Membership Policies Research Articles

Neoliberal nationalism and immigration policy

ABSTRACT Contemporary nationalism in the West tends to be understood in ethnic terms and associated with a bottom-up reaction to disliked effects of globalization, in particular migration. But there is also a top-down nationalism that is inherent in states` boundary-policing and – constituting membership policies. This paper draws the contours of a state-level neoliberal nationalism. Its imprint can be found in social policy, citizenship policy, and – the focus of this paper – immigration policy, in particular for the highly-skilled. Neoliberal nationalism combines diversity and meritocracy, and thus a modicum of cultural and economic liberalism. The prefix ‘neo’ flags the refashioning of political community from solidarity-based to contract-based, conditional on individual contribution and strict reciprocity.

An Analysis of Bülent Ecevit’s Policies, Decisions, and Attitudes Towards the European Union Membership Process of Türkiye

This study focuses on the analysis of the EU membership policy of Bülent Ecevit and scrutinized his attitudes through the lens of continuity and change, seeking to trace the imprints of influential factors and dynamics in the decision-making process. In this way, this study contributes to the scholarly literature by not only revealing the limited influence of leaders on Türkiye's EU accession process but also explaining the effects of Ecevit's ideological orientations on the course of Türkiye-EU relations. As a result, it is understood that Ecevit's stance on the EU was shaped by various internal and external factors, such as economic crises in the country, the attitudes of EU leaders, and individual factors such as ideological inclinations. Nevertheless, it is claimed that Ecevit's decisions regarding the EU generally followed the fundamental principles of Turkish foreign policy.

Russian Accounting Society of Mutual Assistance. History of the Academic Society of Accountants

This research deals with the activities of the Russian Accounting Society of Mutual Assistance founded in 1907 in St. Petersburg by a group of accounting teachers led by E. Sievers. We have described the spheres of activity of the society as well as its peculiarities in comparison with other accounting societies at the beginning of the 20th century.
 The article includes the biography of the Society’s founder, Evstafiy Sievers (1852-1917), the Society's structure, membership policy (it was one of the first Russian accounting societies to admit women), scientific activities, including Sievers’ theory of exchange and analysis of publications in the journal “Business Education”, as well as analysis of the society’s influence on the development of accounting in Russia. Links with other Russian accountants’ societies are described. The research results contribute to the history of the development of non-professional accounting societies and to the history of the development of accounting theory and education in Russia.

Permanent Membership: The Prohibition of Citizenship Renunciation

Dual citizenship is often seen as an indication that states are adopting more open membership policies. In some cases, however, dual citizenship is imposed because states lay claim to populations beyond their borders, and prohibit the renunciation of citizenship. This research note presents new data to describe which countries prohibit renunciation. First, we find that some states prohibit renunciation in administrative practice, even though national legal frameworks formally allow renunciation. Roughly one in five states — 38 total — prohibits citizenship renunciation in de facto or de jure terms. Second, prohibitions are regionally clustered in Latin America and the Caribbean (13 countries) and the Middle East and North Africa region (11 countries). Third, among the countries that prohibit renunciation, democracies and authoritarian regimes are fairly balanced (17 democracies vs. 21 autocracies). Fourth, democracies are more likely to formally prohibit renunciation, while autocracies also rely on de facto prohibition through administrative barriers, arbitrary procedures, or a failure to process requests. We connect citizenship prohibitions to diaspora governance, discuss its implications for citizens, and propose avenues for further research.

American Gastroenterological Association Membership Policy Priorities: Building the American Gastroenterological Association Advocacy Agenda

American Gastroenterological Association Membership Policy Priorities: Building the American Gastroenterological Association Advocacy Agenda

Promoting knowledge sharing performance in a knowledge management system: do knowledge workers’ behavior patterns matter?

PurposeThis paper aims to identify the impact of demographical and organizational variables such as age, gender, experiences use of knowledge management system (KMS), education and job level on knowledge sharing (KS) performance of knowledge workers in knowledge activities of a KMS. Specifically, it seeks to explore that is there any relationship between the KS behavior patterns of high KS performance knowledge workers with their performance. Furthermore, this study using its conceptual attitude model aims to show that whether knowledge workers’ behavior patterns in sharing information and knowledge throughout a KMS have any specific effect or not.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposed a framework to mine knowledge workers’ raw data using data mining techniques such as clustering and association rules mining. Also, this research uses a case-based approach to a knowledge-intensive company in Iran that works in the field of information technology with 730 numbers of workers.FindingsFindings suggest that demographical and organizational variables such as age, education and experience use of KMS have positive effects on knowledge worker’s KS behavior in KMSs. In fact, people who have lower age, higher education degrees and more experience use of KMS, have more participation in KS in KMS. Also, results depict that the experienced use of KMS has the most impact on the intention of KS in this KMS. Findings emphasize on the importance of the influence of the behavioral, organizational environments and psychological factors such as reward system, top management support, openness and trust, on KS performance of knowledge workers in the KMS. In fact, according to data, the KMS reward system caused to increasing participation of the users in KS, also in each knowledge activity that top managers participate in, the scores were higher.Practical implicationsThis research helps top managers in designing policies and strategies to improve the participation of knowledge workers in KS and helps human resource managers to improve their membership policies. Also, assist Information Technology (IT) managers to enhance KMSs’ design to leverage with organization strategies in the field of improving KS and encourage people to participate in KMS.Originality/valueThis research has two key values. First, this paper applies a data mining framework to mining and analyzing data and this paper uses actual data of a KMS in a specialist company in Iran, with about 27,740 real data points. Second, this paper investigates the impact of demographical and organizational attributes on KS behavior, which little is empirically known about the impact of demographical variables on KS intention.

THE EFFECT OF E-WOM ON DESTINATION IMAGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS TO THE VISIT INTENTION IN KOMODO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

This study aims to identify the theoretical arguments and hypotheses regarding the interrelationships among the electronic word of mouth (E-WOM), destination image, and tourist attitudes towards the visit intention when the Government has a new membership policy for visiting the Komodo National Park Indonesia. A total of Trip Advisor users, as many 388 online respondents participated in this study. Data were obtained from the online survey using a questionnaire with a Likert Scale. We evaluated the data using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis and employed the Partial Least Square to assess the validity, reliability, and examine the hypothesis. The findings confirm this study reveals that E-WOM is significant in affecting the image destination and tourist attitudes that will affect to the visit intention. This result of this study will contribute to the field of e-commerce marketing, destination branding, tourism destination, and e-tourism research. This study helps tourism organizations in the development and implementation of destination marketing strategies in Indonesia.
 
 Keywords: E-WOM, tourism destination, attitude, visit intention, and Komodo National Park.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPEN MEMBERSHIP POLICY AND LOAN PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED SACCOs IN MERU COUNTY, KENYA

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPEN MEMBERSHIP POLICY AND LOAN PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED SACCOs IN MERU COUNTY, KENYA

Platform-mediated tourism micro-entrepreneurship: implications for community-based tourism in Thailand

本论文旨在分析科技平台对本地社区的作用, 包括降低风险和创造机会, 从而连系了微创业、共享经济、和社区型旅游之间的科研内容。研究设计/方法/途径研究样本包括六个在线平台（两个本地、四个国际）服务于泰国微创业主们。本论文采用系统分析法来比较个中平台之间的细小差别和有利于社区型旅游产业的特点。分析方法为主题分析法。研究结果研究发现了三种不同商业模式, 基于旅游产品、会员制、对目的地社区的贡献等三方面。旅游产品包括定制化旅游路线和私人旅游导游、当地美食体验、工坊、以及其他的当地/社区型活动。最主要的是, 泰国网络平台与泰国政府紧密合作, 以促进旅游微创业。研究原创性/价值本论文解析了在线平台的商业模式和其对社区型旅游产业的作用, 讨论了平台对可持续发展目标的贡献, 因此, 本论文对于旅游微创业、共享经济、和社区型旅游产业的文献做出贡献。

How do resource mobility and group size affect institutional arrangements for rule enforcement? A qualitative comparative analysis of fishing groups in South Korea

Two social feedbacks critical for redressing decline in organizational performance are exit (changing membership to a better performing organization) and voice (members' expression of discontent). In self-governing organizations of common-pool resources (CPRs) experiencing decline from poor rule conformance, the exit option is often unavailable due to a closed membership policy. Thus, members should rely on the voice option to reverse the trend. However, it is poorly understood under what set of conditions members can successfully use the voice option to govern their CPRs. We analyzed 30 self-governing fishing groups in South Korea to generate configurations of institutional and social-ecological conditions linked to the successful voice option. We considered Ostrom's Design Principles for rule enforcement as institutional conditions and resource mobility and group size as social-ecological factors affecting institutional fit. We find that if the informal mechanism for conflict resolution is absent, fishing groups will be unsuccessful; even if rules for monitoring and graduated sanctions are not in use, groups can be successful when they harvest only stationary resources and the informal conflict-resolution is present; and groups managing mobile resources need graduated sanctions to be successful, while those appropriating only stationary resources can achieve the same outcome without such sanctions.

Atypical citizenship regimes: comparing legal and political conceptualizations

Notions, features, and forms of citizenship, understood as legal membership in a state, are changing the world over. While contestations of the monolithic understanding of citizenship generally focus on the content of individuals’ rights and their belonging and participation in social and political institutions, this essay shows that official membership categories that are labeled ‘citizenship’ by state actors vary. Drawing on the experiences of the Overseas Citizenship of India, the British Overseas Citizenship, and Citizenship of the European Union the essay proposes an analytical framework that aims at advancing the comparative study of state membership policies by introducing six key dimensions that policy actors consider when designing citizenship policies. Apart from systematizing the content of citizenship, the framework sheds light on the importance of citizenship terminology, as states employ the label of citizenship and use the status as a vehicle of communication. The essay highlights differences in the construction of special subjects, moral obligations and the exercise of power, analyzes the aspirations of political actors, the political rhetoric, and explores the interplay between tangible rights and intangible narratives. The discussion of the three atypical membership regimes reveals that states operate in grey areas of membership statuses that partly mimic existing forms of state membership and partly push the boundaries of what state membership means. This has significant repercussions for comparative citizenship and democracy theory and the meaning of membership.

Colonies, semi-sovereigns, and great powers: IGO membership debates and the transition of the international system

AbstractHow did the transition from a world of empire to a global international system organised around the sovereign state play out? This article traces the transition over the past two centuries through an examination of membership debates in two prominent intergovernmental organisations (IGOs). IGOs are sites of contestation that play a role in the constitution of the international system. Discussions within IGOs reflect and shape broader international norms, and are one mechanism through which the international system determines questions of membership and attendant rights and obligations. The article reveals that IGO membership policies during this period reflected different compromises between the three competing principles of great power privilege, the ‘standard of civilisation’, and universal sovereign equality. The article contributes to Global IR as it confirms that non-Western agency was crucial in bringing about this transition. States in Africa, Asia, and Latin America championed the adoption of the sovereignty criterion. In this, paradoxically, one of the core constitutional norms of the ‘European’ international system – the principle of sovereign equality – was realised at the hands of non-European actors.

The Brussels guild of painters, goldbeaters, and stained-glass makers, 1599 – 1706: A multi-faceted analysis

Abstract The essay presents a qualitative, quantitative, and online interactive analysis of the register of the Brussels guild of painters, goldbeaters, and stained-glass makers (1599 – 1706), in relation to the online database Cornelia. We develop a sketch of the legal framework; a discussion of the register’s methodological challenges; a bird’s-eye view of the source; a presentation of the method we used to transform the register into a dataset; and an analysis of the aggregate data. In doing so, we obtain a picture of the professional mobility of Brussels painters and their strategies. As one concrete result, the essay disproves the assertion that the Brussels guild pursued an overly rigid and exclusive membership policy; instead, it dealt pragmatically with the rules to ensure the continuity of the guild.

Global financial regulation in the “New International Economic Order”

PurposeIn 1974, the UN General Assembly adopted a landmark resolution proclaiming the establishment of a New International Economic Order. One of the basic aims of this declaration was to enhance the voice and participation of developing countries in the international economic decision-making process based on norms of equitable governance. More than four decades have passed since its adoption. This paper aims to reflect on the past 43 years of the global financial regulatory system in light of the notion of equitable governance as envisioned by the “New International Economic Order”.Design/methodology/approachThis paper surveys the global financial regulatory system from the vantage point of equitable economic governance. This discussion covers the period that comes after the 1974 UN landmark resolutions that declare the establishment of a “New International Economic Order”. The authors use qualitative and quantitative approach in this study. They use descriptive statistics and intuitive discussions of certain cases to carry the objective of the paper forward.FindingsFirst, part of the development in global financial regulation manifests the establishment of informal networks that embark on global regulatory issues, while being very exclusive in their membership policies. Second, the lack of full and effective participation of developing countries in the decision-making and norm setting remains unsolved in the global financial regulatory system. Third, the shadow role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund was of great significance in assisting the implementation of non-binding regulatory rules of international finance in developing countries despite the concerns of legitimacy and equity in the making of international standards. In sum, the global financial regulatory system that emerged in the past four decades is quite different from that aspired by the NIEO.Originality/valueThe declaration of NIEO coincides with the collapse of the Bretton Wood’s fixed exchange rate which in turn leads to the emergence of a new financial system and regulatory development. This period marked the proliferation of informal networks that make policy recommendations or non-binding rules with global implications. As far as the literature review goes far, this paper is the first to survey the post Bretton Wood’s period of the global financial regulatory architecture based on the tenets of the “New International Economic Order”.

Comparing Urban Citizenship, Sanctuary Cities, Local Bureaucratic Membership, and Regularizations

AbstractIrregular migrants tend to live in dense urban settings. Cities respond to this phenomenon with a variety of urban immigration and citizenship policies in support of irregular migrants. These urban policies produce a disparity between local inclusion and national exclusion. This article describes and compares such urban policies, namely, urban citizenship, sanctuary cities, local bureaucratic membership, and regularizations. Urban citizenship serves as the normative foundation of these policies because it claims membership for all people who inhabit a city. Regularization programs confer national residency status on irregular migrants. Pro‐immigration actors favor this policy; however, when regularizations are not possible, cities can turn to sanctuary city and local bureaucratic membership policies. It is important for practitioners to comprehend and engage with these types of urban policies since they are likely to travel to cities worldwide.

Reaching a New Balance in Freedom of Association: The Goods Approach

Establishing a better balance in questions of discrimination by associations is an urgent task to realize a well-functioning, truly inclusive pluralist society. While associations continue to claim exceptions from anti-discrimination law, membership in voluntary private associations can provide access to goods that might considerably influence life chances. Restrictive membership policies may thus conflict with anti-discrimination efforts of the liberal democratic state. Upon critical examination, I find that neither the current U.S. Supreme Court approach that protects a group’s explicit message, nor the alternative approach that would shield all predominantly expressive groups, adequately protects the important liberty, equality, and democracy interests at stake. I therefore propose a goods approach that develops a more sophisticated conceptualization of associational goods by devising three parameters to operationalize the harm caused by exclusion: their materiality, availability, and valence. This avoids the stark dichotomy between extensive protection and intrusive regulation of associations by introducing the option of decoupling goods from membership, thereby offering a new logic for balance that allows all citizens a sufficient set of opportunities while not unduly restricting associational freedom of expression.

Spazi mediali delle migrazioni. Framing e rappresentazioni del confine nell’informazione italiana

Abstract – Media play a central role in the process of symbolic and social construction of reality; the news trace the outlines of the spaces defining the identities – who is in , the belonging, who is the other , as well as the explanatory dimensions and the attributions of responsibility that prelude the formation of public policies – what happens and what should be done . In the decades-long experience of Italy and other advanced countries, this role is particularly evident in the representation of migratory phenomena. Many researches, over the years, have investigated the ability or (more often) the inability of journalism to read the complexity of this phenomenon, providing a panorama drawn by some consolidated frames, a repertoire of recurring images, iconic representations of the foreigner, of the ‘evil’, of the ‘enemy’ and of the ‘different’. Given the diversification of situations, events, political-institutional frameworks, this landscape maintains consistency in the construction of a discursive space that regenerates national and community membership and legitimate policies of exclusion. Adopting a sociological perspective on communication and media studies, the contribution explores the contours of this cultural horizon through data and case histories from empirical paths and the international literature on the subject. Our conclusion is that there are three prevalent frames – ‘security’, ‘crisis’, ‘pietistic’ – in which iconic, linguistic and metaphorical apparatuses define the most common interpretative keys in the journalistic representation of the migratory phenomenon.

Gewerkschaftliche Mitgliederpolitik: Schlüssel für eine starke Sozialpartnerschaft

German trade unions have suffered for decades from declining membership, representation gaps and problems enforcing strong collective bargaining. The article analyses the pattern of union membership in an international comparison and discusses new approaches towards trade union membership policies. It thereby focuses on systematic approaches of organising strategies in the metal sector and the increasing use of membership surveys in order to establish members’ preferences and strengthen the legitimacy of trade union strategies in collective bargaining.

Ensuring and Improving Information Quality for Earth Science Data and Products

Information about quality is always of concern to users, whether they are buying a car or some other consumer goods, or using scientific data for research or an application. To facilitate consistent quality evaluation and description of quality information on data products for the Earth Science community, we formally introduce and define four constituents of information quality — scientific, product, stewardship and service. As requirements to ensure and improve information quality increase across government, industry and academia, there have been considerable efforts toward improving information quality during the last decade. Given this background, the Information Quality Cluster (IQC) of the Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) has been active with membership from multiple organizations, participating voluntarily on a best-effort basis. This paper summarizes existing efforts on information quality with emphasis on Earth science data and outlines the current development and evaluation of relevant use cases. The IQC, with its open membership policy, is well positioned to bring together people from various disciplines and iteratively address the relevant challenges and needs of the Earth science data community. Moving forward, the IQC pledges to continue facilitating the development and implementation of data quality standards and best practices for the international Earth science community.

Are Your Membership Policies Adequate?

Are Your Membership Policies Adequate?