Sports Club Members Research Articles

What Benefits Does Local Sports Club Membership Confer On Community-Dwelling Older People In Ireland?

Abstract Background There is a strong culture of sports club membership amongst older people in Ireland. It has been suggested that this confers health benefits due to increased physical activity and social connection, but studies examining this are currently lacking. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the relationship of sports club membership with markers of health and well-being in a large population-representative cohort of older people. Methods Over 3,500 participants ≥65 years at Wave 5 (mean 74 years, 54% female) of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing were included. Sports club membership (GAA, soccer, rugby, tennis, golf) was elicited by self-report. Depressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale), loneliness (UCLA Scale), and quality of life (Control Autonomy Self-Realization Please Scale) were assessed with internationally validated scales. Physical Activity was by self-report and mobility impairment was defined as Timed-Up-and-Go≥14s. The associations between sports club membership and these outcomes were assessed with regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, polypharmacy, chronic disease burden and heart disease. Results One fifth (708/3,510) of participants were a member of a local sports club. Sports club membership was associated with lower rates of depressive symptoms (Odds ratio 0.51 (95% CI 0.34,0.75)), lower levels of loneliness (Beta = -0.28 (95% CI -0.46, -0.10)) and better quality of life (Beta= 0.93 (95% CI 0.49,1.38)) in fully-adjusted models. Sports club members spent more days doing moderate physical activity per week (2.0 (95% CI 1.85,2.21) vs 1.64 (95% CI 1.54,1.73); p<0.001) and had lower likelihood of mobility impairment (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.49 (95% CI 0.36,0.68)). Conclusion Sports Club Membership is prevalent amongst community-dwelling older people in Ireland and is associated with lower rates of loneliness, depressive symptoms and mobility impairment, and better quality of life. Older sports club members should be encouraged to maintain this activity where feasible.

The Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Capital on Exercise Passion and Participation Satisfaction in Leisure Sports Club Members

The Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Capital on Exercise Passion and Participation Satisfaction in Leisure Sports Club Members

Determinants of Engagement in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Club Sports among University Students: A Large-Scale Study.

Various socio-demographic, environmental, and lifestyle-related factors have been reported to be associated with physical activity (PA) habits. However, there exist insufficient data comparing different forms of engagement in PA, sports, and exercise. This study aimed to investigate potential factors associated with the engagement in leisure-time PA (LPA) and club sports (CSs) in a large sample of college/university students. This Austria-wide study followed a cross-sectional design with a final sample of 4508 participants (mean age: 24.9 years; 65.9% female) from 52 Austrian colleges/universities. A standardized survey was used to collect data on demographics, anthropometric characteristics, and a wide range of health-related lifestyle factors, including patterns of PA and underlying motivations for PA engagement as well as details of dietary habits, sleep routines, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared, logistic regression, and MANCOVA were used for data analysis. Across the entire sample, 85.7% of participants reported regular participation in LPA, including 22.5% who were active members of sports clubs. Of the 36 potential motives listed in the questionnaire, "maintaining physical health", "feeling good", and "refreshing the mind" were the most commonly reported factors motivating students to engage in either LPA or CSs. Ten socio-demographic, dietary, or lifestyle factors were identified as predictors of CSs participation (p < 0.01), whereas only two variables (specifically sleep-related factors) were identified as predictors of LPA participation (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of considering the type of PA and sport participation and the associated determinants when designing tailored strategies to promote an active lifestyle.

The Sportsman Ship Orientation of Generation Z

In the research, it is purposed to analyze the sportsmanship orientation of the Z generation individuals born between 2000-2004 in terms of some variables. This research is a study that aims to examine some demographic characteristics (gender, age, sports club membership, regular exercise) and sportsmanship orientation of the Z generation individuals born between 2000-2004. The sample of the study consists of 233 Z generation individuals, 115 female and 118 men. As it is a means of collected information in the research; Developed by Vallerand, Briere, Blanchart and Provencher (1997), the original Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale (MSOS) and the Turkish adaptation of Gülfem Sezen Balçıkanlı (2010) was applied. The obtained data were examined by using the SPSS 22 package program. Percentage, frequency and mean values were used in the descriptive analyzes of the demographic characteristics of the participants in our study. “T-Test” was used for samples in the analysis of paired groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used in the comparative analysis of three or more groups, and Post-Hoc tests were used to determine which groups the differences originated from. As a result of the tests, it was seen that the sportsmanship orientation of the Z generation individuals born between the years 2000-2004 was at the "Medium" (79,36) level. In the base dimensions of "conforming to social norms, obedience to rules and management and showing respect for the other competitors", "Medium" sportsmanship orientations of the Z generation individuals were observed, and "High" level of sportsmanship orientation was observed in the "responsibility in sports" sub-dimension.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN OPTIMIZING AND AUTOMATING MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES IN OLYMPIC AND PROFESSIONAL SPORTS

In the given scientific inquiry, the problem of utilizing artificial intelligence tools for optimizing and automating management processes in professional and Olympic sports management is examined. Considering the realities, managers of sports clubs, public organizations, and professional sports associations often juggle coaching and managerial duties, leading to compromised task execution due to time constraints and excessive paperwork. It has been identified that managerial work demands continuous education and enhancement of personnel management skills, encompassing not only quality control of duties performed by sports association or club members, but also personnel selection, adaptation, training, initiation, and implementation of cutting-edge technologies and work methods. A significant portion of these tasks can be delegated to artificial intelligence processing, which, when properly utilized, can alleviate managers from 60% of paper and routine work, resulting in even more precise and thorough automation. Consequently, managers would have more time to focus on managerial tasks requiring indispensable human qualities, experiential wisdom, and interpersonal communication. This approach is particularly pertinent to sports management, as sports managers are the professionals who amalgamate professional work skills with athletes, coaches, parents, governmental representatives, and investors. The invaluable experience and expertise of sports managers significantly influence the development and deepening of Ukrainian and global sports. By characterizing methods of utilizing artificial intelligence tools in professional and Olympic sports management processes, strategies for optimization in sports management were examined to analyze and identify ways to enhance working conditions for sports managers, especially in professional and Olympic sports. The objective is to create conditions for the development of domestic and international sports, optimizing the performance of coaches and personnel in sports associations and public organizations.

The Effect of Applying Business Incubators on Enhancing the Innovative Performance of Investment and Privatization Projects in Saudi Sports Clubs

The importance of the new business systems that work on developing the concept of institutional support for the new projects has emerged. Within this context, business incubators are considered one of the most effective and successful systems in implementing development programs and supporting creativity and innovation. Therefore, business incubators have become on the list of development priorities and the formation of new projects. The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of applying business incubators on enhancing the innovative performance of investment and privatization projects in Saudi sports clubs, to achieve the objective of the study, the descriptive approach (survey study method) was used. Some officials of the Ministry of Sports, chairmen and members of sports club councils, executive directors, activity managers, financial managers, and members of various committees participated in the study. The study population categories were used to select the study sample intentionally. Two questionnaires were used to obtain data from (430) participants in the study. The results showed that there is an effect of applying business incubators on enhancing the innovative performance of investment and privatization projects in Saudi sports clubs. Business incubators can be applied to support the innovative performance of investment and privatization projects in sports clubs. However, the study also highlighted challenges and barriers faced by business incubators in the Saudi sports sector, such as a lack of awareness, insufficient logistical support, limited resources, and a shortage of skilled individuals. The absence of regulations governing incubator operations further hampers their progress. The study also provides insight into the implications of the application of business incubators to enhance innovative performance and future directions.

The impact of subjective consumer knowledge on consumer behavioral loyalty through psychological involvement and perceived service quality: sports clubs

PurposeThe study advances an enhanced model encompassing psychological involvement, denoted as the psychological continuum model (PCM) and perceived customer service quality as intermediaries in the association between subjective customer knowledge (SCK) and behavioral loyalty. The purpose of this study is to assess the mediating role of psychological engagement and consumers' perceived service quality in the relationship between SCK and behavioral loyalty among members of nonprofit sports service organizations. Additionally, the study aims to examine the impact of membership duration on the relationship between consumer knowledge and behavioral loyalty.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a quantitative research design, and primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 527 members of nonprofit Chinese sports clubs who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed to measure all constructs in the intended research model. The suitability of the measurement model was analyzed by performing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data using AMOS-24.FindingsThe results of the overall direct effect indicate a significant influence of subjective knowledge on perceived service quality, perceived service quality significantly and positively influences psychological engagement; psychological engagement was found to be an important predictor of consumer behavioral loyalty.Originality/valueThe results offer information for nonprofit sports club (NPSC) managers who seek to increase the attractiveness and retention of their clubs' members by establishing the importance of subjective consumer knowledge.

Basic motor competencies of kindergarten children: Differences in sex, age, sport club membership, and physical activity in everyday life

Introduction&#x0D; The kindergarten age (four to six years) is considered to be a central phase of motor development, as basic motor competencies (BMC) are formed here. The development of BMC is crucial for participating in physical activities (PA) and sport, which in turn supports the development of a healthy lifestyle. Two domains of competence can be distinguished: the competence domain of object-movement includes tasks related to handling balls and the competence domain of self-movement includes movements of one's own body (Herrmann et al., 2022).&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; The BMC of N = 44 children (aged M = 58.1 months, SD = 7.9, 54.5% boys) were assessed in Hamburg, Germany, using the MOBAK-KG instrument (Herrmann et al., 2020). The children’s sport club membership and PA were recorded from the parents’ questionnaire. Data was analyzed using t-tests.&#x0D; Results Boys achieved higher scores in object-movement (p = .047, d = .62), whereas there were no significant differences between boys and girls in self-movement. Older children (60-67 months) performed significantly better in both domains (self-movement: p = .024, d = .72; object-movement: p &lt; .001, d = 1.48) than the younger cohort (39-59 months). More than half of the children are physically active for at least half an hour on three days or less per week. Children who engage in PA for at least half an hour on four or more days a week achieved significantly better results in self-movement (p = .025, d = .72) but not in object-movement. Significant differences were also found between BMC and sport club membership in both domains (self-movement: p = .009, d = .84; object-movement: p = .004, d = .94) in favor of the children who are members of a sport club, with boys being in sport clubs more often than girls.&#x0D; Discussion/Conclusion&#x0D; A high level of BMC seems to enable children to take part in sports activities even in the kindergarten age. Boys already showed higher performance in handling balls in that age. The higher scores in both domains in favor of the older cohort indicate that the BMC of kindergarten children must always be interpreted in an age-specific manner. PA can be seen as an important factor in promoting self-movement. However, it should be noted that the information on PA is based on the subjective assessments of the parents, who might be biased. Participation in sport clubs is, however, relatively selective and depends on various factors, such as the social environment. Therefore, it is important to provide PA time in kindergarten. This study is the first in Germany which reproduces results from the Swiss context and refers to the validity of the MOBAK-KG instrument across cultures.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Herrmann, C., Bretz, K., Kühnis, J., Seelig, H., Keller, R., Storni, S., Voisard, N., Rossi, F., &amp; Ferrari, I. (2022). Monitoring motorischer Basiskompetenzen von Kindergartenkindern in der Schweiz. Abschlussbericht MOBAK-Monitoring 2021 [Monitoring the basic motor skills of kindergarten children in Switzerland. Final report MOBAK-Monitoring 2021] Zürich: Pädagogische Hochschule Zürich. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6380396&#x0D; Herrmann, C., Ferrari, I., Wälti, M., Wacker, S., &amp; Kühnis, J. (2020). MOBAK-KG: Motorische Basiskompetenzen im Kindergarten. Testmanual [MOBAK-KG: Basic motor skills in kindergarten. Test manual] (3rd ed.). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774435

What makes national sport federations consider environmental sustainability? A conceptual framework on the agenda setting process based on a multiple case study

Introduction&#x0D; In Europe, more than 60 million people practice sport in a club. Through the consumption behaviour of this large number of sport club members, organised sport not only has positive impacts, but can be deleterious to the environment, for example through travel behaviour or the destruction of natural habitats caused by sport activities and required infrastructure (McCullough et al., 2020). National sport federations, which represent sport clubs and engage in sport policy issues, could be crucial when it comes to taking measures concerning the environmental sustainability of and through organised sport. However, sport federations are traditionally committed to the interests of their members and sport as their core business (Thiel &amp; Mayer, 2009). Therefore, this study addresses the extent to which environmental policies are set on agendas in national sport federations and which drivers are relevant for the agenda setting of such policies.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; To gain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of these questions, we conducted an explorative qualitative multiple case study with eight Swiss sport federations. To investigate the agenda-setting process in sport organisations, we employed the multiple streams approach by Kingdon (1984).&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The developed conceptual framework shows that whereas nature conservation policies were primarily driven by national regulations, climate protection policies were pushed by engaged functionaries of the federations. Functional issues (as opposed to normative arguments), sponsor and member interests, practices of other federations and societal developments could further facilitate or impede the agenda setting of all types of environmental policies.&#x0D; Discussion/Conclusion&#x0D; This study provides valuable insights into the drivers of the agenda setting of environmental policies in national sport federations. Furthermore, it outlines the fit and limitations of the multiple streams approach according to Kingdon (1984) to explain agenda setting processes in national sport federations and extends it by external factors to gain a more holistic perspective of the phenomenon. Understanding drivers in the agenda setting of environmental policies in national sport federations is especially important because it is a prerequisite for the subsequent decision making and implementation of such policies and can help to shape the response of the organised sport to environmental challenges.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Little Brown and Co.&#x0D; McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., &amp; Watanabe, N. M. (2020). Measuring externalities: The imperative next step to sustainability assessment in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0254&#x0D; Thiel, A., &amp; Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744

Relationship between school sports club membership and depressive symptoms among new recruits of the Japan Self-Defense Force: A longitudinal study

Relationship between school sports club membership and depressive symptoms among new recruits of the Japan Self-Defense Force: A longitudinal study

The contribution of serious leisure qualities to passion in the context of collegiate sport club participation

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the relationship between dimensions of collegiate sport club experiences and the development of harmonious and obsessive passions. A measure of serious leisure qualities was employed to assess members’ systematic pursuit with both the sporting and social facets of clubs. Dual passions signify contrasting psychological inclinations arising from optimal and excessive engagement, respectively. Online surveys were administered to collegiate sport club members from two universities. Completed responses from 145 individuals were included for analysis. Regression models revealed that identification and personal rewards facilitated harmonious passion. Notably, no serious leisure qualities fostered obsessive passion, but weekly practice hours did. Our results suggest that club members’ development of their identities and meanings to clubs are crucial to foster an optimal club experience. This finding adds knowledge to recent literature concerning club factors and mechanisms enhancing personal development and successful club operations. Moreover, the exploration of obsessive passion also underscores the needs to further examine the factors that drive members to overly engage in sport clubs. Future research utilising the concept of dual passions can help elucidate the psychological processes club members undergo in balancing their club commitments with other aspects of their lives.

Research of improving the satisfaction of sports club members and the model of optimizing operation efficiency

Research of improving the satisfaction of sports club members and the model of optimizing operation efficiency

The Effect of the sports club members PANAS of Psychological skills and impact on tenacity to win

The Effect of the sports club members PANAS of Psychological skills and impact on tenacity to win

Population trajectories and age-dependent associations of obesity risk factors with body mass index from childhood to adolescence across European regions: A two-cohort study.

To investigate population trajectories of behavioural risk factors of obesity from childhood to adolescence and their associations with body mass index (BMI) in children across European regions. Data were harmonised between the European multi-centre IDEFICS/I.Family and the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development Cohort. Participants were aged 2.0-9.9 and 5.0-7.5 years at baseline, respectively, and were followed until age 18 years. Behavioural risk factors of interest included diet, physical activity, media use and sleep. Mixed effects models were used for statistical analyses to account for repeated measurements taken from the same child. The study included a total of 14 328 individuals: 4114, 4582, 3220 and 2412 participants from Northern, Southern, Eastern Europe and Amsterdam, respectively. Risk factor means and prevalences changed with age, but the trajectories were mostly similar across regions. Almost no associations between behavioural factors and BMI were found at the age of 6 years. At 11 years, daily sugar-sweetened foods consumption, use of active transport, sports club membership and longer nocturnal sleep duration were negatively associated with BMI in most regions; positive associations were found with media use. Most associations at 11 years of age persisted to 15 years. Whilst population trajectories of media use and nocturnal sleep duration are similar across European regions, those of other behavioural risk factors like active transport and daily vegetable consumption differ. Also, associations between behavioural risk factors and BMI become stronger with age and show similar patterns across regions.

Alcohol and masculinity within community sports clubs in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT Traditionally, males have been more involved in community sports, and they also consume alcohol at higher rates compared to other genders in Aotearoa NZ. The present study drew on notions of gender and hegemonic masculinity to explore people's experiences of sports clubs, alcohol and masculinity. In-depth individual interviews were undertaken with 12 participants (10 males, 2 females, aged 23–56), who belonged to a range of sports clubs. Following transcription, the data were analysed thematically, and three key themes were identified: (1) pervasiveness: alcohol is everywhere; (2) masculine behaviours dominate; (3) feeling alienated. Findings reinforce how hegemonic masculinity and alcohol consumption remain pervasive within many community sports settings. This impacts on feelings of belonging and views on what constitutes appropriate behaviours. Those who do not belong to the dominant group, or conform to the status quo, are subordinated and formal hierarchies continue to favour dominant groups. Harmful behaviours linked with hegemonic masculinity were also exacerbated by alcohol consumption. Findings are considered in terms of how to change power dynamics and drinking practices perpetuated by hegemonic masculine norms to promote a more inclusive and safer space for all members of community sports clubs.

Gender stereotypes and their correlates: the moderating role of voluntary sports club membership.

This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly have the opportunity to meet and play sport with such people, for example in a voluntary sports club. Survey data from the European Values Study are used for the analysis (n = 36,185; 30 countries). Gender stereotypes are measured with statements on gender role attributes. Regression results show that membership in a voluntary sports club, being a student, income, and living in a more gender equal country significantly reduce gender stereotypes. On the contrary, male gender, living in a partnership, having children, lower and medium education, part-time employment, self-employment, unemployment, being a home maker, and living in a small town are correlates of higher gender stereotypes. Interacting the latter correlates with sports club membership support its moderating effect in the sense that most correlates turn insignificant or have smaller coefficients. The only variables retaining their coefficient size are self-employment and living in a small town. The findings support the contact hypothesis and suggest that sports clubs are places that lessen gender stereotypes.

Assessment of physical capacity level in recreational athletes

Introduction: In the majority of the available source materials, research on the level of physical capacity of athletes concerns members of sports clubs and national teams, in a word, professional athletes. Does this mean that such research should not be conducted on recreational athletes? Of course not. The main aim of this article was to assess physical capacity (based on VO2max) in recreationally active people from the Podkarpackie region of Poland. The authors intended to determine whether practicing recreational sports without adequate technical facilities and staff influenced the course of their training and achievements.Material and Methods: The study involved 413 participants (body height 174.5 9.5 cm; body weight 73.4 20.3 kg) aged 18-60 years. Each participant followed the same treadmill test protocol and completed a questionnaire survey related to the number of injuries sustained. To determine the level of fitness, AT (VT1), RCP (VT2), VO2peak, and HRmax were determined during the study.Results: Based on the Powers and Howley classification, almost 50% of the participants were classified in the subgroup with the highest possible peak oxygen uptake (41.4%). More than one in four participants had a peak oxygen uptake at a very good level (28.3%), nearly one in five at good (18.9%), while more than one in ten reached an average (9.4%), low (1.5%), or very low (0.5%) levels. Individuals with multiple injuries achieved significantly higher scores on average in contrast to those without injuries (p=0.004).Conclusions: Physically active people have a high above-normal level of physical capacity, despite the recreational form of their sport. The study showed the importance of research on physically active people not only in the context of fitness. This group includes outstanding individuals achieving high performance similar to professional athletes.

Relation between athletic club affiliation from school age and future serum free testosterone levels in Japan: A cross-sectional study.

Testosterone deficiency is often related to geriatric syndrome including erectile dysfunction, osteo-porosis, depression, cognitive impairment, cardiovascular diseases and frailty. Despite the existence of many studies on short-term exercise and serum testosterone levels, few research have focused on exercise habits from young age and testosterone values in middle-aged male. In this study, we investigated whether belonging to an athletic club from school age could predict serum-free testosterone (FT) levels. The subjects were 1609 middle-aged male outpatients aged 40 years or older (median: 61 years, interquartile range: 54-69) who visited our hospital. Participants had their FT values measured in the morning hours during the period from December 2007 to June 2009. A questionnaire survey on exercise habits was conducted at the same time as the measurements. The exercise habit questionnaire was created based on whether the patients belonged to an athletic club in (a) elementary school, (b) junior high school, (c) high school, (d) college, (e) adult life, and (f) at the time of the test. There was only one positive response to the questionnaire among 456 patients (28% of total), followed by zero for 358 patients (22% of total). The number of patients with low-testosterone levels (FT < 8.5 pg/mL) according to the Japanese diagnostic criteria for late-onset of hypogonadism was 839 (52.1%). In multivariate analysis, it was shown that with low-testosterone levels (FT < 8.5 pg/mL), age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.065, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.052-1.079; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR: 3.489, 95% CI: 2.728-4.462; p < 0.001), type-2 diabetes (OR: 3.035, 95% CI: 2.296-4.01; p < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (OR: 2.039, 95% CI: 1.558-2.668; p < 0.001) were risk factors, and more than two positive responses to the questionnaire (OR: 0.886, 95% CI: 0.802-0.980; p = 0.018) were also a significant independent factor. A sports club membership during school years may affect future testosterone levels.

Environmental attitudes among Europeans: the moderating effects of volunteering and sports club membership

Environmental attitudes among Europeans: the moderating effects of volunteering and sports club membership

A glimpse of academic staff health behavior on diet type and physical activity at Austrian universities: first findings from the "Sustainably Healthy - From Science 2 Highschool & University" study.

The association between lifestyle and health status highlights the importance of assessing health-related behavior in different populations. This multidisciplinary study aimed to examine the health behavior of academic staff of Austrian colleges and universities, with a specific focus on diet types (vegan, vegetarian, omnivorous) and physical activity (PA) reports. Following a cross-sectional study design incorporating an online survey, a sample of 1,041 academics from 52 institutes (mean age: 46.4 years) provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, PA behavior, and other lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, etc.). The prevalence of vegetarian and vegan diets was 13.2 and 2.0%, respectively, and 33.2% of participants had excess body weight (BMI ≥ 25). The majority of participants (88.5%) reported regularly engaging in leisure-time PA, but 18.6% were active members of sports clubs. No difference between females and males was observed in diet type and the type of sport participation (p > 0.05). Participants with a mixed diet had a higher BMI than vegetarians and vegans (p < 0.05). Leisure-time PA participation was associated with more frequent fruit and vegetable intake (p < 0.05). The prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake was 13.1 and 73.5%, respectively, without any difference between dietary or sports participation subgroups (p > 0.05). The present study provides an overview of the social trends in vegan and vegetarian diets linked to health behaviors in tertiary educational settings. Findings can be used by health scientists, decision-makers, and multipliers in health and education to improve public health.