode Network.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by a fundamental change in self-awareness including seemingly paradoxical features like increased ego-centeredness and weakened self-referentiality. What is the neural basis of this so-called “self-paradox”? Conducting a meta-analytic review of fMRI rest and task studies, we show that ASD exhibits consistent hypofunction in anterior and posterior midline regions of the default-mode network (DMN) in both rest and task with decreased self–non-self differentiation. Relying on a multilayered nested hierarchical model of self, as recently established (Qin et al. 2020), we propose that ASD subjects cannot access the most upper layer of their self, the DMN-based mental self—they are locked-out of their own DMN and its mental self. This, in turn, results in strong weakening of their self-referentiality with decreases in both self-awareness and self–other distinction. Moreover, this blocks the extension of non-DMN cortical and subcortical regions at the lower layers of the physical self to the DMN-based upper layer of the mental self, including self–other distinction. The ASD subjects remain stuck and restricted to their intero- and exteroceptive selves as manifested in a relative increase in ego-centeredness (as compared to self-referentiality). This amounts to what we describe as “Hierarchical Model of Autistic Self” (HAS), which, characterizing the autistic self in hierarchical and spatiotemporal terms, aligns well with and extends current theories of ASD including predictive coding and weak central coherence.

СИСТЕМА ПСИХИЧЕСКОЙ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦИИ УЧЕБНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ: МЕТАКОГНИТИВНЫЙ ПОДХОД

The study was carried out using the integrative approach, in which the human psyche is con-sidered as a self-organizing system. The goal of this study was to describe in a consistent manner the mental self-regulatory system of educational activities in the context of the metacognitive approach. Our objectives were the following: to determine the impact of gender and age on the indicators of metacognitive awareness in educational activities; to describe the factor structure of the mental self-regulatory system of educational activities including metacognitive awareness. To assess the parameters of the self regulatory mental activity we used the following methods: The Self organization of Activity Questionnaire by E. Mandrikova (2010); Тhe dif-ferential reflectivity test by D. Leontiev and E. Osin (2014); The Еmotional Intelligence Questionnaire by D. Lyusin (2004), short version of the questionnaire “Metacognitive Aware-ness Inventory” by G. Schraw and R.S. Dennison, adapted by A. Karpov and I. Skityaeva (2005). The study involved 354 respondents, including 257 women and 97 men aged 18 to 45. The study was conducted on the basis of St. Petersburg University (BA students and occupa-tional re training students). The data was analyzed using means, standard deviations, Student's t test correlation, and factor analysis. During the study we found out that metacognitive awareness indicators were not associated significantly with the age of the general sample or in male and female groups. The male group was characterized by higher indicators of knowledge about cognition, and the female group was characterized by higher indicators of metacogni-tive regulation “Debugging strategies”. We described the factor structure of the mental self regulatory system of educational activities including metacognitive awareness. There are 4 factors: Metacognitive processes, Reflective processes, Planning and realization, and Opera-tional performance temporal perspective. Our research confirms that metacognitive aware-ness, emotional intelligence, and purposefulness are the main characteristics in the mental self regulatory system of educational activities and their development can increase the effec-tiveness of education. Reflection was at second rank in importance in the mental self regulatory process. The third and fourth factors are associated with the processes of realiza-tion and implementation of self regulatory activities. Thus, we recommend the teachers to develop students' metacognitive processes, such as metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation, interpersonal and intrapersonal emotional intelligence, and purposefulness for optimizing their self regulatory system.

Study of Work Effectiveness of Physically Disabled Workforce through Applied Ergonomics

There is a large population of disabled working people. These people constitute at least 2.21% of the total population of India as per 2011 census data. Out of the total population of persons with disabilities, approximately 1.50 crore are men and 1.18 crore, are women. These include persons with visual, hearing, speech and loco-motor disabilities, mental illness, mental retardation (intellectual disabilities), multiple disabilities and other disabilities. Among the workers with disabilities, 31% constitute agricultural labourers. Fifty percent of the PwD population in the age group of 15-59 years is working whereas 4% of children with disabilities in the age group below 14 years are working. They need special ergonomic attention, but a great deal of information is missing or incomplete about their work efficiency. Work is said to be one of the basic factors of human life. It is well known that appropriate workplace and tools preferable to disabled workers can contribute to the healthy and satisfied worker and this fact is even more important when we talk about workers with disabilities. Disability inclusion in the workplace is the manifestation of recognition that employees are human. Employees do not and cannot shed the complexities of their physical and mental selves while they are at work. Worker centric tools and furniture need to be developed by industrial designers at a cost-effective price. This study shows how the efficiency of the disabled workers can be increased by making changes in the workplace design for a “regular adult” population in the age range of about 15 to 60 years. Anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, attitudes and behaviour of this population and the tools which they use during work provides necessary stimulation to workplace designers, owners of the establishment for making changes in the workplace preferable to the disabled workforce. We conducted testing to compare pre-test and post-test results using preferred products to evaluate the work effectiveness of the people with physical disabilities using statistical analysis (paired t-tests). The results after using worker preferred products showed a higher average post-test score than pre-test. This analysis indicated a statistically higher work effectiveness (α =0.05) and supports the research hypothesis.

Hippocampal Contribution to Ordinal Psychological Time in the Human Brain.

The chronology of events in time-space is naturally available to the senses, and the spatial and temporal dimensions of events entangle in episodic memory when navigating the real world. The mapping of time-space during navigation in both animals and humans implicates the hippocampal formation. Yet, one arguably unique human trait is the capacity to imagine mental chronologies that have not been experienced but may involve real events-the foundation of causal reasoning. Herein, we asked whether the hippocampal formation is involved in mental navigation in time (and space), which requires internal manipulations of events in time and space from an egocentric perspective. To address this question, we reanalyzed a magnetoencephalography data set collected while participants self-projected in time or in space and ordered historical events as occurring before/after or west/east of the mental self [Gauthier, B., Pestke, K., & van Wassenhove, V. Building the arrow of time… Over time: A sequence of brain activity mapping imagined events in time and space. Cerebral Cortex, 29, 4398-4414, 2019]. Because of the limitations of source reconstruction algorithms in the previous study, the implication of hippocampus proper could not be explored. Here, we used a source reconstruction method accounting explicitly for the hippocampal volume to characterize the involvement of deep structures belonging to the hippocampal formation (bilateral hippocampi [hippocampi proper], entorhinal cortices, and parahippocampal cortex). We found selective involvement of the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) with a notable lateralization of the main effects: Whereas temporal ordinality engaged mostly the left MTL, spatial ordinality engaged mostly the right MTL. We discuss the possibility of a top-down control of activity in the human hippocampal formation during mental time (and space) travels.

The differences in the concept of self among the superior and non-outstanding students among the high school students in Abha: الفروق في مفهوم الذات بين الطلاب المتفوقين وغير المتفوقين لدى طلاب المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة أبها

The objectives of the study: Identify the differences in the concept of the self between students and non-students in secondary school. Identify the differences between the six dimensions of self concept of students and non-students in secondary school. Study: researchers have used the descriptive relational. Sample: the sample consisted of 115 students of grade I، II and III of secondary gifted and non-gifted to the city of Abha. Study tools: we used the following tool: Self concept scale for adolescents، Mary (2009) Statistical methods: the researcher used statistical methods: The percentages and duplicates. Test. The results of the study: researchers the following results: There are significant differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted high school students in the city of Abha. There are significant differences in the concept of self ethical and moral self-concept between gifted and non-gifted high school students in the city of Abha. There are no statistically significant differences in the concept of the physical self, the concept of the mental self, the concept of the emotional self, and the concept of the social self between the excelling and the non-excelling among high school students in Abha.

A meta-analytic study examining the relationship between alexithymia and dissociation in psychiatric and nonclinical populations.

Alexithymia and dissociation have been consistently linked in the literature, particularly in psychiatric populations. Both arise from a disconnection between conscious aspects of self-experiences and perceptions at both the mental self and bodily levels. This results in difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings and experiences into consciousness and memory, negatively impacting emotion awareness/regulation and reflective functioning. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the strength of the relationship between alexithymia and dissociation in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Studies using two common measures of these constructs were included (i.e., the Toronto Alexithymia Scale - TAS, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale - DES). Analyzing the effect sizes derived from 19 studies (including a total of 4664 participants) revealed moderate to strong relationships between alexithymia and dissociation. The strength of the association was higher in clinical and younger aged non clinical populations. These findings are discussed in the context of treatment recommendations..

Psychological effects of information technology use in relation to ontological security and embodied self (based on the study of undergraduates of humanitarian faculties)

The model of «normative» use of information technology (offered by V.A. Emelin, A.Sh. Tkhostov, E.I. Rasskazova) describes various psychological effects including changes of psychological boundaries and needs, and psychological dependence. The author of the article suggests that the list of such effects might contain disembodiment resulting from the lack of a person’s physical body due to their being on the aethyr and transformation of a person into an immaterial being (M. McLuhan). The new technological way of being-in-the-world is similar to a schizoid one, which R.D. Laing, a British psychologist and psychiatrist, relates to ontological insecurity, unembodiment (of the mental self in the body) and blurring of the existential boundaries between the «self» and «non-self». The authorial psychological construct of ontological security as a two-level system of experience, based on R.D. Laing’s conception, and authorial diagnostic procedures derived from this construct were used in the study. The first procedure was based on the principle of semantic differential «OS(SD)» and the second procedure was psychometric «OS(PM)». It was discovered that the group of students suffering from more pronounced consequences of normative use of mobile phones and prone to Internet-addicted behavior showed certain effect. It included a decline in manifestations of ontological security as experiencing existential props within and outside their selves, lower degree of existential antagonism (when existence is viewed as «a good life») and inflation of a false self linked to ontological insecurity and disembodiment. The analysis of the total sample revealed the selective nature of connections between the consequences of normative use of mobile phones and ontological security. In particular, a decline of the latter was associated with increasing changes in psychological borders. They involved the changes in the reflection of personal privacy during the expansion and erosion of the psychological borders, and the changes in the use of these conditions to simplify and secure communication with other people.

An Inquisition of Different Cognitive and Behavioral Dimensions on Mental Self Government (MSG) in different career personalities.

Understanding styles in deep, it is fair to say that style possesses affective, psychological, physiological, cognitive and sociological facets. Individual differences exhibit individuals to possess different expression, complex behavior and reactions to the environmental stimulus. Styles being the ability of an individual in the performance of the individual, attracted many educational psychologists and scholars. Thinking styles are the stylistic abilities and can be mutated as they contain the fragmented socialization and ascendancy of environment in which individual lives in. Different individuals react to stimulus in different ways according to their stylistic ability of approaching to a stimulus. This study is an attempt to study different cognitive and behavioral correlates that are metacognition, cognitive styles, cognitive rigidity, leadership behavior and coping strategies.