Memory Of Feelings Research Articles

Recall of Intensive Care Unit Stay in Critical Illness Survivors in Southeast Iran.

In survivors of critical illness, recall of an intensive care unit stay plays an important role in the development of post-intensive care unit syndrome, which includes psychological impairment after intensive care unit discharge. To investigate memories of the intensive care unit among survivors in southeast Iran. In this descriptive study, the intensive care unit memory tool was used to assess patients' memories of intensive care units. All participants (N = 100) had 1 or more factual memories (89%), memories of feelings (66%), or delusional memories (34%) from the intensive care unit. Patients who received mechanical ventilation were 4 times as likely to have delusional memories as those who did not receive mechanical ventilation. Unmarried patients were 4.8 times as likely as married patients to have memories of feelings from the intensive care unit. Steps should be taken to minimize distressing memories of an intensive care unit admission. Follow-up programs should take into account the psychological problems faced by intensive care unit survivors.

What Consumer Responses Make a Brand Experience Create Brand Attachment?

Consumer brand attachment is a relevant driver of brand profitability because it increases, for example, purchase intention, positive word-of-mouth, and the willingness to pay a price premium for the brand. Hence, understanding the factors determining consumers’ brand attachment has generated great interest within the marketing discipline. In the process of attachment formation, marketers consider consumers’ experiences with a brand relevant. However, the literature has not provided marketers with an integrated representation of what to consider when creating brand experiences that are supposed to create brand attachment. A consumer’s brand experience is a subjective internal response to contact with a brand-related stimulus, such as a brand’s product, service, advertisement, social media activity, store, or event. For example, test driving a brand’s car, contacting a brand’s service desk, and dancing at a brand event are brand moments that elicit subjective brand experiences. Although the literature presents several characteristics of brand experiences that may positively affect brand attachment, it does not specify the fundamental underlying factors by which a brand experience produces the feeling of brand attachment. This article extends the literature by identifying the internal responses to a brand moment that are relevant for its attachment creation. First, this paper describes how humans create attachment. We explain that consumers do not permanently feel attached to their attachment objects, such as brands, but construct and feel the feeling of attachment at times of a related need. To construct the feeling of brand attachment at a time of need, consumers use activated thoughts and feelings, that is, retrieved episodic memories related to the brand, memories of feelings related to the brand, and/or semantic memories about the brand’s characteristics. Then, this research focuses on consumers’ individual episodes with a brand and the question of what inner responses to such brand moments cause or support the creation of brand attachment. We infer that the extents to which a brand experience includes pleasure, perceived distinctiveness, and arousal determine its attachment creation. Hence, pleasure, perceived distinctiveness, and arousal are the internal responses to a brand moment that create attachment. We present two empirical studies. Our research seeks to provide value to marketing practice because the creation of brand attachment is highly relevant to marketers. We recommend that marketers use the three experience responses identified in this research (pleasure, perceived distinctiveness, and arousal) as a guide when creating marketing activities intended to strengthen brand attachment. The more pleasure, perceived distinctiveness, and arousal the target group experiences, the more the brand moment creates brand attachment. Marketers may use the items that we propose to assess (or pre-test) the extent to which an activity evokes the responses relevant for attachment formation. Since pleasure/displeasure and arousal constitute core affect, they can represent any prototypical feeling that a brand moment elicits without measuring such specific feelings (Russell and Barrett 1999). For example, high pleasure (displeasure) and high arousal can form delight (anger), whereas high pleasure (displeasure) and a moderate level of arousal can form satisfaction (dissatisfaction) (Oliver et al. 1997). Finally, we point out that marketers may misinterpret studies that have suggested that, for example, sensory experiences and intellectual experiences create brand attachment or related constructs (e.g., Chen and Qasim 2021; Iglesias et al. 2019). Since most experiences that marketers create are, on average, pleasurable, positive relationships between such experiences and attachment make sense (empirically). However, this paper argues and demonstrates that brand experiences do not create brand attachment because consumers had, for example, a strong sensory experience but because (and only if) the experience contained pleasure.

“Concern and sympathy in a pyrex bowl”: Cookbooks and Funeral Foods

“Concern and sympathy in a pyrex bowl”: Cookbooks and Funeral Foods

From Augustine of Hippo's Memory Systems to Our Modern Taxonomy in Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience of Memory: A 16-Century Nap of Intuition before Light of Evidence.

Over the last half century, neuropsychologists, cognitive psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists interested in human memory have accumulated evidence showing that there is not one general memory function but a variety of memory systems deserving distinct (but for an organism, complementary) functional entities. The first attempts to organize memory systems within a taxonomic construct are often traced back to the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1766–1824), who, in his book first published in 1803, distinguished mechanical memory, sensitive memory and representative memory, without, however, providing any experimental evidence in support of his view. It turns out, however, that what might be regarded as the first elaborated taxonomic proposal is 14 centuries older and is due to Augustine of Hippo (354–430), also named St Augustine, who, in Book 10 of his Confessions, by means of an introspective process that did not aim at organizing memory systems, nevertheless distinguished and commented on sensible memory, intellectual memory, memory of memories, memory of feelings and passion, and memory of forgetting. These memories were envisaged as different and complementary instances. In the current study, after a short biographical synopsis of St Augustine, we provide an outline of the philosopher’s contribution, both in terms of questions and answers, and focus on how this contribution almost perfectly fits with several viewpoints of modern psychology and neuroscience of memory about human memory functions, including the notion that episodic autobiographical memory stores events of our personal history in their what, where and when dimensions, and from there enables our mental time travel. It is not at all meant that St Augustine’s elaboration was the basis for the modern taxonomy, but just that the similarity is striking, and that the architecture of our current viewpoints about memory systems might have preexisted as an outstanding intuition in the philosopher’s mind.

Memories following physical trauma in patients treated in the ICU: Does gender and head injury make a difference?

The aim of this study was to explore differences between male and female survivors and describe the relation between head injury and memories in men and women. This multi-centre study included 239 trauma patients who answered a self-administered questionnaire (ICUM tool) 6-18 months after discharge from the ICU. Few gender differences were found regarding their memories before, during and after the ICU stay. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that more women than men reported memories from the time in hospital before being admitted to the ICU. Women also recalled a significantly higher number of memories of feelings than men. Furthermore, patients without head injury had more memories from the time before and during their stay in the ICU than patients with head injury but did not report more memories from the time after the ICU. The ISS mean score was higher for men than for women, more men than women had renal failure and more men than women received opioid treatment. The conclusion is that gender is of less importance concerning memories from the time before, during and after the stay in the ICU.

“Self–Listening” in Music Therapy with a Young Woman Suffering from Anorexia Nervosa

This article focuses “self–listening” in individual music therapy with a young woman suffering from anorexia nervosa. Listening to an improvisation from a ten–month period of active music therapy will illustrate the topic, and signifies an important receptive musical experience to the client. The main question to be addressed is in what ways “self–listening” can promote an experience of being connected in time and space for a young woman suffering from anorexia. The case material is discussed in the light of developmentally informed theory while the music analysis emerges from phenomenology, focusing on “significant moments.” Based on analysis of the music, the client's narratives and theoretical considerations, I suggest “self–listening” to support procedural and emotional memories of feelings and contribute to a closer connection between soma and psyche. Hence, the feeling of disconnection is replaced by an awareness of connectedness in time and space, which is an important objective for people suffering from anorexia nervosa.

Preliminary validation of the ICUM tool: a tool for assessing memory of the intensive care experience

Objective: The absence of a tool for assessing memory after being treated on the intensive care unit (ICU) has inhibited research. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a tool known as the ICU Memory Tool (ICUMT) for assessing memory forintensive care during the recovery period. Validity was assessed through internal consistency, construct validity and test-retest reliability. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Single intensive care unit in a district general hospital. Subjects and measurements: Forty-five patients recovering from critical illness. The ICUMT consists of 14 items administered by clinical interview. Main results: The ICU Memory Tool was internally consistent (alpha coefficient 0.86). Some evidence for the tool's construct validity was found as a predicted relationship between infection and memory loss was confirmed (p < 0.04). Good test-retest reliability was found over a 4-month period for factual memories (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001) and delusion memories (r = 0.91, p < 0.0001). However, memories of feelings were not as consistent over the 4-month period (r = 0.69, p > 0.0002). Conclusions: The initial reliability testing and validity check of the new ICUMT was favourable.