Inpatient Mental Health Services Research Articles

The role of psychological formulation in inpatient settings in supporting staff empathy and therapeutic optimism for adults diagnosed with borderline personality disorder: A pre- and post-vignette study.

OBJECTIVES: National Health Service (NHS) values, such as empathy and therapeutic optimism, are integral when supporting service users with complex mental health presentations. There is some evidence to suggest that psychological formulation can increase empathy and optimism in healthcare professionals. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate whether a psychological formulation of a hypothetical service user with a complex presentation, typically labelled with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD), increased empathy and therapeutic optimism in professionals working in mental health inpatient services. Sixty-six mental health professionals working in NHS inpatient services took part in a pre- and post-vignette study. Participants were asked to read a case vignette about a hypothetical service user, with a diagnostic label of BPD, and complete questionnaires capturing levels of empathy and therapeutic optimism. Participants were then randomized into two conditions and either asked to read the same information again (control condition) or read a psychological formulation based on the same hypothetical service user (intervention condition). The findings were analysed using a series of ANCOVAs/ANCOHETs. Two constructs of empathy (i.e. perspective taking and empathic concern), and therapeutic optimism significantly increased following exposure to the psychological formulation when compared to the control group condition. This study warrants further replication. These initial findings; however, indicate that psychological formulation can significantly increase the ability to perspective take, display empathic concern, and hold therapeutic optimism towards service users with a presentation associated with a diagnosis of BPD.

The impact of sensory modulation in acute mental health units: an organisational case study analysis

PurposeSensory modulation intervention involves using calming and grounding sensory stimuli to support coping with distress and intense emotions. Evaluating the impact of sensory modulation is challenging in inpatient settings due to the numerous variables influencing outcomes in ward environments. This study aims to determine the impact of sensory modulation across all organisational levels including service users, staff confidence and attitudes, ward climate and seclusion events.Design/methodology/approachOrganisational case studies were conducted in two Aotearoa New Zealand inpatient mental health services, using qualitative and quantitative data to explore the effects of a sensory modulation programme.FindingsResults showed that sensory modulation enhanced staff knowledge and confidence in fostering therapeutic relationships and reducing restrictive practices, positively impacted ward climate and provided service users with sensory strategies to use in everyday life.Practical implicationsThe findings captured the complexity of implementation and impact of sensory modulation programmes at individual, group and organisational levels. It is important to recognise the influencing factors and impact of sensory modulation across all levels of service delivery.Originality/valueOrganisational case study methodology offered a unique approach to evaluating the impact of sensory modulation within inpatient mental health services. Data analysis suggests that in addition to managing acute service user distress, sensory modulation impacts broader staff, team and service level outcomes.

Racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare utilization among children in U.S. foster care: Recommendations to challenge the status quo based on a scoping review

Prior work has examined racial and ethnic disparities in the access to and utilization of healthcare services. However, evidence across studies is mixed, making it challenging to precisely identify where the racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare utilization are amongst children in foster care, and which race and ethnicity groups are most impacted by such disparities. As such, the purpose of the current study was to conduct a scoping review to synthesize evidence on the topic of racial and ethnic disparities in the physical and mental or behavioral healthcare utilization for children in the U.S. foster care system (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021272072). Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Of the 414 studies identified, 23 met inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed journal article, published between 1991 and 2023, written in English, examined healthcare access or utilization of children in the U.S. foster care system as outcomes, included and disaggregated results by children’s race and ethnicity, conducted quantitative analysis, and was observational in study design. In the physical healthcare utilization domain, Black children were less likely to utilize routine and preventative check-ups and more likely to utilize medical services for treating chronic illnesses such as asthma, compared to White children. In the mental or behavioral healthcare utilization domain, Black and Hispanic/Latine children were less likely to utilize both inpatient and outpatient mental health services, compared to White children. Furthermore, notable variations were observed by specific service types and continuity of services over time. Implications include additional research and education about racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare utilization amongst children in foster care, as well as implementing regulations and oversights that mandate racial equity in the child welfare and healthcare service pathways.

A service-user digital intervention to collect real-time safety information on acute, adult mental health wards: the WardSonar mixed-methods study.

Acute inpatient mental health services report high levels of safety incidents. The application of patient safety theory has been sparse, particularly concerning interventions that proactively seek patient perspectives. Develop and evaluate a theoretically based, digital monitoring tool to collect real-time information from patients on acute adult mental health wards about their perceptions of ward safety. Theory-informed mixed-methods study. A prototype digital monitoring tool was developed from a co-design approach, implemented in hospital settings, and subjected to qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Phase 1: scoping review of the literature on patient involvement in safety interventions in acute mental health care; evidence scan of digital technology in mental health contexts; qualitative interviews with mental health patients and staff about perspectives on ward safety. This, alongside stakeholder engagement with advisory groups, service users and health professionals, informed the development processes. Most data collection was virtual. Phase 1 resulted in the technical development of a theoretically based digital monitoring tool that collected patient feedback for proactive safety monitoring. Phase 2: implementation of the tool in six adult acute mental health wards across two UK NHS trusts; evaluation via focused ethnography and qualitative interviews. Statistical analysis of WardSonar data and routine ward data involving construction of an hour-by-hour data set per ward, permitting detailed analysis of the use of the WardSonar tool. A total of 8 patients and 13 mental health professionals participated in Phase 1 interviews; 33 staff and 34 patients participated in Phase 2 interviews. Patients could use a web application (the WardSonar tool) to record real-time perceptions of ward safety. Staff could access aggregated, anonymous data to inform timely interventions. Coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions greatly impacted the study. Stakeholder engagement permeated the project. Phase 1 delivered a theory-based, collaboratively designed digital tool for proactive patient safety monitoring. Phase 2 showed that the tool was user friendly and broadly acceptable to patients and staff. The aggregated safety data were infrequently used by staff. Feasibility depended on engaged staff and embedding use of the tool in ward routines. There is strong evidence that an incident leads to increased probability of further incidents within the next 4hours. This puts a measure on the extent to which social/behavioural contagion persists. There is weak evidence to suggest that an incident leads to a greater use of the WardSonar tool in the following hour, but none to suggest that ward atmosphere predicts future incidents. Therefore, how often patients use the tool seems to send a stronger signal about potential incidents than patients' real-time reports about ward atmosphere. Implementation was limited to two NHS trusts. Coronavirus disease 2019 impacted design processes including stakeholder engagement; implementation; and evaluation of the monitoring tool in routine clinical practice. Higher uptake could enhance validity of the results. WardSonar has the potential to provide a valuable route for patients to communicate safety concerns. The WardSonar monitoring tool has a strong patient perspective and uses proactive real-time safety monitoring rather than traditional retrospective data review. The WardSonar tool can be refined and tested further in a post Coronavirus disease 2019 context. This study is registered as ISRCTN14470430. This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR128070) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 14. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Children and Young People's inpatient and PICU mental health services: transformation in an evidence vacuum

Children and Young People's inpatient and PICU mental health services: transformation in an evidence vacuum

Comorbidities, healthcare use, and contact with healthcare transition services in older veterans after incarceration.

The Health Care for Reentry Veterans (HCRV) program was established to support community reintegration for veterans after incarceration. Yet, it is unclear how those with and without HCRV contact differ. We sought to evaluate differences in medical and psychiatric conditions and healthcare utilization among mid-to late-life reentry veterans who did and did not receive HCRV outreach. Study participants were veterans aged ≥50 years who qualified for Medicare fee-for-service, had experienced incarceration for ≥1 year, and were released from incarceration between October 1, 2006, and September 30, 2018 (N = 9733). Using VA and Medicare claims data, we compared prevalence of medical and psychiatric diagnoses, and use of emergency, inpatient, and outpatient medical and mental health services up to 12 months after release between those with and without HCRV contact. Veterans with HCRV contact (35.5%) had significantly higher rates of psychiatric conditions and medical conditions related to substance use (e.g., liver disease) compared to veterans without HCRV contact. Average time between release and first healthcare service use was significantly lower for HCRV veterans (36.5 ± SD 59.5 days) versus non-HCRV veterans (58.9 ± SD 77.5 days) and HCRV veterans were more likely to utilize the emergency department, inpatient and outpatient mental health services, and inpatient medical services. HCRV reaches older reentry veterans with a large burden of mental health and substance use disorders. However, levels of multimorbidity were high among all older reentry veterans, pointing to a need to develop specialized geriatric models of care for this reentry population.

Point of care testing for hepatitis C in the priority settings of mental health, prisons and drug & alcohol facilities - the PROMPt Study.

A barrier to hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure is conventional testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HCV antibody and RNA point-of-care-testing (POCT) on testing rates, linkage to care, treatment and acceptability of testing in three priority settings in Australia. Participants were enrolled in an interventional cohort study at a reception prison, inpatient mental health service (MHS), and inpatient alcohol and other drug (AOD) unit-between October 2020 and December 2021. HCV POCT was performed using SD Bioline HCV antibody fingerstick test and a reflexive Xpert® HCV Viral Load Fingerstick test using capillary blood samples. A retrospective audit of HCV testing and treatment data was performed at each site for the preceding 12-month period to generate a historical control. 1,549 participants received a HCV antibody test with 17% (264/1,549) receiving a positive result, of which 21% (55/264) tested HCV RNA positive. Across all settings the rate of testing per year significantly increased between the historical controls and the study intervention period by three-fold (RR:2.57 95% CI: 2.32, 2.85) for HCV antibody testing and four-fold (RR:1.62; 95% CI:1.31, 2.01) for RNA testing. Treatment uptake was higher during the POCT intervention (86%, 47/55; P=0.010) compared to the historical controls (61%, 27/44). This study demonstrated across three settings that the use of HCV antibody and RNA POCT increased testing rates, treatment uptake linkage to care. The testing model was highly acceptable for most participants. ACTRN-12621001578897.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescent mental health in-patient service use in England: interrupted time-series analysis of national patient records.

During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, children and young people (CYP) faced significant restrictions. The virus and mitigation approaches significantly impacted how health services could function and be safely delivered. To investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on CYP psychiatric admission trends during lockdown 1 (started 23 Mar 2020) and lockdown 2 (started 5 Nov 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Routinely collected, retrospective English administrative data regarding psychiatric hospital admissions, length of stay and patient demographic factors were analysed using an interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) to estimate the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns 1 and 2 on service use trends. We analysed data of 6250 CYP (up to 18 years of age) using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis with Newey-West standard errors to handle autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. Psychiatric hospital admissions for CYP significantly fell during lockdown 1, and then fell even further during lockdown 2. A greater proportion of admissions during lockdown were out of area or to independent sector units. During lockdown, the average age of CYP admitted was higher, and a greater proportion were female. There was also a significant increase in the proportion of looked-after children and CYP from the most socioeconomically deprived areas admitted during lockdown 2. During both lockdowns, fewer CYP had psychiatric admissions. The subsequent rise in admissions for more socioeconomically deprived CYP and looked-after children suggests that these CYP may have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic, or overlooked during earlier phases.

Working with suicidal mothers during the perinatal period: a reflexive thematic analysis study with mental health professionals

BackgroundSuicide is the leading cause of death in mothers postpartum and one of the most common causes of death during pregnancy. Mental health professionals who work in perinatal services can offer insights into the factors they perceive as being linked to mothers’ suicidal ideation and behaviour, support offered to mothers and improvements to current practices. We aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of perinatal mental health professionals who have worked with suicidal mothers during the perinatal period.MethodSemi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face or via telephone with mental health professionals working in perinatal mental health inpatient or community services across England. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsFrom the professionals’ (n = 15) accounts three main themes were developed from their interview data. The first, factors linked to suicidal ideation and behaviour, overarched two sub-themes: (1.1) the mother’s context and (1.2) what the baby represents and what this means for the mother. These sub-themes described factors that professionals assessed or deemed contributory in relation to suicidal ideation and behaviour when a mother was under their care. The second main theme, communicating about and identifying suicidal ideation and behaviour, which outlined how professionals enquired about, and perceived, different suicidal experiences, encapsulated two sub-themes: (2.1) how to talk about suicide and (2.2) types of suicidal ideation and attempts. The third main theme, reducing suicidal ideation through changing how a mother views her baby and herself, focused on how professionals supported mothers to reframe the ways in which they viewed their babies and in turn themselves to reduce suicidal ideation.ConclusionProfessionals highlighted many factors that should be considered when responding to a mother’s risk of suicide during the perinatal period, such as the support around her, whether the pregnancy was planned and what the baby represented for the mother. Professionals’ narratives stressed the importance of adopting a tailored approach to discussing suicidal experiences with mothers to encourage disclosure. Our findings also identified psychological factors that professionals perceived as being linked to suicidal outcomes for mothers, such as self-efficacy; these factors should be investigated further.

Far from Home: Women’s Experiences of Being in Secure Forensic Inpatient Services

Specialist secure mental health inpatient service provision for women in England and Wales is limited, and beds are often commissioned in out-of-area services to meet their mental health and risk management needs. In North Wales, there are no NHS beds for women at any secure level, and most women are placed out-of-area in South Wales or England. The current study aimed to explore the experiences of women from North Wales who had resided in out-of-area secure inpatient services, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. Participants described the challenges that they and their families experienced when in services at a great distance from their home areas. Services responded to women’s expressions of distress with restrictive interventions, including physical restraint and seclusion, exacerbating their sense of isolation. Participants voiced a desire to return home and viewed returning to Wales as indicative of progress they had made. This is thought to be the first study involving women from across the secure pathway, from high secure to the community. The findings are explored in relation to existing literature and study limitations are discussed.

Reducing use of seclusion on a male medium secure forensic ward

The reduction of restrictive practices is a priority for mental health inpatient services. Often such practices are considered to increase patients’ feelings of anger, loneliness, hopelessness and vulnerability. Moreover, such...

HIV Viral Suppression Among Psychiatric Inpatients with Schizophrenia in San Francisco: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract: People with schizophrenia are at increased risk for contracting HIV and face higher mortality rates compared with the general population. Viral suppression is key to HIV care, yet little is known about this metric among people with HIV and schizophrenia. A chart review was conducted among people with HIV/AIDS and schizophrenia living in San Francisco who had received inpatient mental health services between 2010 and 2016. Demographic, laboratory, medication, encounter, and discharge data were collected, and were compared with all people living with HIV in San Francisco (PLWH-SF). Among 153 people living with HIV and comorbid schizophrenia, 77% were virally suppressed, compared to 67% for all PLWH-SF. Viral suppression for people with comorbid HIV and schizophrenia living in San Francisco appears higher than PLWH-SF. Further research is needed to confirm the association and mechanisms behind better treatment outcomes for people living with HIV and comorbid schizophrenia.

Physical activity following discharge from inpatient adult mental health settings

BackgroundPeople with severe mental illness are considerably less physically active than the general population and experience a premature mortality of 10–20 years, often attributed to modifiable behaviours, including physical activity. Inpatient environments provide opportunities for people with SMI to become more physically active, however evidence is limited on its sustainability following discharge to community settings. ObjectiveThis review aimed to summarise the published evidence relating to physical activity interventions following discharge from inpatient adult mental health settings. DesignMEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and AMED databases were searched to identify articles considering physical activity interventions taking place following discharge from an adult (>18) inpatient mental health setting, published after 2007. ResultsOf 3412 unique results, 5 studies were eligible for inclusion. Despite all included studies involving some transition between inpatient and community mental health settings, to-date no study has focused exclusively on physical activity interventions delivered following discharge from inpatient mental health settings. ConclusionsThis review has found insufficient evidence to guide the delivery of physical activity following discharge from inpatient mental health services. Future research is required to improve our knowledge of the optimal forms and delivery of physical activity interventions during this time, alongside quantifying the impact on readmission rates and clinical presentation.

A Scoping Review of Adult Inpatient Satisfaction with Mental Health Services.

Patient satisfaction with hospital services has been increasingly discussed as an important indicator of healthcare quality. It has been demonstrated that improving patient satisfaction is associated with better compliance with treatment plans and a decrease in patient complaints regarding doctors' and nurses' misconduct. This scoping review's objective is to investigate the pertinent literature on the experiences and satisfaction of patients with mental disorders receiving inpatient psychiatric care. Our goals are to highlight important ideas and explore the data that might serve as a guide to enhance the standard of treatment and patient satisfaction in acute mental health environments. This study is a scoping review that was designed in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. A systematic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE. A comprehensive review was completed, including articles from January 2012 to June 2022. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included in this review based on our eligibility criteria, such as patient satisfaction as a primary outcome, adult psychiatric inpatients, and non-review studies published in the English language. Studies were considered ineligible if they included nonpsychiatric patients or patients with neurocognitive disorders, review studies, or study measure outcomes other than inpatient satisfaction. For the eligible studies, data extraction was conducted, information was summarized, and the findings were reported. A total of 31 studies representing almost all the world's continents were eligible for inclusion in this scoping review. Different assessment tools and instruments were used in the included studies to measure the level of patients' satisfaction. The majority of the studies either utilized a pre-existing or newly created inpatient satisfaction questionnaire that appeared to be reliable and of acceptable quality. This review has identified a variety of possible factors that affect patients' satisfaction and can be used as a guide for service improvement. More than half of the included studies revealed that the following factors were strongly recommended to enhance inpatient satisfaction with care: a clear discharge plan, less coercive treatment during the hospital stay, more individualized, higher quality information and teaching about the mental disorder to patients by staff, better therapeutic relationships with staff, and specific treatment components that patients enjoy, such as physical exercise sessions and music therapy. Patients also value staff who spend more time with them. The scope of patient satisfaction with inpatient mental health services is a growing source of concern. Patient satisfaction is associated with better adherence to treatment regimens and fewer complaints against health care professionals. This scoping review has identified several patient satisfaction research gaps as well as important determinants of satisfaction and how to measure and utilize patient satisfaction as a guide for service quality improvement. It would be useful for future research and reviews to consider broadening their scope to include the satisfaction of psychiatric patients with innovative services, like peer support groups and other technologically based interventions like text for support. Future research also could benefit from utilizing additional technological tools, such as electronic questionnaires.

The Role of the School Nurse in Addressing Climate-Associated Illnesses: Mental Well-being.

Human health is being impacted by anthropogenic (human-made) climate change. This article describes four ways that climate change may affect mental well-being in school-age children. First, natural disasters-such as more frequent and intense tornadoes and flash floods-may have a direct influence on mental well-being by contributing to acute anxiety and distress. Second, indirect effects of severe weather-including changes in social support systems-may affect mental well-being by increasing isolation. Third, children may suffer feelings of anxiety or depression if they perceive a sense of powerlessness to solve the challenges of a changing climate. Finally, school nurses need to be aware of the emergence of correlations-such as data that suggest increases in temperature may influence the use of inpatient mental health services and suicidal ideations-that require further scientific exploration. This article aims to increase school nurses' understanding of how climate changes may impact the mental well-being of school-age children and to provide strategies for creating a safe, healthy learning environment. This article is the fourth in a series aimed at raising awareness among school nurses about climate-associated illnesses and equipping them with the resources they need to protect school-age children's health.

Evaluation of a mental health service reform program, the Pathways to Community Living Initiative, for people with severe mental illness and complex needs.

The Pathways to Community Living Initiative (PCLI) aims to reform mental health care for people with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) and complex needs. This study reports independent evaluation findings on transitions from hospital and practice change in mental health services. Data for this mixed-methods evaluation were obtained from administrative collections and semi-structured interviews with PCLI program managers, teams and executive leads; aged care managers; and leaders in inpatient, community and older people's mental health services. Between July 2015 and December 2020, 674 participants (67% of those eligible for the PCLI) were transitioned from hospital to community. Of those transitioned, 21 required subsequent long-stay admissions. The PCLI introduced resources, clearly defined processes, and state-wide networks to guide changes in practice which are becoming embedded in the operations and governance of mental health services across New South Wales. Severe and persistent mental illness and complex needs can be managed in community settings with highly individualised planning and care, supported by specialised clinical teams in partnership with mental health, aged care and disability services. Evaluation findings highlight the importance of continued investment in rehabilitation psychiatry.

Seclusion within the first 24 h following admission into inpatient mental health services and associations with referral pathways, recent service contact and HoNOS ratings.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Seclusion is a harmful and traumatising intervention for people accessing mental health services. People who are subject to seclusion in inpatient mental health services often first experience this within the first 24 h following admission. There is limited research examining how recent contact with services impacts the likelihood of seclusion when people are admitted to inpatient services. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Males, Māori and Pasifika experience higher rates of seclusion within the first 24 h following inpatient admission. People perceived by clinicians as overactive, aggressive, disruptive or agitated are seven times more likely to be secluded within the first 24 h. People referred from police or justice services are three times more likely to be secluded within the first 24 h. People who had frequent contact with community mental health services prior to inpatient admission were less likely to be secluded. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The first 24 h of inpatient admission is a critical focus for eliminating the use of seclusion. Initial interactions with people recently admitted should focus on nurturing relationships and reducing distress. Mental health staff should consider the person's cultural needs, referral pathway, recent service contact and baseline ratings on the Health of the Nation Outcomes Scales (HoNOS) when working proactively to prevent the use of seclusion in the first 24 h following admission. Strengthening the focus on nurturing relationships, cultural understanding and non-coercive de-escalation approaches requires leadership support and strategic workforce development. ABSTRACT: Introduction People who experience seclusion in inpatient mental health services often do so within the first 24 h following admission. There is limited research examining the potential contributing factors, particularly recent contact with services. Aim/Question To identify factors associated with seclusion within the first 24 h following admission into acute inpatient mental health services. Method A retrospective analysis was undertaken using routinely collected data from Aotearoa New Zealand mental health services. Results A higher likelihood of seclusion within the first 24 h following admission was associated with: males, Māori, Pasifika, referrals from police/justice services, inpatient transfers, recent contact with crisis assessment teams and clinician perceptions of aggression, problematic substance use, cognitive problems and hallucinations or delusions. Recent contact with community mental health services was associated with a lower likelihood. Discussion People's cultural needs, referral pathway, recent service contact and HoNOS scores should be considered when working to prevent the use of seclusion in the first 24 h following admission. Implications for Practice The first 24 h following inpatient admission is a critical period for preventing the use of seclusion. Nurturing relationships, cultural understanding and use of non-coercive de-escalation approaches can support better outcomes for people recently admitted.

Non-Qualified Staff's Experience of Suicidal Behaviour in Adult Mental Health Inpatient Services.

Suicide and attempted suicide of people receiving care in Adult Mental Health Inpatient Services (AMHIS) leads to significant emotions amongst mental health professionals, characterised by guilt and shame. A sense of responsibility occurs due to hospital being seen as a safe place. However, little is known about what it is like for 'non-qualified' staff. This study explored experiences of suicide and attempted suicide on 'non-qualified' staff in AMHIS. Semi-structured interviews explored ten staff's experiences. Participants were recruited online and transcripts were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Four themes were identified; 'Direct personal impact', 'Unrealistic expectations', 'Attempting to contain the impact' and 'Acclimatisation'. Ten sub-themes outlined; responsibility for assessing risk, shame and protective strategies to aid acceptance. The results provide insight into the unique experience of non-qualified staff in AMHIS experiencing suicidal behaviour.

Sex differences among children, adolescents and young adults for mental health service use within inpatient and outpatient settings, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada

ObjectivesThe pandemic and public health response to contain the virus had impacts on many aspects of young people’s lives including disruptions to daily routines, opportunities for social, academic, recreational engagement...

Peer support for discharge from inpatient to community mental health care: the ENRICH research programme

Peer support for discharge from inpatient to community mental health care: the ENRICH research programme