Memories Of Previous Experiences Research Articles

Cognitive Inertia: Cyclical Interactions Between Attention and Memory Shape Learning

In explaining how humans selectively attend, common frameworks often focus on how attention is allocated relative to an idealized allocation based on properties of the task. However, these perspectives often ignore different types of constraints that could help explain why attention was allocated in a particular way. For example, many computational models of learning are well equipped to explain how attention should ideally be allocated to minimize errors within the task, but these models often assume all features are perfectly encoded or that the only learning goal is to maximize accuracy. In this article, we argue for a more comprehensive view by using computational modeling to understand the complex interactions that occur between selective attention and memory. Our central thesis is that although selective attention directs attention to relevant dimensions, relevance can be established only through memories of previous experiences. Hence, attention is initially used to encode features and create memories, but thereafter, attention operates selectively on the basis of what is kept in memory. Through this lens, deviations from ideal performance can still be viewed as goal-directed selective attention, but the orientation of attention is subject to the constraints of the individual learner.

DINAMIKA PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PADA PERILAKU BERESIKO (KEHAMILAN TIDAK DIINGINKAN) REMAJA

Unwanted pregnancies that occur outside of marriage in adolescents are problematic because they have wider after-effects academically, financially, and socially. The occurrence of unwanted pregnancy outside of marriage is certainly based on a psychological condition such as decision making at the first time an adolescent engages in risky sexual behavior. This study aims to explore cognitive considerations such as what factors are considered for risky sexual acts and also the cognitive process of risky behavior. The participants in this study were three people consisting of one male and two female who were taken by purposive sampling technique. This study used a qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach, while the data collection techniques used interviews and observations. The results of this study indicate that the factors that cause risky behavior (unwanted pregnancy) are 1) the experience of watching pornographic videos, 2) an environment that is accustomed to promiscuity, and 3) trust and comfort when interacting with partners. While systematic decision-making through several stages does not occur, because the risk behavior of individuals is more dominated by emotional states, memories of previous experiences, and the people around them, so that decision-making is more heuristic.

Going back to the ballgame: memories of previous baseball experiences

ABSTRACT Research Question: The purpose of this study was to explore sport fans’ memories of previous experiences, ascertaining what fans recalled and the functions memories served. Research Methods: A qualitative research method was employed, with 18 participants participating in semi-structured interviews. Results and Findings: Results exhibited the impact of the sensory experiences, social interaction, identity, and other unique characteristics in contributing to memory, with memories serving positive social, emotional, and psychological benefits. Implications: The findings exhibit event characteristics that contribute to fans’ memory of events, and the impact of recalling these experiences, which yield positive benefits to fans and also may positively impact fans’ team-related behavior. Research Contribution: Understanding the factors that fans later recall of event experiences and the resulting positive benefits can assist both event management decisions as well as post-event communication efforts.

Representation of Task Structure in Human Hippocampus

Memories of previous experiences can be used to guide future decisions in similar situations. Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus might support decision-making by forming representations that capture common elements across different events (e.g., “cognitive maps” or “schemas”). Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test how the human hippocampus represents decision relevant information extracted from previous experiences. Participants performed a task in which they learned to predict a customer preference for foods in four different store contexts. The task was structured such that we could examine the degree to which hippocampal representations reflected generalized information about the store contexts, food items, and also the kind of information that was relevant to decisions on a given trial. Results showed that hippocampal activity patterns carried information about the kind of information that was currently relevant to a decision. Across different store contexts, hippocampal representations differentiated between context-determined (deterministic) decisions and context-invariant (probabilistic) decisions. Results also showed that information about store contexts was represented by the hippocampus, but contrary to what might be expected, similar contexts were hyper-differentiated from one another. These results suggest that the hippocampus may support decision-making by systematically mapping relationships between task relevant information, decisions, and outcomes.

Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripples and Anterior Cingulate Unit Activity.

The hippocampus communicates with the cortex for memory transformation. Memories of previous experiences become less dependent on the hippocampus and increasingly dependent on cortical areas, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, little evidence is available to directly support this hippocampus-to-cortex information transduction hypothesis of memory consolidation. Here we show that a subpopulation of ACC neurons becomes active just after hippocampal ripple activity, and that electrical stimulation of the hippocampus excites the same ACC neurons. In addition, the majority of ACC neurons are activated just before ripple activity during the sleep state, but not during the awake state. These results provide evidence supporting the hypothesis of hippocampus-to-cortex information flow for memory consolidation as well as reciprocal interaction between the hippocampus and the cortex.

The Role of Intention to Consume in Creating Autobiographical Memory

Children are a unique and also potential market. They are unique because they usually do not spend their own money but they may have high purchasing power back-up. They are potential because from the number of kids and the amount they spend, they are big and promising. Markets for kids consist of three markets: (1) primary market that targets the children itself, (2) influence market that emphasizes the influence that the children exert on family purchases, and (3) future market that considers the future market for the children. Based on the high potential market for the children, the author identifies the impacts of intention to consume for children on influence power (an effort pursued by kids in order to frequently and successfully influence parents or people surrounding them), impulsive buying (kids’ tendencies to buy spontaneously, immediately, and without any deep consideration), and autobiographical memory (a memory of previous experience that will be stored as a long-term memory). Furthermore, it is necessary to identify the antecedents of autobiographical memory for children. The results show that the intention to consume positively influences the impulsive buying as well as the autobiographical memory. For managerial implications, marketers need to put an emphasis on stimulating the intention to consume in order to create a positive autobiographical memory.

Memories as Assets: Strategic Memory Protection in Choice over Time

Abstract We present five studies supporting our strategic memory protection theory. When people make decisions about experiences to consume over time, they treat their memories of previous experiences as assets to be protected. The first two studies demonstrate that people tend to avoid situations that they believe will threaten their ability to retrieve special (rather than merely pleasant) memories. The next three studies demonstrate that people seek to obtain memory pointers to help them cue special memories at a later time when they anticipate interference from subsequent events. These preferences are driven by people's lay theories about the importance and difficulty of obtaining and retrieving special memories.

Children’s self-reported pain at the dentist

The aim of the present study is to get an insight into the pain report of children over two sequential dental visits. Furthermore, it was studied whether age, previous dental experience, level of dental anxiety and injection site were of influence on the self-reported pain of children during the first and second treatment session. One hundred and forty-seven children (4–11 years old) were included in the study. After receiving a local anesthesia injection prior to their dental treatment, they were asked how much pain they had felt. The level of dental anxiety was measured once by the parental version of the Dental Subscale of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule. Young children with a low level of dental anxiety show a sensitized reaction trend for self-reported pain over two sequential dental visits. Young children with a high level of dental anxiety reported the most pain on the first treatment session. For the older children, the children having previous dental experience gave the highest pain ratings on the first treatment session. Furthermore, for both young and older children the amount of pain reported for the second injection was best predicted by the amount of pain reported for the first injection, whereby higher scores the first time predict higher scores the second time. In conclusion, the memory of previous experience with dentistry and earlier treatment sessions seems of great influence on the behaviour and the experience of children during subsequent treatment sessions.