Tasks Of Members Research Articles

Do we agree on who is playing the ball? Developing a video-based measurement for Shared Mental Models in tennis doubles.

Sport teams work in complex environments in which each member's tasks are mutually dependent on those of the others. To function effectively, expert teams generate Shared Mental Models (SMMs) to help adapt their own behavior to that of the others and master upcoming actions. Although SMMs have been discussed in domains such as organizations, there is still little research in the context of sport. One reason for this is that measurement methods have failed to incorporate the dynamic nature of the sport context. This study reports on the development of a video-based measurement of SMMs in tennis doubles. It examined the quality criteria first in a pilot and then in a main study. The final video-based measurement consists of 35 tennis doubles video clips requiring decisions on ball-taking behavior in two conditions (Self and Partner). In the condition Self, participants reported their own responses; in the condition Partner, those of their partner. The main study analyzed 29 male tennis teams with a mean age of 34.57 years (SD = 12.25) and a mean of 22.79 years (SD = 10.49) tennis experience. SMMs were analyzed for each partner as the inter-player agreement (Self-Partner) and averaged for each team. After completing the video-based measurement, participants filled out questionnaires on SMMs, team trust, and demographics. Results indicated that not only the split-half reliability (r = .49), the content validity (ηp2 = .23), the inter-player agreement (r = .63), and the inter-player agreement and accuracy (r = .61), but also the feasibility of the measurement were good. However, no relationships to the proposed convergent or criterial validity measures were found. In sum, measuring SMMs with a video-based test is possible and a promising method. No relationship to the frequently used questionnaires was found, suggesting that the two target different parts of SMMs. Future research should carefully examine and choose the appropriate measurement.

Kompetensi Anggota DPRD Dalam Mendukung Fungsi Pengawasan Terhadap Pemerintah Daerah

Political decentralization has the consequence of placing the Regional Representative Council (DPRD) in an equal position with the regional head in the administration of regional government. Strengthening the DPRD's institutional function is realized in the Legislation, Budgeting and Controling as the functions of repsentative institusion in the central level. However, The council is considered unable to carry out its functions properly including carrying out the oversight function of planning, implementing activities and local government programs. Based on these conditions, the researchers conducted a competency study of DPRD members in tracking the supervisory function in Gresik Regency. The results, showed that the supervisory process and mechanism carried out by the DPRD had not led to 4 basic stages of supervision; a) Establish standards, b). Measurement performance, c). Comparable performance agains standars and d) Consider correction action. It’s still not done systematically, so the implementation of supervision of the council in Gresik which is translated into commission board still considered sporadic and partial activities. The commission oversight agenda summarized in the work meeting activities, public hearings and work visits of each commission has not yet become an integral activity of a monitoring process. The conclusion, there are gaps between the critical competencies of councill’s members about functions as members of representative institutions. The gap is related to the vision, mission, insights and technical conceptions of each member's task in the field. Supervision task carried out by the Gresik’s council is not systematic and seems sporadic.

Robotic Emergencies: Are You Prepared for a Disaster?

The surgical robot is a complex tool that surgeons use to perform a variety of minimally invasive procedures. Perioperative nurses play a vital role in patient care when the surgical robot is in use; a key goal is to ensure optimal patient safety while using this complex, innovative technology. Robotics proficiency requires extensive and continuous education for all members of the perioperative team. Successful robotics programs should employ focused initiatives and a multidisciplinary approach for the prevention and management of robotic emergencies. To facilitate the appropriate response and minimize patient harm, members of the surgical team should be aware of their expected roles and responsibilities. The robotics program should have specific procedures and protocols, such as a critical event checklist and an emergent conversion-to-open procedure checklist that define each surgical team member's task during an emergency, and robust ongoing education, skills review, and competency validation for robotics team members.

Relational trustworthiness: How status affects intra-organizational inequality in job autonomy

Recent accounts of trustworthiness have moved away from treating it as a stable, individual-level attribute toward viewing it as a variable situated in a relational context, but have not been formalized or supported empirically. We extend status characteristics theory (SCT) to develop formal propositions about relational trustworthiness. We posit that members of task- and collectively oriented groups (non-consciously) infer three qualities from their relative status that are commonly used to determine an individual’s trustworthiness: ability, benevolence, and integrity. We apply our formalization to clarify ambiguities regarding intra-organizational job autonomy inequality, thereby linking SCT to broader disparities rooted in job autonomy. We analyze data from a vignette experiment and the General Social Survey to test incrementally how well our propositions generalize across different settings and populations. Results generally support our proposed links between status and intra-organizational job autonomy. We discuss implications for SCT in understanding broader patterns of inequalities.

The relationships among asymmetry in task dependence, perceived helping behavior, and trust.

Social relations analyses involving 132 working relationships among 60 individuals from 29 teams revealed that an increase in a team member's task dependence on another team member was associated with higher levels of perceived help from and interpersonal trust in that specific team member, provided the other member was highly task dependent on the focal member. The degree to which an actor perceived a relationship with a partner to be helpful partially mediated the relationship between task dependence and trust. These findings highlight the importance of attending to asymmetries in task dependence and provide valuable insights into mechanisms that can explain the development of trust in organizational work teams.

Negotiation Support for Multi-Party Resource Allocation: Developing Recommendation for Decreasing Transportation-Related Air Pollution in Budapest

Decisions about how to allocate scarce resources among potential programs are common sources of conflict in both public and private life. This paper describes a case in which negotiation support was provided for a five-member task force trying to reach agreement about how to allocate limited resources among programs designed to improve the air quality in Budapest, Hungary. The intervention consisted of a series of facilitated decision conferences, plus individual interviews. The task force eventually reached agreement about a recommended package of 15 air quality management programs costing 1,500 million Hungarian forints. The research makes four significant contributions. First, it demonstrated that resource allocation models provide a useful framework for understanding and facilitating multi-party negotiation processes. Second, because resource allocation models were elicited individually for each group member before building a single group model, it was possible to analyze the five-dimensional feasible settlement space (i.e., the joint distribution of benefits for each task member for all possible resource allocation packages). Third, several innovative applications of analytical techniques (i.e., Pareto-efficiency analyses, numerical and graphical analyses of feasible settlement spaces and efficient frontiers, and analyses of task force members' investment progressions) served to improve understanding of disagreements within the group and to evaluate the quality of potential resource allocation packages. Fourth, changes in individual preferences and group agreement were assessed over time. Group members appeared to change substantially and their level of agreement to increase markedly over time.