Mental Cognitive Impairment Research Articles

The pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects middle-aged and older adults. Its incidence is second only to that of Alzheimer's disease. The primary source of clinical symptoms is the degradation and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra-striatum. Patients mainly show motor symptoms such as static tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability, and non-motor symptoms such as sensory disturbance, autonomic nervous dysfunction and mental cognitive impairment. There is no proven way to cure the disease or to slow its progression through neuroprotection, therefore treatment focuses mostly on treating symptoms. This study examines the shared pathophysiology of PD, which includes inflammation, abnormalities in protein handling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Next it discusses the available PD treatment options, which include standard medication therapy, promising surgical procedures, gene therapy, and new approaches to individualized PD care. The safety and usefulness of many treatments are still unknown, though. Hope that as life science and technology advance, the etiology of Parkinson's disease will become clearer and more dependable treatment options will be created to enhance sufferers' quality of life.

Prevalence of Mental cognitive impairment disorder among the general public of Karachi and its associated factor

Mental cognition impairment disorder is more prevalent among older people. It causes memory disturbance and hinders the daily life work of people. Research data is needed to know the prevalence of mental cognitive impairment disorder among general population. Dara was collected within 10 days 25 to 5 September from general population of Karachi through online questionnaire. Information was collected regarding gender, age, gender, profession, using cellphone, having cellphone, snoring, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. This study is aimed to identify the prevalence of mental cognitive impairment disorder among general population of Karachi and identify associated vulnerable groups and factors. around 25.8% of respondents reported normal cognition, 70.8% reported moderate cognition and 3.5% reported severe cognition. Majority of respondents belong to 20-30 age groups, female, undergraduate education level, students, were having cellphone, were using cellphone. In this research around 25.8% of respondents reported normal cognition, 70.8% reported moderate cognition and 3.5% reported severe cognition. < 20 age group, females, undergraduate education level, having cellphone, non-vegetarian, using cellphone, smoking, snoring was associated with mental cognitive impairment disorder (P<0.05). <30 age group, males, postgraduate education level, hypertension and diabetes are associated with good mental cognition(P<0.05). This study provides information related to vulnerable group need attention regarding mental cognitive impairment disorder and factors associated with it.

Hydroxycinnamic acids on gut microbiota and health.

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are a major class of phenolic acids with the characteristic phenylpropanoid C6 -C3 backbone. Its typically conjugated status with plant cell wall components and liberation by limited enzymes might be the reason for its neglect by researchers compared to flavonoid-type polyphenols. The polyphenol-gut microbiota interactions and their impact on human health have captured the interest of researchers recently. In addition, there has been a significant progress over the past few years in understanding the gut microbiota-modulating effect of HCA using animal model studies. This review discusses the metabolism of HCA in the digestive tract, HCA-gut microbiota interactions, and its link to colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, mental-cognitive impairments, nonalcoholic liver disease, and obesity. The effects of food matrix and processing technologies on HCA bioavailability and HCA-gut microbiota interactions, and HCA safety concerns are also featured in this review. This paper has provided an in-depth insight on HCA-gut microbiota relationship and identified the current literature gaps for future research.

Retinal microvascular attenuation in mental cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease by optical coherence tomography angiography.

To explore regional variation of the macular microvasculature in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), also to detect the association between retinal macular microvascular parameters and the progress of preclinical AD. Prospective study of healthy controls, patients with MCI and patients with AD by using Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). We quantified foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas, densities of the superficial retinal capillary plexuses (SRCP) and deep retinal capillary plexuses (DRCP). The SRCP and DRCP were divided into inner (3mm) and external (6mm) annular rings, each containing four quadrants (SI, II, TI, NI, SE, IE, TE and NE). The data were analysed statistically by using SPSS 22 software. Totally, 60 subjects including 21 HC (33 eyes), 21 patients with MCI (32 eyes) and 18 AD patients (28 eyes) were recruited. The microvascular densities of DRCP at all quadrants of the parafovea and perifovea were significantly lower in AD patients compared to HC group (p<0.05). Compared to the HCs, MCI patients showed significant microvascular loss in most sectors of the parafovea and the SE sector of the DRCP (p<0.05), but not in the parafovea (p=0.829) or perifovea (p=0.824) of the SRCP. No significant difference was found in microvascular density of SRCP among the groups, except at SI between the AD and HC groups (p=0.048). Our findings demonstrated the macular microvascular attenuation in MCI and AD patients. Both AD and MCI patients showed retinal microvascular density loss, which is more significant in the deep retinal capillary plexuses. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) can be used to identify early microvascular abnormalities in AD and MCI. Quantified microvascular density in the DRCP might serve as potential biomarkers of early sign of AD then contribute to forestall the progression of preclinical AD.

Biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia Lewy body, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia

BackgroundDementia is a chronic brain disorder classified by four distinct diseases that impact cognition and mental degeneration. Each subgroup exhibits similar brain deficiencies and mutations. This review will focus on...

Estudo psicométrico da Escala de Avaliação de Demência e sua aplicabilidade em instituições de longa permanência no Brasil

To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of the Dementia Rating Scale with clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and to compare its psychometric measures with those from Mini Mental State Examination. Eighty-six elders from a long-term care institution were invited to participate in a study, and fifty-eight agreed to participate. The global health assessment protocol applied to these elders contained Mini Mental State Examination and Dementia Rating Scale. Clinical diagnose of cognitive impairment was performed by experts using the DSM-IV criteria. Dementia Rating Scale score was correlated to the Mini Mental State Examination. Sensitivity and specificity of the Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini Mental State Examination were calculated. Twenty-two (37.9%) elders had cognitive impairment (8.6% presented with mental cognitive impairment and 29.3% dementia). The Mini Mental State Examination and the Dementia Rating Scale classified 31% and 55.2% as presenting with cognitively impaired. Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini Mental State Examination scores presented a strong correlation. Dementia Rating Scale had a higher sensitivity than Mini Mental State Examination (86.4% versus 61.9%). Dementia Rating Scale presented lower diagnostic specificity than Mini Mental State Examination (63.9% versus 86.5%). Considering Dementia Rating Scale and Mini Mental State Examination, the diagnostic agreement between them and the clinical diagnosis was similar. Dementia Rating Scale showed a high sensitivity to detect cognitive impairment in this population, and it could be a useful tool in these settings.