Members Of Other Minority Groups Research Articles

Black People Narrate Inequalities in Healthcare Systems that Hinder COVID-19 Vaccination: Evidence from the USA and the UK.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency. As a novel condition, there is no known definitive treatment for the condition, except for the use of vaccines as a control measure. In the literature, the issue of inequalities in healthcare systems has been documented as a hindrance to COVID-19 vaccination; however, the specific inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder COVID-19 vaccination are poorly understood. Guided by the fundamental cause theory (FCT), this study aims to address this gap among Black people, a minority group vulnerable to inequalities in healthcare systems. Thirty-five Black people (age range = 21-58 years) residing in either the United States of America (USA) or the United Kingdom (UK) participated in this study. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed using thematic analysis. Most USA participants and a few UK participants narrated that no inequalities in healthcare systems hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Contrarily, most UK participants and a few USA participants narrated inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. These are mistrust of the healthcare system, health policies regarding COVID-19 vaccination, historical factors (such as historical abuse of Black bodies by health professionals), residential location, and dissatisfaction with health services. In terms of what governments must do to correct these inequalities, participants recommended the need for acknowledgment and community engagement. This is the first international collaboration to examine this problem. Important implications for theory, healthcare systems, and COVID-19 vaccination program planning are highlighted. Finally, there are members of other minority groups and vulnerable communities who are not Black people. Such groups could face unique inequalities that hinder COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, future studies should include such groups.

Fear Among the Feared: Arab Americans’ Fear of Crime in an Ethnic Enclave Community

Drawing on racial threat hypothesis and in-depth interviews with first- and second-generation Arab immigrants, this study explores Arab immigrants’ perceptions of risk and fear of crime in an ethnic enclave community. We find that Arab immigrants’ fear of crime is shaped by the unique context in which they live, with this particular population perceiving members of other minority groups as the greatest threat to their culture, community, and safety. This study extends the minority threat perspective, which typically highlights the majority group’s fear of immigrants and other minorities, by examining the inverse of this relationship. Specifically, what and who do immigrants fear at a time when they are perceived as one of the most threatening populations in the U.S.?

Beyond basic communication: The role of the mother tongue in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Immigration is a crisis-prone, complex process, often involving the need to acquire a new language, frequently at the expense of the mother tongue. Thus, the phenomenon of immigrants requiring various forms of mental health assistance while having limited fluency in the therapist’s language is widespread. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has become a widely prevalent therapeutic approach in many countries, including countries absorbing immigrants. This article reviews case studies that relate to the use of CBT with immigrants, both in individual and group sessions, focusing on the position of the patient’s mother tongue in the process. Research has persistently shown that the mother tongue is emotionally significant—using it, being exposed to it, expressing emotions and understanding emotions expressed in it, having access to it and to memories encoded in it, and the like. Given these dimensions, it plays a potentially important role in the therapeutic process. The pivotal question, then, is whether a therapeutic process that is essentially emotional can be effective if the mother tongue is not an inherent part of it. This article addresses this issue while examining the mother tongue’s position in CBT, the therapists’ awareness of these issues, the accommodations, if any, made in this regard, the therapists’ point of view, and suggestions for improving the use of CBT with immigrants. It is written to be of relevance to a diverse audience including researchers from varied disciplinary backgrounds, therapists who work with multilingual patients (especially immigrants or members of other minority groups) or are multilingual themselves. Our aims, therefore, are to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the mother tongue’s centrality in emotional processes and to offer some practical recommendations for therapists and training institutions.

How Student Centered is the Computer Science Classroom? A Survey of College Faculty

Student-centered instructional practices structure a class so that students interact with each other, engage deeply with the content, and receive formative feedback. These evidence-based practices benefit all students but are particularly effective with underrepresented learners, including women and members of other minority groups. To what extent have computer science (CS) faculty embraced these strategies? We surveyed over 700 U.S. faculty to find out. Results suggest that female faculty, associate professors, and those teaching courses with enrollment above 80 students are more likely to use these student-centered practices. Across all responses, 20% of faculty use student--student interaction on a regular basis during class. In contrast, 38% of faculty rely on lectures for content delivery. Results were also compared with published data for other academic disciplines. CS faculty are less likely to use these practices compared to their non-STEM colleagues but more likely to use these practices compared to other STEM discipline faculty. Overall, CS faculty have adopted student-centered practices to some degree, but our community should strive for higher adoption rates to help as many students as possible learn and remain in computer science.

Ethnic minority consumers reactions to advertisements featuring members of other minority groups

This research investigates how members of ethnic minority groups react to advertisements featuring members of other ethnic minority groups. The results of five experiments show that ethnic minority consumers feel more ostracized by advertisements featuring other ethnic minority groups, which consequently leads to a less favorable attitude towards these advertisements. These effects are moderated by the consumer's level of ethnic identification and social dominance orientation (SDO). Inducing compassion improves the attitude of non-featured minorities towards the advertisement.

Cultural Safety for Mi’kmaw Students and Staff at Cape Breton University

Cultural safety reflects the extent to which an individual feels that their culture is respected, accepted and understood by the larger society in which they live.The concept was originally developed in the context of Indigenous Peoples, but it could also easily be applied to members of other minority groups whose voices are underrepresented in mainstream society (e.g., the LGBT community, the differently-abled, other ethnic minorities). In this paper, I discuss my ongoing efforts to assess and measure cultural safety in Mi’kmaw First Nation students, staff and faculty at a small university in northern Nova Scotia. To maximize the chances of Indigenous students graduating and achieving to their full-potential within post-secondary institutions, we need to stop and ask whether they feel a sense of belonging, connection and cultural safety on-campus. If the answer is ‘No’ or ‘Only in the Aboriginal student centre’, then we need to collaborate with Indigenous students to design and implement interventions. These may involve altering both the physical campus and the way in which non-Native individuals on-campus think about and relate to Indigenous culture and individuals.

Career construction with a gay client: a case study

This article reports on the value of career construction counselling (CCC) with a gay person. The participant was selected purposively, with the selection criteria calling for a mid-career woman who had sought career counselling. The intervention involved administration of the Career Construction Interview (CCI) and the creation of a life portrait. A case study design (working with a participant in a one-on-one research setting and incorporating a qualitative, interpretive paradigm) was implemented. The CCI (including the three early recollections technique) was administered to gather qualitative data, and Savickas' eight-step strategy was followed to complete the participant's life portrait. After the intervention, the participant demonstrated an enhanced sense of self as well as an increased sense of personal authorship. CCC can thus meet the career counselling needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people, and, possibly, also of members of other minority groups.

Despite ‘Welcome To Medicare’ Benefit, One In Eight Enrollees Delay First Use Of Part B Services For At Least Two Years

Much research has focused on the possible overuse of health care services within Medicare, but there is also substantial evidence of underuse. In recent years, Congress has added a "welcome to Medicare" physician visit and a number of preventive services with no cost sharing to the Medicare benefit package to encourage early and appropriate use of services. We examined national longitudinal data on first claims for Part B services-the portion of Medicare that covers physician visits-to learn how people used these benefits. We found that 12 percent of people, or about one in eight, who enrolled in Medicare at age sixty-five waited more than two years before making their first use of care covered by Part B. In part, this delay reflected patterns of use before enrollment, in that people who sought preventive care before turning sixty-five continued to do so after enrolling in Medicare. Enrollees with Medigap coverage, higher household wealth, and a higher level of education typically received care under Part B sooner than others, whereas having greater tolerance for risk was more likely to lead enrollees to delay use of Part B services. Men had a lower probability of using Part B services early than women; blacks and members of other minority groups were less likely to use services early than whites. Although the "welcome to Medicare" checkup does not appear to have had a positive effect on use of services soon after enrollment, the percentage of beneficiaries receiving Part B services in the first two years after enrollment has steadily increased over time. Whether or not delays in receipt of care should be a considerable public policy concern may depend on what factors are leading specific categories of enrollees to delay care and how such delays affect health.

Ethnic Minority–Majority Unions in Estonia

Ethnic minority–majority unions—also referred to as mixed ethnic unions—are often seen as the ultimate evidence of the integration of ethnic minorities into their host societies. We investigated minority–majority unions in Estonia, where ethnic minorities account for one-third of the total population (Russians 26%, followed by Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Finns and other smaller groups). Using data from the 2000 Estonian census and regression models, we found that Slavic women are less likely to be in minority–majority unions than are members of other minority groups, with Russians being the least likely. Finns, who are culturally most similar to the Estonian majority population, are the most likely to form a union with an Estonian. For ethnic minority women, the likelihood of being in minority–majority unions is highest in rural areas and increases over generations, with third-generation immigrants being the most likely. Estonian women are most likely to have a minority partner when they or their parents were born abroad and when they live in urban areas. Our findings suggest that both the opportunity to meet potential partners and openness to other ethnic groups are important factors for understanding the dynamics of minority–majority unions.

Hispanics and the death penalty: Discriminatory charging practices in San Joaquin County, California

Following reinstatement of the death penalty after the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), social scientists carefully documented evidence of racial and gender bias against defendants and victims at all stages of the death penalty system, from charging to conviction and sentencing. Despite these consistent findings, questions remained. One crucial unknown was whether or not racial bias uncovered in investigations of African Americans and Whites also negatively impacted members of other minority groups, in particular the largest minority group in the U.S.–Hispanics. Are Hispanics, as both victims and defendants, treated more like non-Hispanic Whites or African Americans? This research examined all death-eligible homicides in San Joaquin County, California from 1977 through 1986. Using logistic regression analysis, the investigation uncovered patterns of racial and gender bias, finding defendants in Hispanic victim cases were less likely to face a death-eligible charge than defendants in White victim cases. Evidence of discrimination may have implications for how Hispanic integration and race and ethnicity are understood and for evaluating the success of statutory reforms designed to insure fairness and constitutionality of the death penalty.

Ethnic Modernism, 1910-1950

African Americans, European immigrants, and members of other minority groups were, as immigrants and ethnics, part of modernity, as they lived through experiences of migration, ethnic identification, and often, alienation. In many ways, they also participated in, and significantly advanced, the course of modernism in the US; Afro-American artists, including Fletcher Henderson, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Charlie Parker, were central to the development of the new American music; modern composers Arnold Schdnberg and Kurt Weill escaped to America from fascist Europe; immigrant artists like Joseph Stella, Max Weber, Ben Shahn, Man Ray, and Marcel Duchamp helped to establish modernist art; European exiles like Josef Albers were prominently active in such institutions as Black Mountain College while Hans Hoffmann taught the principles of modernist art and abstract expressionism in New York. Important modern art collectors and curators like Leo Stein, Etta Cone, and Juliana Force were the children or grandchildren of immigrants. participation of these immigrants, children of immigrants, exiles, and African Americans among other marginalized groups helped make possible the breakthrough of modernism and its ultimate acceptance as truly American. Looking back at modernism, Harry Levin marveled at the fact that The Picasso could have become the name of a New

The Impact of Social Diversity and Racial Attitudes on Social Welfare Policy

AbstractStudents of race and politics in the U.S. have long asserted a relationship between the racial composition and public policies of states. A related but distinct line of research demonstrates a strong connection between white attitudes about the perceived recipients of social welfare spending—blacks and members of other minority groups—and support for these programs. This article bridges these lines of scholarship by asking how racial diversity shapes aggregate attitudes about minorities in the American states and how these opinions in turn influence welfare spending. Using public opinion data from the General Social Survey (1974–96), I find that diversity has a direct influence on welfare policy in the states, as well as an indirect influence through shaping majority-group racial attitudes. Diversity and racial attitudes are found to have these effects even when controlling for factors traditionally used to explain variation in state spending levels, such as party competition, lower class mobilization, ideology, and state capacity.

Adolescent health care in a pediatric emergency department

Study objective: We examined the use of the pediatric emergency department of an urban children'shospital by adolescents. The study included visits by all adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in a 1-week period from each season during 1992. Results: The ED saw 426 adolescents, representing approximately 15% of the total ED visits. Fiftypercent of these patients were male. More than half of the patients were black; a few were members of other minority groups. Eighteen percent had emergency, 60% urgent, and 21% nonurgent conditions. Forty-three percent of the patients came to the ED between 3 pm and 11 pm. Injuries accounted for 47% of male visits and 42% of female visits. Approximately half of the injuries resulted from violent events. Twenty-seven percent of the visits were for exacerbation of a chronic illness such as asthma or diabetes. The most common reason for adolescent female visits was gynecologic problems. Injury was the most common reason for adolescent male visits. Only 27% of the adolescents lived in a twoparent home. In 16% of the cases, the adolescents were treated without consent. Nineteen percent of the adolescents were uninsured, and nearly 50% were publicly insured. Conclusion: Issues of violence, consent, and insurance present problems for many adolescents in thepediatric ED. Injuries, particularly those related to violent events, are cause for many adolescent visits. ED staff members should develop plans to care for the complex psychosocial and medical problems of adolescents.

Asian-Americans: Television Advertising and the “Model Minority” Stereotype

Asian-Americans are a growth market. Their affluence, high education, and work ethic position them as a “model minority.” However complimentary that term may seem, it nonetheless represents a stereotype whose prevalence must be documented to examine the intersection of minority status and gender in mass media portrayals. The authors report a content analysis of more than 1300 prime time television advertisements conducted to assess the frequency and nature of Asian-American representation. They found that Asian male and female models are overrepresented in terms of proportion of the population (3.6%), appearing in 8.4% of the commercials. However, Asian models are more likely than members of other minority groups to appear in background roles, and Asian women are rarely depicted in major roles. Further, the findings indicate that portrayals of Asian-Americans put so much emphasis on the work ethic that other aspects of life seldom appear. For example, Asian models are overrepresented in business settings and relationships and underrepresented in home settings and family or social relationships. The findings suggest opportunities for advertisers who depict Asian-Americans in nonstereotypical ways.

Adolescent Health Care in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Study objective: We examined the use of the pediatric emergency department of an urban children's hospital by adolescents. The study included visits by all adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in a 1-week period from each season during 1992. Results: The ED saw 426 adolescents, representing approximately 15% of the total ED visits. Fifty percent of these patients were male. More than half of the patients were black; a few were members of other minority groups. Eighteen percent had emergency, 60% urgent, and 21% nonurgent conditions. Forty-three percent of the patients came to the ED between 3 pm and 11 pm. Injuries accounted for 47% of male visits and 42% of female visits. Approximately half of the injuries resulted from violent events. Twenty-seven percent of the visits were for exacerbation of a chronic illness such as asthma or diabetes. The most common reason for adolescent female visits was gynecologic problems. Injury was the most common reason for adolescent male visits. Only 27% of the adolescents lived in a two-parent home. In 16% of the cases, the adolescents were treated without consent. Nineteen percent of the adolescents were uninsured, and nearly 50% were publicly insured. Conclusion: Issues of violence, consent, and insurance present problems for many adolescents in the pediatric ED. Injuries, particularly those related to violent events, are cause for many adolescent visits. ED staff members should develop plans to care for the complex psychosocial and medical problems of adolescents. [Melzer-Lange M, Lye PS: Adolescent health care in a pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med May 1996;27:633-637.]

Do the Future Plans of Educated Black Women Include Black Mates

INTRODUCTION When young, educated women at a large city university began voicing apprehension about finding college-educated mates, Bronzaft (1991) decided to undertake a study examining these women's future goals. She found that they, like their White and Hispanic counterparts, wanted it all: career, marriage, and family. Two-thirds of these women planned to further their education beyond college; over 90% wanted careers in business, law, health, or education; and over 80% looked toward a future in which their careers would be combined with marriage and children. Bronzaft notes, however, that a larger number of black college women, 7% compared to 0% for Hispanics and 2% for Whites, indicated the desire to be unmarried career women. Did this larger percentage reflect the anxiety of the young, educated women in Bronzaft's study over finding appropriate marriage partners of similar racial/ethnic background and comparable educational standing? The present study investigates this phenomenon. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Fewer men than women are receiving college degrees (Yeakey & Bennett, 1990). At both predominantly White and traditionally college and university campuses, far more women than men are in attendance (Washington & Newman, 1991). women are also earning more advanced degrees. From 1982 to 1992, he number of men earning doctorates declined by 20%; by 1992, women outnumbered them 565 to 386 (Manegold, 1993). Spanier and Glick (1980) note that as single women seek good educations and high-paying jobs, they find it more difficult to locate suitable marriage partners of any race. Teachman, Polonko, and Leigh's (1987) research echoes this concern, as does that of Staples (1979), who claims that many educated women accept nothing less than a mate of similar educational (p. 157). Further accentuating the plight of educated women, Staples (1981 reports that, among the female population in the United States, women who possess college degrees are least likely to marry. He also found that the higher the level of education women attain, the higher their probability of divorce. Washington and Newman (1991) support the notion that women may prefer to remain single rather than settle for unions with less-educated men who, these researchers contend, will not be able to satisfy these women's psychological needs. Moreover, as Washington and Newman state: Black women are likely to remain single or seek out alternative means of meeting these needs (p. 32). What might some of these alternative means be? Are these educated women seeking to increase the pool of suitable mates by dating men of other racial/ethnic backgrounds? If census data is any indicator, a growing number of men and women, both and White, are challenging traditional taboos against interracial marriage. The female/White male married couples accounted for less than 1% of all marriages in the US. in 1993, the number of these couples was two-and-one-half times greater in 1993 than 1970 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1994). women do marry members of other minority groups but do so even less frequently (Blackwell, 1991). The general pattern of White/Black marriages usually involves males and White females. This was true for approximately 76% in 1977, 72% in 1980, and 68% in 1987 (Blackwell, 1991 but rose again to 75% in 1993 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1994). Blackwell maintains that more men than White cross color boundaries for marriage partners because the forms have been socialized to believe that Caucasian features are more desirable and that marriage to a White woman will enhance both their egos and their status in society. On the other hand, Blackwell contends, White men are penalized economically and socially when they intermarry; thus, fewer of them choose women as marriage partners. …

Affirmative Action and City Managers: Attitudes toward Recruitment of Women

Historical and contemporary patterns of recruiting women into the management of the local public sector generally parallel the patterns of blacks and members of other minority groups. Recent advances in the recruitment of women can be attributed in part to the passage of the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Act and its primary instrument of implementation, affirmative action. Equal employment opportunity means having a setting where discriminatory hiring practices are nonexistent. Affirmative action refers to special and exceptional efforts on the part of the public manager to rectify the results of current and previous discriminatory practices and, ultimately, to ensure equal employment opportunity. Since the 1972 enactment, affirmative action has been the primary mechanism for the development of a representative bureaucracy at the local level. While change is evident, from seven female city managers in 1971 to over 100 in 1986, the absence of greater numbers of women in decision-making circles calls into question some underlying assumptions made in the area of public personnel administration. Specifically, this study examines the extent to which city managers support the use of affirmative action practices in the recruitment of women into managerial positions. Analysis also focuses on several exogenous factors that help to explain the level of support which city managers have to undertake special and exceptional efforts to recruit women.

Government agencies act on task force findings

Since the Department of Health and Human Services was the source of the task force report on the health status of black persons and members of other minority groups, it is not too surprising that several of its agencies have been prompt to respond to the report's findings. For example, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md, has set up a study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the black population and a study of the development of obesity in black women. These studies, institute officials point out, respond to one of the needs identified by the tast force—that for better data collection as a first step in coping with the causes of health problems in minority populations. Institute officials say that only one study of hypertension has, to their knowledge, included enough black participants to allow conclusions about whether pharmacologic lowering of blood pressure reduces the

Zoot-Suit Youth or What Happened to Juan Garcia

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsLillian GrayWhat happened to Juan Garcia, the Mexican youth whose case is described in this article, has happened essentially in the same way to thousands of adolescent members of other minority groups—Negroes, Jews, Chinese. Can we say we won a war to make a better world when prejudice and discrimination continue to persecute the members of minority groups? Can the teacher of any age group ignore the implications of this case study? Mrs. Gray is professor of education at San Jose State College, California, and chairman, California A.C.E. Committee on Minority Groups.