Membrane Stabilization Assay Research Articles

Bioefficacy of Zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis and their Biological, Environmental applications from Eranthemum roseum

Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using medicinal plants increasing rapidly due to its eco-friendly to environment. In this study Zinc oxide nanoparticle is synthesized using the leaf extract of plant E. roseum. Synthesized NPs was characterized using UV- Vis Spectroscopy analysis where the peak observed at 374 nm with band gap of 2.5 eV, FTIR and XRD analysis validate pure hexagonal structure, Spherical shape of NPs was confirmed by SEM with EDX analysis and main compounds are zinc 75 % and oxygen 22 %. Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis confirms the oval shaped ZnO NPs Biological activity of E. roseum ZnO NPs such as antioxidant assay DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical activity shows good inhibition against free radicals. The In-vitro Hypoglycemic effects has maximum inhibition of 96 % on α- amylase activity and 87 % on α- Glycosidase activity. Anti-inflammatory activity recorded 93 % maximum inhibition at Albumin denaturation assay and 75 % at Membrane stabilization assay. E. roseum ZnO NPs shows 67.79 % on HepG2 Anti-proliferative cells line. AO/EtBr staining assays confirms the apoptosis effect. Larvicidal activity shows highest mortality of 98.44 % on species C. quinquefasciatus. Photocatalytic dyedegradation of Methylene blue dye shows 65 % of dye degradation.

Phytochemical content, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Morrocan Cynara cardunculus L. var. ferocissima leaf methanolic extract.

Cyanra cardunclus L. var. ferocissima is widely used in Morocco as a food and in traditional medicine. Therefore, this study aimed to determine, for the first time, the phytochemical content and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of this variety. Qualitative tests were used to screen for the phytochemical compounds present in the extract, and spectrophotometric methods were used for quantification. The sugar profiles were determined using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro using DPPH, FRAP, and total antioxidant activity assays, and anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using serum albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. The extract contained a high amount of total polyphenols, hydrocinnamic acids, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, ortho-diphenols, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. In addition, five sugars were identified with high amounts of raffinose and sucrose. The extract exerted considerable antioxidant activity by scavenging radicals and reducing power. It exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting protein denaturation and heat-inducing hemolysis. From the correlation results, anthocyanin, polyphenol, and triterpenoid contents were strongly correlated with DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Orthodiphenols, flavonols, and chlorophyll α were strongly correlated with FRAP, whereas orthodiphenols, hydrocinnamic acids, and triterpenoids were strongly correlated with total antioxidant activity. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, orthodiphenols, hydrocinnamic acids, and triterpenoids correlated strongly with inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation activity, whereas terpenoids, flavonols, and chlorophyll correlated strongly with red cell membrane-stabilizing activity. In conclusion, the Moroccan Cynara cardunclus var. ferocissima leaf methanolic extract constitutes a promising source of phytochemicals with considerable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Unlocking the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharide fractions from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage

Inflammation coupled with oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenicity of various clinical disorders. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damages. The study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage. The water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from mucilage and fractionated using gel permeation chromatography. The radical scavenging potential of various fractions was determined using DPPH, H2O2, and lipid peroxidation assays. The most effective EC50 was recorded for F53 (57.41 ± 1.34 μg/mL), followed by F20 (69.19 ± 0.61 μg/mL) and F52 (75.06 ± 0.45 μg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory effect was determined through human membrane stabilization assay while the in vivo effect was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema in mouse model where F53 demonstrated significant (P = 0.05) anti-inflammatory potential (92.60 % compared to diclofenac sodium 91.46 %). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid as main acidic monosaccharides along with varying quantities of rhamnose, arabinose, and maltose as prominent neutral monosaccharides. The study concludes that cress seed mucilage contains potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides. Further studies on the mode of action of these polysaccharides could provide deeper insights into their potential use as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Acerola-Mediated Silver Nanogel and Copper Oxide Nanogel.

The tropical plant acerola of the genus Malpighia includes shrubs and trees with fruit that is high in nutrients and bioactive chemicals. Acerola stands out due to its exceptionally high ascorbic acid content, ranging from 1500 to 4500 mg/100 g. Vitamin C intake greatly influences gingival health. The addition of nanoparticles along with vitamin C-rich acerola exhibits high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby positively improving gingival health. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous extracts of the acerola plant (Malpighia emarginata) were assessed. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized using the aqueous extract of acerola cherry gel by the phytogenic fabrication method. The antioxidant potential of silver and copper nanoparticles was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and nitric oxide scavenging activities. Increasing concentrations of nanoparticles showed an increase in scavenging activity. Overall, CuONPs and AgNPs exhibited remarkable radical quenching efficacies. The anti-inflammatory effectiveness of CuONPs and AgNPs was monitored, showing suppression of protein denaturation as demonstrated by bovine serum albumin (BSA), egg albumin (EA), and membrane stabilization assays. The results revealed that increasing the doses of CuONPs and AgNPs had a positive impact on the anti-inflammatory activity of the nanoparticles. The present study revealed that both nanoparticles provided better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study also elaborates on the pharmacological potential of both nanoparticles, which could be further explored for application in all healthcare sectors.

Attenuation of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Ajuga bracteosa extract treated mice

Ajuga bracteosa (Ab) has tremendous medicinal value with long-established disease curing potential. The present study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective potential of Ab extracts in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Group I (normal control) were treated with saline 1 ml/kg BW orally for 7 days while Group II (toxicant control) received saline 1 ml/kg BW for 6 days and Paracetamol (1000 mg/kg BW) on day7of the treatment. Group III received Standard drug silymarin (100 mg/kg BW) for 6 days and Paracetamol (1000 mg/kg BW) on day 7of treatment. Groups IV andV were administered with methanol extract (ME) 200 mg/kg BW and aqueous extract (AE) 1000 mg/kg BW for 6 days and Paracetamol (1000 mg/kg BW) on day 7th of the study. Both extracts showed hepatoprotective potential against the toxic effects of paracetamol, evidenced by serum analysis of biomarkers involved in liver injury and histopathological findings. Hepatotoxic mice pretreated with Ab plant extract or silymarin exhibited significant decrease in ALP, AST, and ALT enzyme level while GSH levels were markedly increased. According to histological observations, groups treated with PCM (toxicant control) showed significant necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, while groups treated with silymarin and Ajuga bracteosa plant extract showed preservation of the normal liver structural features. The phytochemical analysis of ME and AE of Ab showed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, fats, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, oils, and fats. The antioxidant activity of these two extracts was determined by nitric oxide assay, DPPH assay, and ferric reducing power assay. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant potential (78.09 ± 0.0806). The antioxidant potential of aqueous extract was 73.08 ± 0.248. The reducing power for methanolic extract and ascorbic acid (standard) 500 μg/ml was 0.933 and 0.987 respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of both extracts was demonstrated by in vitro methods, namely albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibition, and membrane stabilization assays. The study suggests that Ab extracts have competence for attenuating inflammation, oxidants, and hepatotoxicity.

An In Vitro Study of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Effects of Echinacea-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles.

Background Plant extracts, such asEchinacea, are preferred in the pharmaceutical industry for their natural availability and minimal adverse effects.Echinacea is known for its anti-inflammatory and other biological properties. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are cost-effective, safe, and easily synthesized, making them prominent in nanoparticle research. This study aims to determine theanti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of ZnONPs synthesized using Echinacea. Methodology In this study, 5 mg of powdered Echinacea was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water, heated at 44°C until vaporization, cooled, and filtered twice. The extract was mixed with 0.1 g of zinc oxide and exposed to sunlight for two weeks for nanoparticle synthesis. After centrifugation at 3,500 rpm for eight minutes, nanoparticles were collected. Scanning electron microscope analysis was done to determine nanoparticle formation. Cytotoxicity analysis was conducted using the brine shrimp method, with surviving nauplii counted after exposure to different nanoparticle concentrations. Antioxidant activity was assessed via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using membrane stabilization assay andbovine serum albumin (BSA) assay. Using SPSS Statistics Version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), the mean and standard deviation between the prepared extract and the standard were compared for all assays. Results In the cytotoxicity assessment, at 5 µL, the mortality of nauplii remained unchanged from the control. However, at 10 and 20 µL, a 10% increase in mortality was observed, which then stabilized at 40 and 80 µL with 20%. Regarding antioxidant activity, as nanoparticle concentration increased from 10 to 50 µL in the DPPH and FRAP assays, their effectiveness also increased accordingly. According to the anti-inflammatory assay, the membrane stabilization and BSA assay showed an increase in activity with increasing concentrations of 10 to 50 μL extract against similar concentrations of standard diclofenac sodium. Conclusions Echinacea-based ZnONPs demonstratedeffective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with low cytotoxicity, suggesting their potential use in future pharmaceutical or therapeutic applications.

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activities of different fractions from Citrullus lanatus leaves: A comprehensive study

Inflammation, a protective immune response, can contribute to maintaining homeostasis but can also cause harm when chronic or excessive. Citrullus lanatus has been suggested to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that may aid in preventing and treating oxidative stress and inflammation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of phytochemicals, as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus lanatus leaves extract. The ethyl acetate, hexane, butanol fraction and aqueous methanol extract were subjected to various standard quantitative phytochemical analysis, while the hexane fraction and aqueous methanol extract were subjected to standard in vitro anti-inflammatory assays. Spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods were used in this study. The in vitro anti-denaturation (stabilization) assay was used for detecting a wide range of antioxidant compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest flavonoid and polyphenol levels, followed by hexane, butanol, and aqueous methanol extract, respectively. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids and saponins present in the different fractions of C. lanatus. The human erythrocyte membrane stabilization assay showed that extracts were able to stabilize human red blood cell membrane against hypotonic-induced hemolysis in five different samples. The extract of Citrullus lanatus was found to have the highest antioxidant activity. This study has shown that the leaves of Citrullus lanatus can be used in ethnomedicine for the prevention and treatment of ailments caused by oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases.

Comparative Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Nanocomposite-Based Herbal Oral Rinse and a Commercial Oral Rinse.

The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of two oral rinse formulations, a commercial oral rinse and anOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum(nanocomposites, NCs) oral rinse, using in vitro assays commonly employed to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory potential of the oral rinse formulations was assessed using bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation, egg albumin denaturation, and membrane stabilization assays. Diclofenac sodium was used as a reference standard in all assays. The inhibition percentages of BSA denaturationand egg albumin denaturation assays, as well as membrane stabilization effects, were measured at various concentrations of the oral rinse formulations. Both the commercial oral rinse and theOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimumoral rinse demonstrated significant inhibition of BSA denaturation, indicating their anti-inflammatory potential. TheOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse consistently showed higher inhibition percentages than the commercial oral rinse, suggesting stronger anti-inflammatory effects in this assay. In the egg albumin denaturation assay, both formulations exhibited inhibition of protein denaturation, with theOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum(NCs) oral rinse showing comparable or slightly higher inhibition percentages. The membrane stabilization assay further supported the anti-inflammatory properties of both formulations, with theOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse demonstrating efficacy comparable to diclofenac sodium. The results suggest thatOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse may possess stronger anti-inflammatory effects compared tocommercial oral rinse, as evidenced by higher inhibition percentages in the BSA denaturation assay. Both formulations showed promising anti-inflammatory activity in the egg albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, indicating their potential for mitigating inflammation. TheOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, potentially surpassing the efficacy of the commercial oral rinse. Further studies are needed to explore the clinical implications of these findings and to validate the anti-inflammatory properties of theOcimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum (NCs) oral rinse in vivo.

Utilization of diamondback puffer (Lagocephalus guentheri) biomass for the production of bioactive oligopeptides and their inflammation suppressing effects invitro

Development of new anti-inflammatory drugs has always been of prime interest due to various side effects exerted by common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Hence, due to the biochemical diversity and efficient anti-inflammatory activities of bioactive peptides from oceanic sources, their demand is increasing. In this study, the common diamondback puffer fish (Lagocephalus guentheri) muscle (PM) and visceral (PV) mass waste was used to produce enzymatic hydrolysates using trypsin, alcalase and papain digestion which were further used to obtain inflammation suppressing peptides. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed abundant essential amino acids like arginine, alanine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid in muscle as well as visceral part. The data obtained by the anti-inflammatory assays such as albumin denaturation inhibition and membrane stabilization assay of hydrolysates showed that alcalase 12th hr and 6th hr showed highest activity for PM and PV respectively. Further, out of the fractions obtained through ultrafiltration, 10-3 kDa showed higher anti-inflammatory activity which was subsequently purified with gel filtration chromatography. Moreover, the purified active peaks were analysed using LC-MS/MS to acquire a peptide sequence of MEPLGQG (731 Da) and LLHA (453 Da) for PMpep and PVpep respectively. In vitro studies revealed non-cytotoxic effects of peptide and pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression post LPS-stimulation in RAW264.7 cells. Thus, the puffer fish and other marine waste can be exploited for the isolation of potential nutraceutical and therapeutic compounds.

Green Synthesis of Mimosa pudica-Mediated Strontium Nanoparticles and its Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Considerable focus has been directed toward green synthesis as a dependable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing various nanomaterials. Mimosa pudica, a quickly grown pantropical weed, has been used widely for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity in traditional medicine. The development of strontium-based nanoparticles and nanoparticles linked with strontium has garnered attention in recent years due to their established utility in diverse domains such as effective drug distribution, bioimaging, cancer treatment, and advancements in bone engineering. To examine the green synthesise of strontium nanoparticles using Mimosa pudica and its anti-inflammatory activity. Mimosa pudica-mediated strontium nanoparticles' anti-inflammatory activity was tested using bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, egg albumin denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assay with diclofenac sodium as the standard. Result: In all three assays, increasing concentration of Mimosa pudica-mediated strontium nanoparticles exhibited an increasing anti-inflammatory effect, which was similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. Consequently, this holds promise as a new potential anti-inflammatory agent in forthcoming applications.

Utilization of herbivore defensive latex from the weed Calotropis procera L in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its potential application in the control of dengue vector Aedes aegypti

Milky latex produced by few and not all the plants are the treasure chest of various bioactive compounds with defensive potential against herbivores, insects and pathogens. Mankind have utilized latices in the preparation of novel plant-based therapies for centuries. Therefore, an attempt has been made to synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using AgNO3 as a precursor and latex from C. procera as a reducing agent. The surface plasmon absorption peak at 430 nm confirmed AgNPs formation. The sharp peak with narrow width illustrated the homogenous nature. The face centre cubic structure of AgNPs was confirmed by the XRD pattern. FT-IR analysis deduced that the bio-molecules in the latex of C. procera are responsible for the reduction of AgNO3 to AgNPs. Biosynthesised L-AgNPs possessed well pronounced antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Anti-inflammatory activity of the nanoparticle determined by membrane stabilization and proteinase inhibitory assay was found to be in dose-dependent. LC50 value of L-AgNPs was found to be 63.09 µg/mL against IV instar larvae of A. aegypti. Distinct morphological changes were observed in the mosquito larva on exposure to various concentrations of L-AgNPs.

Phytochemical profile, anti-inflammatory analysis and cytotoxic activity of SmE-SeNPs against breast (MCF-7) cancer cells

Plant extract is inexpensive and does not need special conditions to produce nanoparticles quickly; it is an eco-friendly approach. Selenium nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention because of their various applications and benefits in medicine. This investigation studied a bio-synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Sonchus maritimus leaves aqueous extract (SmE-SeNPs) to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The presence of SmE-SeNPs in the sample was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy at different stage of synthesis, and transmission electron microscope. The S. maritimus extract was analyzed by LC-ESI-MS technique. The anti-inflammatory proprieties of the extract and SmE-SeNPs was estimated using protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, and the antiproliferative activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). LC-ESI-MS results revealed the richness of S. maritimus extract by various phenolic compounds including protocachuic acid, trans frulic acid, o-coumaric acid and luteolin. Physical characterizations of nanoparticle demonstrated that the SeNPs have a spherical and regular circle shape with very small size reach to 7.154 ± 0.47 nm. Both of S. maritimus extract and SmE-SeNPs presented a potential anti-inflammatory activities compared to standard, each against denaturation of protein with IC50 value (334.369 ± 29 μg/mL) and (163.393 ± 14.1 μg/mL) respectively, or against the hemolysis of red blood cells through protecting and stabilizing their membrane with IC50 value (89.044 ± 4.11 μg/mL) for SmE-SeNPs and (53.539 ± 4.64 μg/mL) for S. maritimus extract. Moreover, this study showed that exposure of SmE-SeNPs can inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation, which observed in breast cancer. As conclusion, our research suggested that Sonchus maritimus leaves aqueous extract can be used as reducer and stabilizer agents for green synthesis of SmE-SeNPs which provided their anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects.

Free Radical Scavenging, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus Leaves Extract Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Background Herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, has been used for centuries in traditional healing practices to harness the therapeutic properties of different plant-derived elements. Acorus calamus, a perennial herbaceous plant, has significant historical importance in traditional medicine, specifically in Ayurveda, where it is referred to as "Vacha."This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial characteristics of the A. calamus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract. The objectives of the research are to provide valuable knowledge about the preparation of A. calamus DMSO extract and to explore its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Materials and methods The A. calamus DMSO extract was derived from leaves, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (H2O2 assay), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assays. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the agar well diffusion technique and the time-kill curve assay. Results In DPPH and H2O2 tests, the DMSO extract of A. calamus showed significant antioxidant activity, near that ofstandard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay demonstrated a correlation between the dose and the activity of reducing ferric ions. The A. calamusDMSO extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties in BSA and EA denaturation assays, similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. The anti-inflammatory potential of the A. calamus DMSO extract was further confirmed through the membrane stabilization assay. The DMSO extract of A. calamus exhibited a significant inhibition zone against the pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the antimicrobial evaluation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard antibiotic. The time-kill curve assay validated the antibacterial efficacy, which was dependent on the concentration. Conclusion The A. calamus DMSO extract exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting its traditional use in alternative medicine. The findings suggest its potential as a natural resource of compounds with bioactive properties for use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Investigating the Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Polyol-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized by using the polyol method. The structural and morphological characteristics of Ag-NPs were studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The XRD analysis revealed the formation of single-phase polycrystalline Ag-NPs with an average crystallite size and lattice constant of ∼23 nm and 4.07 Å, respectively, while the FE-SEM shows the formation of a uniform and spherical morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the formation of single-phase Ag-NPs, and no extra elements were detected. A strong absorption peak at ∼427 nm was observed in the UV-vis spectrum, which reflects the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior characteristic of Ag-NPs with a spherical morphology. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra also supported the XRD and EDX results with regard to the purity of the prepared Ag-NPs. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested using HRBCs membrane stabilization and heat-induced hemolysis assays. The antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs was evaluated against four different types of pathogenic bacteria by using the disc diffusion method (DDM). The Gram-negative bacterial strains used in this study are Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella, Shigella, and Salmonella. The analysis suggested that the antibacterial activities of Ag-NPs have an influential role in inhibiting the growth of the tested Gram-negative bacteria, and thus Ag-NPs can find a potential application in the pharmaceutical industry.

Therapeutic evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles based herbal dental varnish derived from rosemary and ginger extracts:A comprehensive investigation into anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Titanium nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising applications in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory disorders due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. However, additional research is necessary to attain a thorough comprehension and validate the efficacy of this approach in dental practice. This study scrutinizes the anti-inflammatory properties of a dental varnish infused with ginger and rosemary extracts mediated by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. A herbal dental varnish was formulated by integrating ginger and rosemary extracts with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50μL. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed through Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, comparing results with a control group. The results reveal concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the test group when compared to the control group. The BSA assay corroborates increased percent inhibition with rising titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentrations. In line with existing literature, titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance dental material properties. The bioactive compounds in ginger and rosemary, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes, contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the varnish. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in addressing inflammatory diseases underscores their significance in this formulation.

Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Shirakiopsis Indica (Willd). Fruit Extract: A Mangrove Species in the Field of Inflammation Research.

Shirakiopsis indica (Willd)., commonly known as Sa-Mor-Ta-Lay in Thailand, is a mangrove plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. As mangrove plants' medicinal potentials are less explored, this study sought to qualitatively and quantitatively verify the bioactive components of Shirakiopsis indica fruits methanolic extract (SIF-ME) at the side of its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects followed by in-silico studies. The in-vivo assessments of analgesic activity involved the hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and formalin-induced licking test. The anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed through the human RBC membrane stabilization assay (HRBC), protein denaturation assay, and xylene-induced ear edema methods. Antioxidant potential was implemented by the DPPH scavenging method. The SIF-ME consistently displayed significant anti-nociceptive activity in a dose-dependent pattern (p < 0.05). The maximum analgesic activity was found in the highest dose (200 mg/kg; p < 0.001) in a hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing test 43.47%, and in formalin-induced licking test in both early phase (43.3%; p < 0.01) and late phase (61.84%; p < 0.001%). The extract provided optimal protection against hemolysis (83.41% decrease) at 1000 µg/mL and significantly inhibited protein denaturation (67.34-26.05%) at doses of 1000-62.5 µg/mL. At 200 mg/kg, the extract showed dose-dependent and substantial inhibition (54.07%; p < 0.01) of xylene-induced ear edema. The in-vitro DPPH (IC50 = 469.5 µg/mL) results showed remarkable scavenging activity and concentration-dependent reducing power. The extract demonstrates no acute oral toxicity, as indicated by an LD50 value exceeding 1000 mg/kg body weight. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis was performed which yielded sixty bioactive compounds. In-silico and molecular docking studies revealed favorable pharmacological properties, including good binding affinities and ADME/T profiles. These results support the medicinal use of the plant, which makes it a potential source of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant candidates.

Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Bacopa monnieri L.

Bacopa monnieri L. (Family: Scrophulariaceae), a medicinal herb of Bangladesh, has been used in traditional medicine to increase memory and brain power. The present research was aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of whole plant of B. monnieri. Through phytochemical analysis, two triterpenes, taraxerone and betulinic acid were obtained from B. monnieri. The crude methanol extract of the whole plant of Bacopa monnieri and its petroleum ether, dichloromethane, chloroform and aqueous fractions were screened for determination of several in vitro biological activities. In DPPH assay for antioxidant test, the dichloromethane fraction showed strong DPPH radical quenching activity (IC50 = 3.78 μg/ml). The chloroform fraction exhibited the maximum lethal concentration, LC50 value of 5.5 μg/ml against brine shrimp. In membrane stabilization assay, the crude extract and all solvent fractions revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting hemolysis of RBC induced by both hypotonic solution and heat. In thrombolytic assay, the petroleum ether fraction demonstrated highest thrombolytic activity (39.24%), when compared to the standard streptokinase (64.22%). In antimicrobial screening, the chloroform fraction displayed reasonable activity against most of the tested microorganisms. This study concludes that B. monnieri has potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic activities. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(2): 155-161, 2023 (December)

Phytochemical Studies, Anti-Oxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Properties of Four Medicinal Plants

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder, is characterized by polyarthralgia and joint dysfunction resulting from autoimmune responses that target self-neoepitopes. These attacks lead to the activation of macrophages and other defense cells. By identifying these self-epitopes as biomarkers in RA, researchers have gained valuable insights into the disease’s pathogenesis. Over the years, research has focused on investigating the potential of medicinal plants as antiinflammatory agents. In this study, a hydroethanolic extract of Saraca asoca, Ficus benghalensis, Chenopodium album, and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. Various concentrations of extracts were utilized to assess phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, in-vitro anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The highest scavenging potential was exhibited by Chenopodium album, as assessed by the DPPH assay (90.32 ± 3.2 %) and H2O2 (86.00 ± 1.94 %). Similarly, the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed (92.23 ± 0.83 %) inhibition in membrane stabilization assay, and (91.49 ± 1.03 %) in protein denaturation inhibition capacity. GCMS analysis showed various phytoconstituents in extracts. In order to confirm its therapeutic potential for treating RA, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may be a better drug candidate that needs to be further researched for mechanistic studies.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Lallemantia royleana leaf Extract: Their Bio-Pharmaceutical and catalytic properties

The study of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis based-green methods become more interesting recently due to their low-cost preparation, eco-friendly and non-toxic precursors. The present study approved the ability of the Lallemantia royleana (Benth. in Wall.) Benth. leaf extract for the synthesis of AgNPs for the first time. The synthesized AgNPs were physico-chemical characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, tannin contents, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and cytotoxic activities of L. royleana leaf extract and the synthesized AgNPs were investigated. The biocatalytic activity of prepared AgNPs was assessed on methylene blue as a pollutant organic dye. The TEM examination showed that the synthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical with some mixed shapes and crystalline with average size 34.47 ± 1.6 nm, and showed a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak at 425 nm. The zeta potential value was −24.1 mV indicating the stability of produced AgNPs. The new prepared AgNPs have lower total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, tannin contents than L. royleana leaf extract. In addition, the new prepared AgNPs demonstrated the higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (87 %) and the ABTS radical scavenging activity (77 %) at the maximum prepared concentration of 250 μg mL−1 as compared to the L. royleana leaf extract (62 % and 58 %, respectively). The produced AgNPs also exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity against both the Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and the Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri) bacteria and the Candida strains (Candida glabrata and Candida albicans) as compared to the L. royleana leaf extract. The resulting AgNPs indicated a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect on human red-blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization assay and had more activity (72 %) compared to the L. royleana leaf extract (61 %) at 250 µg mL−1. The prepared AgNPs showed promising in vitro anti-arthritic activity evaluated by 73 % compared to 58 % in case of L. royleana leaf extract. The new produced AgNPs showed the higher cytotoxic effect against the human hepatoma (Hep-G2) and the human breast (MCF-7) cancer cells compared to the L. royleana leaf extract with 79.3 % and 77.2 % at 250 µg/mL, respectively. The obtained results revealed also that the green synthesized AgNPs were capable to catalyze MB dye. Therefore, the obtained results provide a promising route of the green synthesis of AgNPs using L. royleana leaf extract with considerable biopharmaceuticals and catalytic applications.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential and GC-MS profiling of leaf extracts from Clerodendrum infortunatum L.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceClerodendrum infortunatum L. is commonly distributed in tropical and subtropical countries and is widely used in the indigenous systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, and Homeopathy. The plant has important uses in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders which includes asthma, cough, chest complaints, pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, gastric ulcer, cancer, diabetes, skin diseases etc. Aim of the studyRegarding the extensive healing properties of C. infortunatum in folk medicine, we aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant and analyze its bioactive components. Materials and methodsSequential extracts were prepared from C. infortunatum leaves using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were evaluated using membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation assays. Toxicity of the extracts was tested using brine shrimp lethality assay. GC-MS analysis has been carried out to analyze and characterize various bioactive constituents present in the plant. ResultsEach of the tested extracts showed significant (p < 0.05) in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Sequential ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the strongest membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation activities with IC50 values of 331.3, 308.3 and 279.2 μg/mL for heat and hypotonicity induced membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation assays, respectively. Sequential methanol extract also exhibited strong activity in heat and hypotonicity induced membrane stabilization and protein anti-denaturation assays with IC50 values of 371.5, 331.6 and 284.6 μg/mL, respectively. The extracts demonstrated a range of toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality assay with LC50 values of 51.4, 59.7, 47.3, 37.1, 68.1 and 77.3 μg/mL for n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water extracts respectively. The GC-MS analysis of direct n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts detected 32 different compounds. The major compounds (> 5%) were phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, estragole, methyl stearate, lanosterol, 9-methoxybicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-triene, benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) 4 hydroxy methyl ester, 22,23-dibromostigmasterol acetate, 3-methyl-4-(phenylthio)-2-prop-2-enyl-2,5-dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide, benzenemethanol, α-methyl-α-propyl- and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester. ConclusionsThe findings of our study revealed that C. infortunatum is rich with diverse bioactive phytoconstituents and the scientific evidences support the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant.