Menial Jobs Research Articles

SPIN-05 A CASE PRESENTATION ON ASTROCYTOMA

Abstract Patient initially presented to our facility with a 3 year history of limb weakness. The limb weakness started mainly with the right upper limb associated with pains that were radiating to the neck region. They had visited several local hospitals for treatment but had no improvement. One year later he developed low limb weakness, was on physiotherapy for a long time with no improvement, until 1/12 ago when he developed complete paralysis of both low limbs making him bound to use of wheelchair. He had an accompanied history of cervical and thoracic spine pains that were radiating to the chest. No history of trauma. MRI showed an expansile intramedullary cystic lesion seen throughout the length of the spinal cord with inhomogeneous post contrast enhancement, highly suggestive of astrocytoma. Ddx: Hemangioblastoma. On examination, he was not pale, no jaundice no edema, wheelchair bound, with Scoliosis. Vitals were within normal limit, with muscle atrophy and muscle power- RUL ⅗. LUL ⅘, RLL ⅗. LLB ⅖, with bilateral knee hyperreflexia with significant disuse atrophy. Pain scale 6/10. He was a secondary school student. His parents do menial jobs to support their family and would delay clinic reviews due to lack of finances.

“We Play Football Till They Are Gone”: Navigating Masculinity-Related Challenges To Viral Load (Vl) Testing Appointments By Adolescent Boys On Anti-RetroViral Therapy (Art) In Public Health Facilities In Siaya County, Western Kenya.

Between 33.1 million and 45.7 million people were living with HIV in 2022, out of whom 1.7 million were adolescents aged 10–19 years. In addition, recent statistics show a decline of HIV-related deaths by 51%, except for adolescent boys’ HIV –related deaths. Viral Load testing is recommended to monitor ART failure and reduce HIV-related mortalities. Whereas men are socialised to be strong, resilient, and disease-free, whether this has also formed a challenge to VL testing appointments to adolescent boys in public health facilities has remained underexplored. This insight in critical in highlighting social factors causing differentials in HIV-related deaths in contexts such as Siaya County of Western Kenya where mortalities among boys on ART are higher than their female counterparts. This paper investigated masculinity-related challenges to Viral Load (VL) testing appointments by adolescent boys on Anti-Retro-Viral Therapy (ART) in Public health facilities in Siaya County, Western Kenya. This was a cross-sectional study used questionnaire to collect data from 263 adolescent boys on ART. Two focus group discussions were held with the boys, while three key informant interviews were conducted with healthcare practitioners and government officers. Masculinity issues are found to be a challenging factor in public health facilities in the area, hampering VL testing uptake. The study also reveals that adolescent boys honouring VL testing appointments would rather play football within the facility’s compound or engage in menial jobs to earn income than join long queues of patients comprised of women and children where they would be seen as weak help-seekers. It is concluded that enactment of masculinity by the boys is a barrier to VL testing in the health facilities, and tailored interventions should be directed at public health facilities

A HUNDRED YEARS OF SITI NURBAYA: ADAPTATIONS FROM FILMS TO MUSICALS

This objective of thi sresearch is to map the development of Siti Nurbaya story within its first hundred years. The data is taken from the adaptations of Siti Nurbaya novel into various forms resulting in intriguing discussions from the Nurbaya Musical Series and song lyrics about Siti Nurbaya. Changes from the novel to adaptation forms involve additions, reductions, and adjustments, which are then discussed. This study reveals: (1) the development of Nurbaya's character from the novel to adaptation forms, impacting the storyline and sociological aspects within these adaptations. (2) The addition of new characters, such as Etek Rahma, Nurbaya's conservative aunt, influences various events and plots within the adaptations. (3) Changes in perspective also create new viewpoints, for example, the followers of Datuk Meringgih who in the novel accept menial jobs for instant pleasure, whereas in adaptations, their motivation shifts to supporting their families. (4)Adjustments from the novel to adaptation forms are made to accommodate contemporary times and shorten the consumption time of literary works, thereby modifying conflicts to be more relevant to current contexts.

A Case Study of Examination Malpractice Terminated Through Counselling (21-Year-Old Undergraduate Male)

The goal of counseling is to get the client better than he/she came for counselling. The aim of this case study is to share the experiences of Owunari (21-year old undergraduate male) who was invited for counselling by the counsellor on account of an alleged involvement in examination malpractice (within ethical limits). The client came for counselling because he was invited by the counsellor. Owunari did not deny the allegation, he confessed that it has been his trade in stock since his second year as he goes about doing menial jobs to finance his education after the demise of his sponsor. Counsellor with the consent of the client mapped out a weekly schedule of meeting, the goal was to have a better understanding of the client’s problem with a view to helping him overcome it. Six sessions of Counselling were held with the client during which active listening and responsiveness, empathy, questioning and directive counselling were explored to help the client to learn how to solve his problem. The counsellor did a background check on him from classmates and associates and confirmed all his claims. Counsellor provided immediate help by providing upkeep, and payed the balance of his fees, she gave him several links to seek for sponsorship. One of the links yielded dividend as George Mangibo reach out foundation offered him a full scholarship to complete his education. At this point counselling was terminated and examination malpractice jettisoned.

Surviving on the periphery of society: Experiences of street children in Accra, Ghana

AbstractDrawing on Bourdieu's theory of social fields, this article sought to answer two research questions: (a) what challenges do street children encounter on the streets? and (b) what survival strategies do these street children adopt to cope with street life? Thirty street children constituted the study's sample size. Data were gathered through in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions and were thematically analysed. It was found that street children encountered challenges including abuse, inadequate access to basic needs, stigmatization, and theft. This study also found that some street children resorted to their peer networks and intimate partners for protection, as well as for financial and material support. Additionally, some street children engaged in menial working jobs and in some cases, stealing and prostitution to fend for themselves. While these survival tactics were noted to be crucial in the lives of street children, this article recommends for the intensified implementation of state and non‐state interventions to help alter the unwholesome living conditions of these vulnerable children.

HERDSMEN AND FARMER’S CONFLICTS IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA : A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF CAUSES, EFFECTS AND RESOLUTION MECHANISMS

The Southwest zone of the country is not in any way immune or protected from the Fulani herdsmen and farmers’ conflicts. What is worrisome is how Southwest Nigeria, that is not part of the North has suddenly become the epicenter of fulani herdsmen and farmers conflict. According to Olugbenga (2013), the Southwest zone of Nigeria are predominantly Yoruba and their major occupation is farming (land cultivation). They plant all kinds of food and cash crops. In addition, they embark on wildlife hunting. The average Yoruba engage in farming, while the women do menial jobs, such as fetching fire-wood, processing and sales of farm produce. There exists a close synergy between the Southern Yoruba and the Northern fulani. This is because the Yoruba generally love festivities and celebration which make cattle business lucrative in the southern states of Nigeria. On the other hand, the Fulani also look out for greener pastures and water for the survival of their herds. today, the Southwest zone is not, in any away, protected from the conflict emanating from the fulani herdsmens movement across the country as they have carried out attacks in the states in the zone. For example, Olaniyan (2017) disclosed that on April 20, 2016, herdsmen attacked five communities in Lagelu Local Government Area of Oyo State and a number of people were killed in the process; on 21 May 2016, Oke-Ako community in Ikole Local Government Area of Ekiti State suffered a similar fate when Fulani herdsmen invaded and killed two people. Following this killing, Olaniyan (2017) revealed that Governor Fayose gave out cash and ammunition to local hunters and vigilante groups, with a directive to attack and kill herders in return. The Governor also, placed a ban on open grazing via a law titled: “Prohibition of Cattle and Other Ruminants Grazing in Ekiti, 2016”, made by State House of Assembly, which was supported by Afenifere group (a Yoruba socio- cultural group); but condemned by groups from the northern region. The law criminalizes grazing in some places within the state and outside certain period in the day. It also prohibited carriage of any kind of weapon by herdsmen, with the charge of terrorism hanging on the neck of flouters and six months jail for offenders, among others. There have been series of suggestions from the public and reactions at the national level to create ranches, Ruga as well as the national grazing bill initiative - The 1965 Grazing Reserve Law; the 1978 Land Use Act; the 2016 Ekiti State Anti-Grazing Law; the 2017 Benue State Anti-Grazing Law (Udoekanem, Adoga and Onwumere, 2014; Olugbenga, 2017; Olaniyan 2017; Ogboru and Adejonwo-Osho 2018).Nonetheless, the extent to which the conflict has been resolved in the country is in doubt. Therefore, this study is to investigated the causes and effects of Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers Conflict in Nigeria's Southwest zone and the mechanism put in place to resolve the conflict.

Comparative Analysis: Securing a Foreign Passport for Menial Jobs in Europe vs. Holding a PhD in Ghana Amid Economic

Comparative Analysis: Securing a Foreign Passport for Menial Jobs in Europe vs. Holding a PhD in Ghana Amid Economic

An assessment of the effect of touting on Nigerian seaport operations: a case study of Apapa port

In Nigeria, touting has been a challenge in the port, as it causes loss and diversion of cargo. Therefore, this study examined the effect of touting on the operational performance of the Apapa port. Specifically, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to determine the extent of the touting on service delivery, security measures on operational quality dependability, pilfering on operations output safety, touting influencing elements on operational reliability, and touting activities on overall performance. Hypothesis one tested to what extent touts affect the service delivery of the Apapa port. The results showed that touts and their activities have effects on service delivery at Apapa port with multiple R values of 0.826, F value of 99 degrees of freedom of 50.860, a T value of 13.611 and a p-value of 0.001 calculated, which is less than 0.05 alpha value tabulated. Hypothesis two tested to what extent touting influencing elements affect the operational reliability of the Apapa port. The results show that touting impacting elements lower the performance reliability of the Apapa port with a multiple R of 0.861, an F value of 99 degrees of freedom of 68.161, a T value of 11.028 and a p-value calculated of 0.001, which is less than 0.05 alpha value. Hypothesis three tested to what extent touting activities affect the overall operational performance of the Apapa port. The results showed that touting influenced the overall performance of the Apapa port with a multiple R of 0.831, F value of 99 degrees of freedom of 53.030, a T value of 14.387 and a p-value of 0.001. It is less than an alpha value of 0.05. The results showed a relationship between touting and operational performance. It implies that the more touting activities there are, the greater the risk and possibility of loss of cargo. In addition, the results revealed a significant relationship between touting and service delivery, security measures and operational quality dependability, pilfering and operations output safety, touting influencing elements and operational reliability, and touting activities and overall performance. The study concludes that various security measures need to be in place to stop the activities of the touts. Therefore, the study suggests the eradication of touting, proper monitoring by security operatives of operational output such as cargoes, government provision of legal menial jobs for touts, and implementing a harsh policy against touts and touting activities.

Association between baseline characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome and its relation to psychometric properties of the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire

Objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) generally causes functional disabilities and consequently develops socioeconomic burdens for individuals and our community in the long run. The negative consequences are more recorded in developing nations. Therefore, early addressing the disorder is essential to eliminate the negative impacts on any health-care system. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with CTS attending the professorial surgical clinics at Teaching Hospital Jaffna. The demographic and clinical presentation while a self-reported Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) was used to assess the severity of symptoms and functional status of the wrist and hand. Results: This study involved 63 respondents whose mean age and body mass index were 55.4 ± 12.4 years and 25.6 ± 3.1, respectively. The larger proportion was female (74.6%) and the majority’s civil status was married (90.5%). Menial and skilled jobs were 46.6% and 31.7%, respectively, whereas the remaining were professionals. The right-hand dominance was 93.7%, although 57.1% had the right hand affected. There was a significant association (r = 0.739 and P = 0.0001) between the clinical tests and the severity of symptoms score. Conclusion: This study outcomes of CTSs severity and functional status with the BCTQ recommend that this tool and its scales indicate the association between CTSs baseline characteristics and impairments resulting from CTS in the clinical context.

Perceived risks, challenges and coping strategies among West African immigrant entrepreneurs in Ghana

Globally, immigrants’ entrepreneurship has been widely acknowledged as a critical driver for the socio-economic development of nations. Yet, studies barely examine the risks and difficulties immigrants encounter in their business transactions, especially those engaged in small-scale itinerant retail businesses. This paper strives to fill this lacuna from the contextual perspective of the Global South by examining the risks and complexities of West African immigrant entrepreneurs in Accra, Ghana. This paper draws data from a survey of 779 respondents and in-depth interviews with nine key informants. The data from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics (e.g., bivariate analysis) whilst the qualitative data were analysed thematically. The study indicates that work-related health hazards and accommodation difficulties are the main risks and difficulties immigrants encounter in their everyday business operations. Additionally, fatigue ensuing from excessive trekking, and exposure to the scorching sun are the specific health risks associated with their business. Coping strategies of immigrant entrepreneurs included resorting to support from family and friends in Ghana and back home. Others included reliance on their skills/expertise to earn a living, self-medication-usually pain killers intended to overcome fatigue, relying on migrant networks and doing other menial jobs. The findings suggest that whilst the business operations of the immigrant entrepreneurs offer possibility to eke a living, diverse risk factors and complexities counter the efforts of the immigrant retailers. The paper recommends that leadership of the immigrant groups should organise health education programs for their members towards ensuring that immigrant entrepreneurs adopt health safety practices such as limiting exposure to scorching sun, excessive fatigue and unsupervised self-medication.

Could Better Jobs for Men Have Improved Gender Equality? The Relationship between Economic Growth and Gender Equality in India

Economic theory suggests that growth may improve gender equality directly by raising women’s employment and indirectly by reducing poverty–thereby causing poorer families to discriminate less against females in intra-household allocations. This paper argues that growth in India has not substantially improved gender equality because it has not sufficiently activated either of these mechanisms. I analyze structural changes from 1982/83 to 2011/12 to show that India’s high-growth period has not been pro-poor. While female employment levels have actually declined since the 1980s, growth has not expanded remunerative employment opportunities sufficiently, even for poor males. This suggests that better-paid jobs for men—by lowering poverty—might actually have led to greater gender equality in India—by reducing poverty-linked gender discrimination. The analysis thus highlights the importance of pro-poor growth, illustrating how structural changes can shape employment, thereby altering the quality of growth and its impact on gender equality.

Amplifying inequalities: Gendered perceptions of work flexibility and the division of household labor during the COVID‐19 pandemic

AbstractDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic in the US, mothers have taken on more of the responsibility for childcare (including remote schooling) and housework. How did dual‐income couples negotiate domestic labor during the pandemic in ways that ended up with women taking on a larger role? Based on in‐depth interviews with 33 parents, we found that men's jobs were often discussed as being more demanding, particularly in their need for protected time, or requiring rigid time commitments, while women's work was considered more flexible and able to accommodate childcare needs. We argue that gendered perceptions about the flexibility of paid work shaped couple's negotiations over the division of labor. While many interviewees considered men's jobs as “simply more demanding,” we propose that this is a gendered perception that reflects entrenched cultural norms that associate masculinity with paid work and thus men's paid work is prioritized in many families.

An analysis of ‘(pre)parados’, ‘mileurista’, ‘ni-ni’ as used to describe the young unemployed in Spain

The desire for university education after years of dictatorship reached unprecedented heights in Spain as education appeared to ensure a secure future, especially for the generation born after the dictator years. As a member of the European Union, Spain experienced rapid infrastructural development and economic growth which necessitated the employment of qualified graduate labour. However, the economic collapse of 2014 made the labour force trained during the period of economic boom overqualified for the few, menial jobs available. As a result, there emerged economic and social conditions in Spain which made this affected group appear to have been ‘prepared’ for unemployment. In the course of time the expressions, (Pre)parados, mileurista, ni-ni used to describe this group found their way into everyday Spanish lexicon. This paper adopts two methods in the examination of these coinages. The first is a morpho-semantic analysis, while in the second, the theory of labelling and stigma is applied to highlight the psychological state of the young unemployed Spaniard. The findings reveal that labelling and stigmatisation of a group may come from the stigmatised group itself and may not necessarily be perceived as discriminatory when it also finds a general acceptance in society. The paper suggests that vocational education should be a substantial part of university education in a world of unpredictable economic dynamics.

Processes of Discrimination and Humiliation Experienced by Ecuadorian Immigrant Workers in Spain

The workplace is currently one of the main places of discrimination for socially vulnerable groups such as immigrant workers, who are often required to take on highly stigmatized, menial jobs under supervisors who subject them to daily mistreatment and racism. This study adopted a qualitative approach to 42 semi‐structured interviews of Ecuadorian immigrant workers residing in Spain to explore the processes of discrimination these laborers feel in their everyday workplaces. The findings clearly indicate that immigrant workers can be victims of daily discrimination, which is evidenced by the higher degree of scrutiny and lower levels of trust they suffer compared to their Spanish counterparts, and by their supervisors’ lack of compliance with contractual agreements. As these immigrants are obliged to take on less qualified jobs, they suffer from a lack of recognition and a sense of being undervalued. This analysis also gathered evidence of interviewees’ daily humiliations imparted by their supervisors—and even, at times, by work colleagues—in the form of racial slurs, verbal abuse, and unequal treatment, leaving them feeling powerless and helpless. Most of our respondents in fact find themselves in a predicament they do not know how to confront and cannot reject. All of these factors lead to feelings of humiliation and lack of independence.

Perceived misalignment of professional prototypes reduces subordinates' endorsement of sexist supervisors.

Despite decades of efforts, many organizations still have sexist supervisors-those in supervisory positions who define their profession by primarily stereotypically masculine features. As a result of their "masculine" professional prototypes, sexist supervisors see their work as a "man's job" in which women cannot succeed. Research suggests that one problem posed by sexist supervisors is that they may pass their biased views on to subordinates who endorse them as leaders. To make this less likely, we test in two experiments (N = 1,879) a strategy to reduce subordinates' endorsement of sexist supervisors. We do this by encouraging subordinates to see themselves as low in perceived professional prototype alignment (PPPA)-the extent to which a subordinate perceives their supervisor to share their beliefs about what it means to be a member of their profession-with sexist supervisors. Specifically, encouraging subordinates' to hold less masculine, more "balanced" professional prototypes, in which they see stereotypically feminine attributes as equally important to the job as stereotypically masculine ones, reduces PPPA with sexist supervisors. Lowering PPPA, in turn, reduces supervisor endorsement, even after accounting for the effects of other established mechanisms of supervisor endorsement. This research sheds new light on the psychology of followership and offers a new way to curb gender bias from the bottom up. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Containing Contagion in a Garrison State

Containing Contagion in a Garrison State

THE ROLE OF GENDER IN RISK PERCEPTION AND RISK TOLERANCE FOR ENTREPENEURS

Entrepreneurship is often seen as a man's job. This is because women are considered more afraid of failure than men. Working as an entrepreneur is certainly not free from risks, so the purpose of this study was to look at differences in risk perception and risk tolerance based on gender. The sample of this research is 81 entrepreneurs. The method used in this study is the independent t test and ANOVA test. This study shows the results that there are significant differences in risk perception and risk tolerance based on entrepreneur gender. Other findings were also found in this study, where the higher the perception, the lower the tolerance for risk.

Self-initiated expatriates in menial jobs: Destructive psychological contracts in the hospitality sector

This qualitative research explores the psychological contract (PC) of a sample of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) working in the French hospitality sector, focusing on PC evaluation as well as reactions to PC breach and feelings of violation. The authors found evidence of a psychological contract type not discussed before in empirical studies. The employer in this research intentionally disrupts the exchange relationship, creating a destructive PC. In these cases, it is assumed that employees would exit such an employment relationship, but instead the study found a mix of dysfunctional behavior in the form of neglect, workplace deviance and revenge cognitions. Accounting for the limitations of the study the authors highlight the implications of the findings for theory, practice and future research.

Morir en Isla Vista. Novela del Destierro by Víctor Fuentes

Reviewed by: Morir en Isla Vista. Novela del Destierro by Víctor Fuentes Erick Dickey Fuentes, Víctor. Morir en Isla Vista. Novela del Destierro. Editorial Verbum, 2021. Pp. 240. ISBN 978-84-1337-727-8. Morir en Isla Vista is a non-traditional Spanish novel written by Víctor Fuentes that details the life of the Spanish exile living in the United States in the post-Spanish Civil War era. Unlike many Spanish exiles who fled Spain in the early months of 1939, Víctor Fuentes belongs to the generation of the “children of the civil war” who left Spain in 1954 and whose life as an exile would be embodied by numerous exiles that would take him from Spain to Venezuela, to New York and finally to Isla Vista, California as a Spanish professor at the University of California Santa Barbara. Adapting to life in exile proved to be difficult for Fuentes as the novel relates the many struggles that he faced integrating into his new adopted homeland particularly in the early years where he was forced to find menial jobs in order to survive financially. While the novel relates in diary form the many vicissitudes and personal troubles suffered by Fuentes throughout his life, such as his failed relationships, battles with depression and psychosis, and difficulties writing novels, the memory of Spain and the Spanish Civil War pervades the text. This becomes a recurring theme in exile literature, as the exile, who is separated and alienated from his home-land and longs to return to Spain, is forced to live off of memory. Therefore, the continual remembrance of Spain and his fellow exiles represents Fuentes’s endeavor to reconstruct new memory traces as their identity has been erased by the Franco dictatorship. This multifaceted novel veers from the traditional narrative structure of the post-war novel with Fuentes’s use of the Cervantine model of the found and transcribed manuscript in addition to the incorporation of multiple narrative voices that combine fiction with reality. It is also a work that reflects on one of the most important and recurring issues within the body of Spanish exile literature, namely the continual remembering of the mother country. The novel begins with the discovery of a corpse in the water, which is that of the author Víctor Fuentes. This initiates what one could call the appearance of the “split narrator” or “Yo-dividido” as Fuentes interjects himself as a character in his own novel recounting his life in exile as the narrative shifts between first- and second-person narrators. This symbolizes the metaphorical “death” of the exile as he is forced to reconstruct a new identity in exile, cut off and separated from his mother country, but still remains as the “other” in the adopted homeland. Upon Fuentes’s mysterious death, his narrative takes shape as a second narrator appears—the Transcriber—who reconstructs the life story of Fuentes’s exilic journey by recovering Fuentes’s discarded writings left in a box. As the Transcriber, he also takes the liberty of inserting, when he deems it appropriate, some critical commentary on Fuentes’s works and bears the responsibility of completing Fuentes’s unfinished text much like Cide Hamete Benengeli in the Quijote. The plurality of narrative voices is Fuentes’s way of creating a collective identity or memory for the exile community. More than an autobiography, this text could be seen as a co-biography given the many voices that appear in it. Fuentes’s narrative represents the memories of the Republican children of a collective suffering, which is illustrated by Fuentes’s usage of a Hispanic “Yo-nosotros” living in exile in the United States. Here Fuentes problematizes the question of the identity of the exiled. The allusion to the “I-we” dichotomy has now merged into what Fuentes believed to be the great deed of the collective subject. Fuentes is determined to rescue the memory of these individuals from what he terms “oblivion and the destructive [End Page 166] clutches of time.” He accomplishes this by enumerating a list of exiles who died and briefly describing their contributions in exile in the United States while also remembering...

Employability of the Refugees/IDP and their Resettlement among Local Communities in East Africa

There are currently 70 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, with 41 million being internally displaced, 25 million being refugees and 3 million seeking asylum and their numbers are growing, with the majority of these people living in Africa and Asia. The Nairobi Declaration on Long-Term Solutions for Somali Refugees and Reintegration of Returnees in Somalia was adopted by East African communities on issues pertaining to refugees/IDPs. These enabled countries dealing with similar issues to collaborate in order to protect and find employability solutions for refugees/IDPs among the local community. This study thus investigated the job placement experiences of displaced people in their new communities. Triangulated reviews of qualitative results from countries across East Africa, including high-income countries peer-reviewed research on the employability rate of refugees/IDPs among local communities in East Africa were summarized. The findings revealed both commonalities in the employability experiences of refugees/IDPs within the local communities across East Africa. There are limited job opportunities for the refugees/IDPs. As occurred in Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania, deliberate intervention is required to increase the employability and resettlement of refugees/IDPs among members of the local community for menial and limited available jobs. Governments should capitalize on the people's shared identity and develop employable programs to help the region's economy recover. Local institutions should also develop intervention programs and strategies for dealing with refugees/IDPs' employability issues, as evidenced by the education collaboration (Ashesi university) initiative in Ghana, which has collaborated with more African universities to focus on the employability pillar, among others. Keywords: Refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), Forced displacement, Employability, Resettlement, local communities, East Africa