Men Of Different Races Research Articles

Abstract 2148: Tumor-microenvironment from African-American prostate cancer exhibit methylation of multiple immune modulators

Abstract Background: Non-Hispanic Black American patients (BA) with prostate cancer (PCa) tend to fare worse than their Non-Hispanic White American counterparts (WA), even with consideration of socioeconomic disparities. Clinically, BA face diagnosis at younger age with worse clinical outcomes. Stromal cells adjacent to the tumor, including carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play a critical role in tumorigenesis of PCa. Dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment play a crucial role in mediating prostate cancer tumorigenesis and is emerging as a key target for cancer therapy in solid tumors. Methods: To investigate whether DNA methylation varies in tumor adjacent stroma (TAS) among PCa patients with different geographical ancestries, areas immediate adjacent to tumor (i.e., less than 1mm) removed for methylation analysis. A complete genome-wide DNA methylation of PCa stroma using 17 BA and 15 WA patients who had radical prostatectomy was carried out. Methyl-Captured (mCap) sequencing data was generated for TAS of prostate cancer FFPE tissues. Methylated sites were identified with the MACS2 callpeak function using a band width of 300 bp and a false discovery rate of q < 0.05. A consensus peak set was derived from the aligned reads of BA and WA prostate cancer stroma samples that were sequenced. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tools. CAFs from primary tumors of BA and WA was prepared by tissue culture and treated with demethylating agent (i.e., 5-Azacytidine) for 24 hours followed by maintenance of the cells in drug-free medium for 7-10 days and subjected to mCap sequencing. Results: We found racial disparities in genome-wide DNA methylation in TAS between the two populations in which BA PCa patients had significantly increased in global DNA methylation as compared to their WA counterpart (p value < 0.001). Hypomethylation occurred in CAFs from BA patients treated with 5-Azacytidine. We identified 1041 methylated sites corresponding to 409 unique genes that were differentially methylated in BA vs WA (p value < 0.05). Pathway analysis identified significant association between methylated genes in BA TAS and immune response pathways including IL-13, JACK/STAT, T cell receptors, NF-KB, and PD-1, PDL1 cancer immunotherapy. Evaluation of the methylome profile between patients based on the post-prostatectomy resection margins, negative (R0) vs positive (R1), showed that R0 resections had significantly greater (p value < 0.001) methylation than R1 resections. Further analysis identified 984 sites corresponding to 373 differentially methylated, unique genes (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: Tumor-adjacent stroma of BA prostate cancer patients has a distinct methylome as compared to WA patients. Differences in immune response pathways suggests a distinct immune response in TAS in men of different races. Citation Format: Santosh Sankaran, James Nguyen, Tara Jennings, Vinay Kumar, Michael B. Lilly, Michael M. Ittmann, Patricia Castro, Liankun Song, Thomas Keane, Weiping Chu, Xiaolin Zi, Omid Yazdanpanah, Arash Rezazadeh Kalebasty, Farah Rahmatpanah. Tumor-microenvironment from African-American prostate cancer exhibit methylation of multiple immune modulators [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2148.

(170) Satisfaction with Penile Prosthesis Implantation among Patients with Peyronie’s Disease Using a Contemporary Questionnaire

Abstract Introduction The Satisfaction Survey for Inflatable Penile Implants (SSIPI) is a recently validated 16-question survey used to quantitatively measure patient outcomes after penile prosthetic surgery. The survey consists of four subdomain scores representing the appearance, pain, satisfaction, and function of the penile implant. Since its validation, there have been limited studies examining its use in patients with Peyronie’s disease (PD). Objective The objective of this study is to explore the use of the SSIPI in men with Peyronie’s Disease and to determine if any factors predict patient-perceived postoperative outcomes. Methods Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data for patients with PD undergoing implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) by a single surgeon at a tertiary care institution was retrospectively collected into a secure database. Only those patients with at least one completed SSIPI postoperatively were included in the analysis. For those patients with multiple completed SSIPI’s, only the most recently completed one was used. Linear regression and Fischer’s exact test were used to determine if there were any significant relationships between variables and the SSIPI scores. Results There were a total of 44 men with PD who underwent surgery for an IPP. 31 of them were Caucasian, 11 were African-American, and one each were Hispanic and American Indian/Native American. Median time between surgery and completion of the SSIPI at a follow-up visit was 291 days (IQR 107.75-403.50). 35 men received a Coloplast Titan and 9 received an AMS 700 CX. There was no significant difference in the overall SSIPI score and any of the subdomains between men who received different types of implants or between men of different races. All four subdomains were significantly negatively correlated with the residual curvature which was measured intraoperatively after the IPP was implanted and any adjunctive straightening techniques were used (Fig 1a-d). The appearance domain was also significantly negatively correlated with the preoperative total testosterone indicating that men with a lower total testosterone level were more satisfied with the appearance of their penis. (p < 0.05, R2 = 0.32). Interestingly, those men who underwent manual modeling (n=36) had a significantly lower score in the appearance domain (p < 0.05). Conclusions Post-operative residual curvature in men with PD undergoing implantation of an IPP is a predictor of satisfaction with the IPP. The role of preoperative testosterone and intraoperative manual modeling in how men with PD perceive the appearance of their penis postoperatively requires further investigation. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Coloplast, Boston Scientific.

Is Race Associated with the Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? An Analysis of 30,000 Medicare Lives

BackgroundsWith an increased prevalence and burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), effective and equitable treatment is a priority. Limited data exist evaluating treatment disparities for patients with BPH by race. This study examined the association between race and BPH surgical treatment rates among Medicare beneficiaries.MethodsMedicare claims data were used to identify men newly diagnosed with BPH from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2018. Patients were followed until their first BPH surgery, a diagnosis of prostate/bladder cancer, termination of Medicare enrollment, death, or end of study. Cox proportional hazards regression compared the likelihood of BPH surgery between men of different races (White vs. Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)), controlling for patients’ geographical region, Charlson comorbidity score, and baseline comorbidities.ResultsThe study included 31,699 patients (13.7% BIPOC). BIPOC men had significantly lower BPH surgery rates (9.5% BIPOC vs. 13.4% White; p=0.02). BIPOC race was associated with a 19% lower likelihood of receiving BPH surgery than White race (HR, 0.81; 95% CI 0.70, 0.94). Transurethral resection of the prostate was the most common surgery for both groups (49.4% Whites vs. 56.8% BIPOC; p=0.052). A higher proportion of BIPOC men underwent procedures in inpatient settings compared to White men (18.2% vs. 9.8%; p<0.001).ConclusionsAmong a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries with BPH, there were notable treatment disparities by race. BIPOC men had lower rates of surgery than White men and were more likely to undergo procedures in the inpatient setting. Improving patient access to outpatient BPH surgical procedures may help address treatment disparities.

Reference intervals for free testosterone in adult men measured using a standardized equilibrium dialysis procedure.

Free testosterone (FT) determination may be helpful in evaluating men suspected of testosterone deficiency especially in conditions with altered binding-protein concentrations. However, methods for measuring FT by equilibrium dialysis and reference intervals vary among laboratories. To determine reference intervals for FT in healthy, nonobese men by age groups as well as in healthy young men, 19-39 years, using a standardized equilibrium dialysis procedure METHODS: We measured FT in 145 healthy, nonobese men, 19 years or older, using a standardized equilibrium dialysis method performed for 16-h at 37°C using undiluted serum and dialysis buffer that mimicked the ionic composition of human plasma. FT in dialysate was measured using a CDC-certified liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay. In healthy nonobese men, the 2.5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97.5th percentile values for FT were 66, 91, 141, 240, and 309 pg/ml, respectively; corresponding values for men, 19-39 years, were 120, 128, 190, 274, and 368 pg/ml, respectively. FT levels by age groups exhibit the expected age-related decline. FT levels were negatively associated with body mass index, age, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels. Percent FT was lower in middle-aged and older men than young men adjusting for SHBG level. Further studies are needed to determine how these reference intervals apply to the diagnosis of androgen deficiency in clinical populations and in men of different races and ethnicities in different geographic regions. Reference intervals for free FT levels (normative range 66-309 pg/ml [229-1072 pmol/L] in all men and 120-368 pg/ml [415-1274 pmol/L] in men, 19-39 years), measured using a standardized equilibrium dialysis method in healthy nonobese men, provide a rational basis for categorizing FT levels. These intervals require further validation in other populations, in relation to outcomes, and in randomized trials.

Race and prostate cancer: genomic landscape.

In the past 20 years, new insights into the genomic pathogenesis of prostate cancer have been provided. Large-scale integrative genomics approaches enabled researchers to characterize the genetic and epigenetic landscape of prostate cancer and to define different molecular subclasses based on the combination of genetic alterations, gene expression patterns and methylation profiles. Several molecular drivers of prostate cancer have been identified, some of which are different in men of different races. However, the extent to which genomics can explain racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes is unclear. Future collaborative genomic studies overcoming the underrepresentation of non-white patients and other minority populations are essential.

PD39-02 DOES RACE INFLUENCE THE SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA? - AN ANALYSIS OF 30,000 MEDICARE LIVES

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022PD39-02 DOES RACE INFLUENCE THE SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA? - AN ANALYSIS OF 30,000 MEDICARE LIVES Gopal L. Narang, Sirikan Rojanasarot, Michael Murphy, Ben Cutone, and Mitchell R. Humphreys Gopal L. NarangGopal L. Narang More articles by this author , Sirikan RojanasarotSirikan Rojanasarot More articles by this author , Michael MurphyMichael Murphy More articles by this author , Ben CutoneBen Cutone More articles by this author , and Mitchell R. HumphreysMitchell R. Humphreys More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002597.02AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is increasing globally. With a greater disease burden, effective but also equitable treatment is a priority. There is little data evaluating treatment disparities for patients with BPH, specifically when considering race. This study examines the association between race and rates of BPH surgical treatment among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: This real-world data analysis used 5% Medicare claims data to identify newly diagnosed men with BPH, age 66, between January 2010 and December 2018. Patients were followed until either their first BPH surgery, a diagnosis of prostate or bladder cancer, end of continuous Medicare enrollment, death, or end of the study period. Cox proportional hazards regression compared the likelihood of BPH surgery between men of different races, White vs. Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC), controlling for patients’ geographical region, Charlson Comorbidity Score, and baseline comorbidities. RESULTS: The study included 31,699 men with BPH; 13.7% were BIPOC. The median follow-up was 3.6 years (IQR 1.7-6.0) for White men and 2.8 years (IQR 1.3-5.2) for BIPOC men. At the end of the study period, BIPOC men had significantly lower BPH surgery rates than White patients (9.5% vs. 13.4%, respectively; p=0.02). In multivariable-adjusted Cox regression, BIPOC race was associated with a 19% lower likelihood of receiving BPH surgery than White race (HR, 0.81; 95% CI 0.70, 0.94). Among those who had surgery, transurethral resection of the prostate was the most common surgery for both White and BIPOC groups (49.4% vs. 56.8%, respectively; p=0.05). A higher proportion of BIPOC men underwent procedures in inpatient settings compared to White men (18.2% vs. 9.8%; p=0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Among a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries with BPH, there are notable treatment disparities when considering race. BIPOC men had lower rates of surgical treatment than White men with no difference in the type of procedure performed. BIPOC men were more likely to undergo procedures in inpatient settings. Improving patient access to BPH surgical procedures that can be performed in an outpatient setting may help address treatment disparities. Future research investigating treatment barriers and implications of site of service on access to care are needed. Source of Funding: Boston Scientific © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e652 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Gopal L. Narang More articles by this author Sirikan Rojanasarot More articles by this author Michael Murphy More articles by this author Ben Cutone More articles by this author Mitchell R. Humphreys More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

PD47-01 LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IS A RISK FACTOR FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: AN ANALYSIS OF NHANES DATA

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022PD47-01 LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IS A RISK FACTOR FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: AN ANALYSIS OF NHANES DATA Eric Macdonald, Joseph Kim, and Darius A. Paduch Eric MacdonaldEric Macdonald More articles by this author , Joseph KimJoseph Kim More articles by this author , and Darius A. PaduchDarius A. Paduch More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002615.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Socioeconomic status (SES) plays a critical role in an individual’s overall health. However, little is known about the relationship between SES and erectile dysfunction (ED), a condition that affects millions of men in the United States. We analyzed nationally representative survey data to determine the effect of SES on ED. METHODS: Data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Demographic, medical, laboratory, and social factors were collected. Age matching was performed due to significantly different mean ages among men of different races. SES was estimated using the poverty income ratio (PIR), a ratio of family income to established poverty levels. Low SES was defined by PIR <2. Erectile function was assessed from a single survey question: “How would you describe your ability to get and keep an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse?” Responses were divided into two groups: normal (always and usually able to maintain an erection) and ED (sometimes or never able to maintain an erection). Weighted prevalence comparisons were performed using Chi-squared and t-tests at p=0.05. Multivariate logistic regression was subsequently used to characterize the interplay between well-established risk factors for ED and SES. RESULTS: 3,898 men responded to the ED survey question. After age matching, 3,679 men (mean age 48.14±17.41) were included. 975 men (26.5%) reported ED. Weighted prevalence comparisons are reported in Table 1 with many factors showing a significant association (p <05) with ED. Multivariate logistic regression showed that patients with a low income (PIR <2) were significantly more likely to report ED; AOR=2.02 (1.33-3.07; p <0.001). Only diabetes had a similar AOR of 2.52 (1.57-4.05, p <0.001). Other social factors, such as private insurance coverage and education level, did not maintain significance during multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong evidence that low SES is an independent risk factor for ED. Physicians must consider SES when evaluating patients with ED and forming a treatment plan. Our data suggest that future urological outcome studies must include SES as an important modifying factor to ensure accurate analysis. Source of Funding: None © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e793 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Eric Macdonald More articles by this author Joseph Kim More articles by this author Darius A. Paduch More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

A cross-sectional study of male balding patterns in people of color

To the Editor: We are interested in determining the factors that predict the trajectory of androgenic alopecia (AA). Some previous studies suggest that men of certain races are likely to experience specific balding patterns, but different races are rarely compared.1,2 This report characterized the incidence of balding patterns within a large cohort of men of different races.

Correlation analysis of prostate cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, in Europe and in Bulgaria

An in-depth overview of the prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, based on the geographical location, race and ethnicity on global, European and national scales, shows ambiguous, incompatible and sometimes unreliable data. The aim of this study is to analyze the incidence and mortality rates worldwide, in Europe and in Bulgaria. Data from global databases (Globocan) and the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria are used. The global incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer correlate with age. The median age at the time of the diagnosis is 66 years. International trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality have varied significantly in recent years, closely related to the PSA screening used for early detection of the disease, mostly in the Western countries. Data sources show a discrepancy in the incidence and mortality rates in men of different races and geographical origins. This confirms the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Discrepancies between men of the same race and ethnicity, living in different countries, suggests that other factors such as diet and socioeconomic status, different methods of diagnosis and treatment are also important. The highest incidence rate is expected in the developed countries and the highest mortality rate in the developing countries.

Abstract 1558: RNA expression differences between African Americans and European Americans prostate cancers in both their tumor-adjacent stroma and in their tumors

Abstract Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) of African Americans (AA) is diagnosed at an earlier median age and more advanced stage than PCa of European American (EA), and has a poorer prognosis and significantly higher mortality. 35% of AA PCa patients fall out of active surveillance, compared to 15% of EA men. Stromal cells adjacent to tumor, including reactive stroma, play a critical role in tumorigenesis of prostate cancer. We searched for differences in RNA expression in the stroma and tumor of AA compared to EA prostate cancer patients to uncover regulatory differences that might contribute to a higher rate of aggressive PCa in AA men. Methods. RNA-Seq data was generated for tumor-adjacent stroma of prostate cancer FFPE tissues from 9 AA and 8 EA patients. RNA-Seq of tumor epithelium from 22 AA and 46 EA PCa FFPE tissues was obtained from GEO database accession GSE54460. Samples were matched clinically for Gleason score, age, and relapse status. Geographic origin was determined using the program Locating Ancestry from Sequencing Reads (LASER) which provides the fraction of ancestry based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).The program CIBERSORT, which is an estimate of fraction of immune cells in tissues, was used to estimate the relative fractions of 22 immune cell types in each RNA-Seq sample. Pathway analysis was performed using Strand-NGS and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tools. Results. PCa-adjacent stroma from 9 AA were compared to 8 EA. Similarly, tumor tissues from 22 AA were compared to 46 EA. Comparisons of AA and EA tumor-adjacent stroma identified 721 downregulated and 790 upregulated genes in AA, using a corrected p value of &amp;lt; 0.05. We found significant association of downregulated genes in AA tumor stroma with immune response pathways. Among upregulated genes in AA relative to EA, several metabolic pathways, signaling by TGF beta receptor complex, cytokine, and inflammatory responses, were significantly enriched. CIBERSORT analysis, revealed M2 macrophages (i.e. immunosuppressive and proangiogenic macrophages were enriched in both AA and EA tumor stroma, and represented 25% and 27% of screened immune cells, respectively. The frequency of activated DCs in tumor-adjacent stroma of EA was 7-fold higher than in tumor stroma of AA patients (21% vs 3%). 22 AA and 46 EA prostate tumor tissue samples were similarly compared. 425 upregulated and 514 downregulated genes were identified (corrected p value of 0.05). Although, stroma and tumor have very different transcription patterns, there were 17 genes up-regulated both in tumor-adjacent stroma and tumor epithelium of AA compared to EA and these were enriched in the IL-6 signaling pathway. 21 down-regulated genes were enriched in miRNA targeted genes. In contrast, to tumor-adjacent stroma, immune response pathways in tumor of AA compared to EA was different, suggesting a distinct immune response in tumor-adjacent stroma compared to tumor in men of different races. Citation Format: Farah Rahmatpanah, Gabriela De Robles, Dan Mercola, Michael Lilly, Michael McClelland. RNA expression differences between African Americans and European Americans prostate cancers in both their tumor-adjacent stroma and in their tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1558.

‘Not always logical’: binational/biracial marriages in Britain, 1900–1940

ABSTRACTThis essay explores the intersection of race, religion, and nationality in marriage by concentrating on unions between Britons and ‘Arabs’ (those from North Africa and the Middle East) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Focusing on this area, most of which was not in the British Empire, allows an analysis of the intersection between the empire and the larger world. Marriage was a nexus in the intertwined prejudices of race, empire, class, and religion. Though the British primarily blamed polygamy for any marital problems, their own gendered law of nationality was equally at fault. Indeed, the centrality of gender was clearest in three circumstances. First, many women refused to be ‘white women in peril,’ instead exercising agency in their relationships. Second, British men who moved to the Middle East, converted to Islam, and married Muslim women, became legal hybrids who struggled to pass on British nationality to their wives and children. Third, British-born women married to Middle Eastern Christians faced similar problems, despite marrying other monogamists. In the 1930s, the British government formed a committee to address these issues, but the committee failed to find solutions, in part because the members, like the British state, supported racial/national coverture for women and thus refused to consider granting women equal rights in nationality. As a result, women married to men of different races and nations remained vulnerable to desertion and divorce in the interwar period. Such issues both confirmed the importance of an imperial frame of mind, but also the fact that the dilemmas went well beyond the formal empire.

Abstract 5352: Racial/ethnic differences in prostate cancer genomic alterations

Abstract Background: Distinct biology of prostate cancer (CaP) among men of different races and ethnicities have been recently highlighted. Along these lines higher frequencies of the most common CaP gene alterations, ERG proto-oncogene activation and deletion of the PTEN tumor suppressor, have been reported among Caucasian Americans (CA) when compared to other racial/ethnic groups. We have reported the cumulative analyses of CaPs from 435 patients (whole genome sequencing (WGS), FISH evaluations and SNP arrays) that highlighted the recurrent deletion and disease progression association of the Limbic System-Associated Membrane Protein (LSAMP) in CaP genomes of African American (AA) men. Further examination of these data indicated the AA CaP genome associated recurrent deletion of the Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 1(CHD1) gene. Methods: Combined evaluation of frequencies and prognostic associations of ERG oncoprotein by immunohistochemistry and deletions of LSAMP, CHD1 and PTEN genes by FISH were performed using a multi-core TMA (42 AA and 59 CA patients) with longitudinal follow up data (median 16 years). CaP and matched blood genomic DNA samples (N=60) from AA patients were analyzed by WGS. ERG frequencies were further evaluated in index tumors of Chinese CaPs (N=100) and were compared to ERG frequencies in index tumors of AA (N=336) and CA (N=594) patients. Results: Frequent deletions of CHD1 (29% AA vs. 10% CA p=0.017) and LSAMP (26% AA vs. 7% CA, p=0.006) were found in AA CaPs by FISH assay. Both of these deletions were associated with rapid disease progression. Evaluation of CaPs by WGS further highlighted the recurrent deletion of CHD1 among AA men. Comparative evaluation of ERG (AA, N=336; CA, N=594, and Asian N=100) underscored highest ERG frequencies among CA patients (49.3%) followed by AA (23.2%) and Chinese (22%) men. Conclusions: In light of distinct biology of CaPs in ethnically/racially diverse CaP patient populations there is a need for developing broadly applicable diagnostic, prognostic marker panels and therapeutic approaches. Recurrent CHD1 deletion in CaPs of AA patients may provide new therapeutic opportunities in light of recent reports suggesting that CaP patients harboring CHD1 deletion may benefit from PARP inhibitor or platinum agents therapies. Funding: This study was supported by CPDR, USUHS, HU0001-10-2-0002 to I.L.R., the NCI/EDRN IAA ACN12011-001-0 to S.S. and by the NCI R01CA162383 to S.S. Citation Format: Albert Dobi, Gyorgy Petrovics, Shyh-Han Tan, Hua Li, Denise Young, Cara Schafer, Jesse Fox, Kevin Babcock, Heng-Cheng Hu, Gauthaman Sukumar, Yingjie Song, Lakshmi Ravindranath, Yongmei Chen, Joseph Cheng, Reinhard Ebner, Qingyu Xiao, Yidi Sun, Yixue Li, Yuan Ji, Jun Hou, Wendy Wang, Guo-Ping Zhao, Jacob Kagan, Sudhir Srivastava, Joel T. Moncur, Clifton L. Dalgard, Matthew Wilkerson, Inger L. Rosner, Jennifer Cullen, Matthew Freedman, Zoltan Szallasi, Isabell A. Sesterhenn, Shiv Srivastava. Racial/ethnic differences in prostate cancer genomic alterations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5352.

Assessing the Performance of 3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Incidence Risk Scores in a Cohort of Black and White Men Who Have Sex With Men in the South.

Risk scores have been developed to identify men at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion. These scores can be used to more efficiently allocate public health prevention resources, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, the published scores were developed with data sets that comprise predominantly white men who have sex with men (MSM) collected several years prior and recruited from a limited geographic area. Thus, it is unclear how well these scores perform in men of different races or ethnicities or men in different geographic regions. We assessed the predictive ability of 3 published scores to predict HIV seroconversion in a cohort of black and white MSM in Atlanta, GA. Questionnaire data from the baseline study visit were used to derive individual scores for each participant. We assessed the discriminatory ability of each risk score to predict HIV seroconversion over 2 years of follow-up. The predictive ability of each score was low among all MSM and lower among black men compared to white men. Each score had lower sensitivity to predict seroconversion among black MSM compared to white MSM and low area under the curve values for the receiver operating characteristic curve indicating poor discriminatory ability. Reliance on the currently available risk scores will result in misclassification of high proportions of MSM, especially black MSM, in terms of HIV risk, leading to missed opportunities for HIV prevention services.

Race and Masculinity

This study examines how men of different races are displayed in terms of masculinity types and product types by analyzing the content of 636 ads collected from the three most popular men’s lifestyle magazines in Taiwan, China, and the United States between 2008 and 2010. Western models were found more frequently portrayed as Tough, Macho, and Androgynous, but less frequently than Asian models as Vigorous and Sunny. Global marketers use more Asian models when targeting Asian markets than when targeting American markets. Racial difference was also revealed in types of advertised products.

Racial disparities in the association between diabetes mellitus-associated polymorphic locus rs4430796 of the HNF1β gene and prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Polymorphism 17q12 rs4430796 within HNF1β is a genetic variant associated with both diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer, but findings on the correlations of rs4430796 with prostate cancer risk specifically are not in agreement, especially among diverse populations. To shed some light on the contradictory findings, therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis by pooling the odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all currently available case-control studies located within PubMed and Embase databases up to December 2012. A total of 16 studies comprising 30 datasets that collectively involved 25,535 prostate cancer patients and 25,726 controls were ultimately included in this analysis. The meta-analysis of all the studies revealed that the rs4430796 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in all contrast models (ORA vs G = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.21-1.30, POR < 0.001; ORAA vs GG = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.45-1.62, POR < 0.001; ORAG vs GG = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.16-1.34, POR < 0.001; ORAA vs AG+GG = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.30-1.42, POR < 0.001; ORAA+AG vs GG = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.30-1.44, POR < 0.001). After subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity, however, the rs4430796 polymorphism was significantly associated with prostate cancer in both Caucasians and Asians but not in African-Americans. In conclusion, our meta-analysis identified a significant association between the 17q12 rs4430796 polymorphism and prostate cancer risk, although the degree of this association and frequency of the causative allele varied among men of different races.

Racial Disparities in the Association Between Variants on 8q24 and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Recent studies implicate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 8q24 region as a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa). New developments suggest that 8q24 encodes regulators of the nearby MYC gene, a known oncogene. In order to better understand the implications of SNPs in this region, we performed meta-analyses, stratified by race, of seven SNPs and one microsatellite marker previously identified as risk loci on the 8q24 region of the genome. In addition, we reviewed the literature examining the possible associations between these polymorphisms and clinicopathological features of PCa. The results of the meta-analyses indicate that rs6983267, rs1447295, rs6983561, rs7837688, rs16901979, and DG8S737 are significantly associated with a higher risk for PCa for at least one race, whereas the variants rs13254738 and rs7000448 are not. The degree of association and frequency of the causative allele varied among men of different races. Though several studies have demonstrated an association between certain 8q24 SNPs and clinicopathological features of the disease, review of this topic revealed conflicting results.

Association between variants on 8q24 and prostate cancer: A review and meta-analysis.

28 Background: Racial disparities in the incidence prostate cancer exist but remain unexplained. Recent studies implicate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 8q24 region as a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa) and the frequency of variant alleles at these SNPs appear to differ by race. To determine the association between 8q24 polymorphisms and PCa among men of different races, we performed meta-analyses, stratified by race. Methods: Twenty-nine studies of seven SNPs and one microsatellite marker located within the 8q24 region were included in the meta-analyses. Allelic odds ratio (OR) values and confidence intervals were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel test. This test assumes homogeneity so we first used the Breslow-Day test to determine whether or not the assumption of homogeneity was valid in each population. Results: PCa risk was associated with the following SNPs in all included races: rs6983267, rs1447295, rs6983561, rs7837688, rs16901979, and DG8S737(-8). PCa risk in Caucasians was conferred by rs6983267 (OR = 1.22 (1.17-1.27)), rs1447295 (OR = 1.43 (1.45-1.49)), rs6983561 (OR = 1.45 (1.30-1.61), rs7837688 (OR = 1.55 (1.39-1.73)), rs16902979 (OR = 1.39 (1.29-1.49)), and DG8S737(-8) (OR = 1.32 (1.12-1.56)). In African American men, a significant association was found for rs1447295 (OR = 1.1 (1.02-1.18)), rs6983561 (OR = 1.43 (1.29-1.59)), rs16901979 (OR = 1.39 (1.29-1.49)), and DG8S737(-8) (OR =1.34 (1.19-1.50)). Alleles associated with PCa risk in Asians were rs6983267 (OR = 1.15 (1.04-1.26)), rs1447295 (OR = 1.39 (1.25-1.54)), rs6983561 (OR = 1.68 (1.51-1.88)), and rs16901979 (OR = 1.65 (1.48-1.85)). The risk allele at rs1447295 was also associated with PCa risk among Hispanic men. Conclusions: 8q24 contains SNPs that are associated with PCa risk, but the strength of this association depended on race. Racial disparities in the incidence of PCa may in part be accounted for by 8q24 variants.

Delia's Tears: Race, Science, and Photography in Nineteenth-Century America (review)

Delia's Tears: Race, Science, and Photography in NineteenthCentury America. By Molly Rogers. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. Pp. 384. Illustrations. Cloth, $37.50.)Reviewed by Ann FabianIn 1976 staff at Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology discovered cache of disturbing daguerreotypes: striking pictures of enslaved people from South Carolina stripped naked or near naked, sometime around 1850, and made to pose for camera. These pictures were apparently very early examples of genre we would recognize today as ethnographic photographs, images meant to turn individuals into racial or ethnic types. Cryptic labels left few clues about the people in the pictures - the first names of individuals, mention of African origins - and to the pictures' makers - Columbia, South Carolina, daguerreotypist Joseph Thomas Zealy and Harvard scientist Louis Agassiz. Naturalist Agassiz had the pictures made, thinking they would somehow confirm his belief that men of different races actually represented different species of humanity.Molly Rogers is not the first writer to be struck by these pictures, nor the first to wrestle with the mix of fascination and horror they inspire. Peabody Museum staff and art historians have written about them. Cultural historian Alan Trachtenberg struggled to account for them in his Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Matthew Brady to Walker Evans (New York, 1990). Rogers set out to discover all she could about the daguerreotypes and the men (and they were men) who thought it was good idea to take these pictures. Who are the people in the photographs? Who took the pictures? Where? Why? And perhaps most challenging, how can we look at these pictures - lavishly reproduced in the book - without taking the part of the slaveholders who owned these people and the slaveholders' allies who posed them for the daguerreotypist?Rogers, short-story writer, essayist, and playwright, tries to escape the awful condescension of the pictures by voicing inner lives and visceral experiences for the people made to pose. Although the book's title appeals to sympathy, recalling the tears one Peabody curator thought she saw in the woman called Delia's unfocused eyes, Rogers is after something more, asking us to believe that the book has helped make the people in the photographs a little more real than [they] would be otherwise (xxii). With what little is known of the people in the pictures, Rogers constructs fragments of what they might have seen, felt, touched, smelled, or heard. These sensual descriptions of the sun's heat magnified by skylight or the sharp smell of the photographer's chemicals, for example, appear in italics beside the photographs. A reader will have to decide whether these efforts to voice experiences make the figures in the pictures more than the objects they appeared to the photographer and the scientist. Does Rogers's evocative prose in fact absolve us from complicity in the repressive acts of those who made these pictures (xxii)?Between the unusual italicized sections on the photographs, the book unfolds in manner more conventional for historians. Rogers begins as playwright might with cast of characters and provides short biographies of the naturalists, slaveholders, abolitionists, and enslaved people who appear in the book. Many in the cast will be familiar to those who have worked through the convoluted arguments of the American school of ethnology, and Rogers provides vivid rendering of the development of the polygenist notion that each race was the product of distinct act of creation.Swiss-born naturalist Louis Agassiz was the brain behind the pictures. He was warm-hearted, enthusiastic man, whose intellectual curiosity and scholarly generosity fit the cultural mood of the nation. But he arrived in the United States in the mid 1840s, just when the booming cotton market and pressure from militant abolitionists pushed questions about race to the top of the public mind. …

“What a man ought to be, he is far from”: Collective meanings of masculinity and race in media

The products of popular culture not only provide pleasure but also impart information about our gendered and racial identities. In line with feminist and critical race theories, we used collective memory work to encourage young men to recall, examine, and analyze their earliest memories of media to connect their individual experiences to shared experiences of similar and/or different groups in society. We present the men's memories interwoven with analysis and interpretations focusing on four major themes: (a) media perpetuates violent/aggressive expectations of men and women as objects; (b) men's leisure is marked by racial stereotypes; (c) men use media to construct racial identity; (d) media can be used as a catalyst for understanding White male privilege. The process also gave participants an opportunity to engage the “crisis of representation” as they solidified and challenged their own hegemonic thinking in relation to what it means to be men of different races.

The Brotherhoods (Confrarias) and Lay Support for the Early Christian Church in Japan

By the end of the sixteenth century, the Japanese mission had become the largest overseas Christian community that was not under the rule of a European power. Its uniqueness was emphasized by Alessandro Valignano since 1582, who promoted a deeper accommodation to Japanese culture. It was also understood by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who issued the first national anti-Christian laws while he was unifying the Japanese empire. The main reason the religious success of the Catholic Church in Japan was, undoubtedly, the engagement of many converts and their descendents. This article deals with the role of Japanese lay people within the Church, analyzing how individuals gave support to daily activities and how the communities strengthened themselves through the formation of brotherhoods. Japan was then the sole overseas country where all members of those confraternities were locals, in spite of the presence of a colonial elite. KEYWORDS: Portuguese - Japanese Christianity - local communities - brotherhoods (ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) The Portuguese sustained contact with the Japanese nearly a century (1543-1639).1 The main reason the regular visits of the nanbanjin ... (southern barbarians) to the islands was trade, since the Portuguese controlled much of the Sino-Japanese commerce several decades and founded two new and distinctive cities in the China Sea region: Macao and Nagasaki.2 The ships that sailed between those cities, however, did not carry only goods trade. They also brought men of different races, animals, many objects (such as glasses, chairs, buttons, or firearms), and scientific knowledge in areas such as geography, medicine, astronomy (see Nakayama 1969) and mathematics (Leitao 2000), which opened a new era in Japan. After centuries of isolation from Europe, Japanese civilization acquired a more accurate understanding of Earth and an awareness of contemporary technological developments.3 The Portuguese, in turn, were initially received by a medieval and anarchic society in the mid-sixteenth century, and were subsequently expelled a century later by a modern and centralized empire. The sengoku had been replaced by the taihei-an evolution that cannot be explained without reference to the nanbanjin contributions (Nosco 2003), who exhibited for once [...] a genuine international dimension in a period of Japanese history (Elison 1981, 60). Along with European trade goods and Western cultural influences a new religion also came to Japan. The propagation of Christianity was always one of the motivations which pushed the Portuguese during the Age of Discoveries.4 There was a sincere desire that Christendom would profit from those voyages, enlarging the areas and the populations under the leadership of the Catholic Church, and by the 1460s the Portuguese Crown acquired absolute control of overseas ecclesiastic activities. Later, from the middle of the sixteenth century, when private traders became more autonomous, pushing Portuguese influence to areas where state authority was weak, those adventurers also brought with them clergymen, just as the king's representatives had done before.5 Therefore, the arrival of Portuguese explorers to Japan in 15436 opened a new field to missionary activity, and the first clerics of the Society of Jesus landed in Kagoshima in 1549.7 Christianity in Japan A SUCCESSFUL MISSION The Jesuits were able to found a sizable community in Japan, which had about three hundred thousand baptized by the end of the sixteenth century. It was at the time the largest and most important overseas Christian community not under the control of a colonial power, as was the case with Christian missions in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, the Philippines, or India.8 Most Japanese Christians lived in Kyushu, but Christianization was not a regional phenomenon and had a national impact. By the end of the sixteenth century it was possible to find baptized people in virtually every province of Japan,9 many of them organized in communities. …