Members Of Different Communities Research Articles

Taptana Cañari In the Teaching of Number Systems

Purpose: The teacher's work is of paramount importance, as only they shape individuals for society. Students present problems in their learning, and to work on these irregularities. This operational complexity gives the true value that the Taptana has as an intercultural didactic resource. Theoretical Framework: The work includes a theoretical framework with pedagogical, didactic, and ethno-scientific relevance, as the educational unit is located in a Kichwa-Spanish cultural context, where members of different communities integrate between the two cultures to share and enrich each other through their productive and social activities. Methods: The starting point is the Cañari Taptana, where participatory and cooperative didactic processes will be used to structure quantities based on 10, 20, 5, 2, and any other base, as well as multi-base transformations. Results and Conclusion: The knowledge refers to the existing analogy between the Mayan system (vigesimal), the base-5, with the base-2, applied in intelligent calculating machines that exist in today's society; structure and handling of the taptana. Improves the structuring of quantities in different bases, and their axiomatic relationship to build other numbering systems with the application of the redesigned taptana Cañari Research implications: This aspect is related to the value of their identity, knowing the history of their ancestors, projecting it into daily activities, in their religious festivities, in the communal work; ethnomathematical and mathematical knowledge. Originality/value: Design and construction of different types of taptana to enrich the teaching resources of teachers in the mathematics area. to have a significant impact on students' learning and their attitude towards mathematics.

Social Inclusion Beyond Education and Work: Migrants Meaning‐Making Towards Social Inclusion

In public discourse, the social inclusion of migrants is often regarded as a challenge demanding migrants to increase their engagement in adapting to the new host country. Such imaginaries commonly declare migrants as being unwilling to acquire language skills and specific cultural values. In parallel, formal education is often proposed as the single most important remedy to inclusion, which generally solely implies labor market participation. However, there is a range of other, often neglected, practices that migrants themselves regard as important for their social inclusion in society. This article aims to analyze what practices are assigned meaning by newly arrived migrants in Sweden on their path toward social inclusion in the country. This is a longitudinal interview study with 19 newly arrived adult migrants that were interviewed on two occasions, three years apart. Drawing on a sociocultural perspective, we understand social inclusion as an ongoing process by which individuals become members of different communities. The result shows that important for social inclusion is access to valuable relationships and close social ties. These relations are important in all communities in which the migrants participate. The analysis illustrates three different communities, outside of formal education and employment, that migrants ascribe meaning to concerning language learning and social inclusion. These communities are sports, internships, and civil society engagements. Through its longitudinal design, this study also illustrates how migrants’ narratives and their meanings shift with time and how migrants relate to these communities over time.

Beyond Linguistic Documentation: Between the National Language and Local Languages in Indonesia

This paper discusses the politics of national language policy, especially in Indonesia and the effects of the policy toward the continuity of language diversity in Indonesia. Firstly, a short review of studies in endangered languages is presented in order to fit this discussion in appropriate place in the literature. To get more specific, the Indonesian language policy and its influence toward the country’s linguistic diversity is reviewed which is followed by the description of the media’s influence upon the threat posed to the marginal local languages. After this point, Indonesian linguists’ work will be reviewed in relation to their own status as members of different communities of practice. At the end, recommendations for improving the future linguistic works are suggested in light of language documentation, preservation, and maintenance.

Bridging the polarization gap: Maximizing diffusion among dissimilar communities

Polarized networks, composed of weakly connected and self-reinforcing groups, can limit the diffusion of ideas, behaviors, and innovations. Here, we use a complex contagion model, in which diffusion depends on both the connectivity and the similarity of individuals, to ask how to optimally build bridges and enhance diffusion in networks characterized by fragmentation and homophily. First, we show that the problem is NP-hard. Then, we explore the space of solutions using heuristics, finding that connecting high degree nodes, or hubs, is an ineffective strategy to accelerate diffusion in fragmented and homophilous networks. We show that in these networks, diffusion is more effectively accelerated by connecting similar but low degree nodes. These results tell us that, in the presence of homophily and polarization, connecting communities through their most central actors may impede rather than facilitate diffusion. Instead, strategies to accelerate the diffusion of innovation, behaviors, and ideas should focus on creating links among the most similar members of different communities. These findings shed light on the diffusion of ideas and innovations in polarized networks. CCS Concepts: • Mathematics of computing → Network optimization; • Information systems → Social networks

Practice of entomophagy in North-East India: A review

Insects, which are a traditional food in many regions of the world, are highly nutritious and, in particular, a potential source of protein. In the north-eastern parts of India, edible insects are the natural renewable source that plays a vital role in the nutritional system of different ethnic groups. Entomophagy is widely practiced in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Nagaland. Various tribes of a state prefer various species of edible insects. Diverse Indian tribes consume approximately 255 insect species of insects as sustenance. The consumption of coleopteran species was the highest, accounting for approximately 34% of all edible insect species, followed by Orthoptera (24%), Hemiptera (17%), Hymenoptera (10%), Odonata (8%), Lepidoptera (4%), Isoptera (2%), and Ephimeroptera (1%). Members of different communities consume edible insects as per their traditional beliefs, and tastes, along with regional and seasonal availability. Therefore, studying the edible and therapeutically important insect species can have economic implications, allowing countries like India to explore approaches to sustainably utilize this enormous natural resource.

408 Network Analysis of Neurosurgical Publication Coauthorship: Centrality Ranking of Authors and Institutions with Correlation to Clinical Activity and Industry Payments

INTRODUCTION: Network analysis has been applied in a number of fields to understand relationships between members of different communities and organizations. METHODS: All publications from January 1, 2017, to April 30, 2020, were queried from 4 neurosurgical journals: Neurosurgery, Journal of Neurosurgery, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, and Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. Publication type excluded editorials, letters, and reviews. Authors with at least 7 publications in these journals were included. Measures of network centrality were calculated after conversion of authorship into a nondirected graph with links weighted by frequency of coauthorship. Latent communities in the network were detected with the Walktrap algorithm. RESULTS: Based on 811 included authors, network topology broadly demonstrated 4 poles related to subspecialties of vascular, spine, pediatrics, and radiosurgery/tumor. Of the top 100 coauthorship links, 42% of the authors were involved in 2 large study groups. We present rankings of neurosurgical authors based on network measures of centrality and evaluate how centrality metrics correlate to individual author h-index, Medicare utilization, and payments from industry sources. We further evaluate network centrality of institutions and examine institutional connectivity to discovered communities within the network. CONCLUSION: While traditional metrics like h-index demonstrate long-term research involvement, network analysis can be applied to understand current relationships between academic authors and evaluate centrality within a publishing network during a given timeframe.

Internet-technologies as tool for personal protection during large-scale virus infections

The article describes how internet-technologies can contribute to the protection of the individual during the spread of viral diseases or natural disasters. Remote work is largely implemented by modern internet-technologies that provide joint data processing and effective communication between members of different communities. At the same time, the communication must remain protected from leaks of personal information. Artificial intelligence actively uses in searching medicines. In this time all of this increase degree of using informational technologies and we have sharpened the range of information security problems.

Moral Relativism, Metalinguistic Negotiation, and the Epistemic Significance of Disagreement

Although moral relativists often appeal to cases of apparent moral disagreement between members of different communities to motivate their view, accounting for these exchanges as evincing genuine disagreements constitutes a challenge to the coherence of moral relativism. While many moral relativists acknowledge this problem, attempts to solve it so far have been wanting. In response, moral relativists either give up the claim that there can be moral disagreement between members of different communities or end up with a view on which these disagreements have no “epistemic significance” because they are always faultless. This paper introduces an alternative strategy: accounting for disagreement in terms of “metalinguistic negotiation”. It argues that this strategy constitutes a better solution to the challenge disagreement poses for moral relativists because it leads to a nuanced understanding of the epistemic significance of moral disagreement between members of different communities. The upshot is a novel account of disagreement for moral relativists that has consequences for how moral relativism should be understood.

Coherence in (meta)community networks

In a general sense, a metacommunity can be considered as a network of communities, the coherence of which is based on characteristics that are shared by members of different communities, whatever forces were responsible (dispersal, migration, local adaptation, etc.). The purpose is to show that by basing the assessment of coherence on the degree of nestedness of one community within another with respect to the shared characteristics, coherence components can be identified within the network. To assess coherence, a measure of nestedness is developed, and its application to complex (variable) object differences (including multiple traits or characters) is investigated. A community network is then viewed as a graph in which the nodes represent the communities and the edges connecting nodes are weighted by the reverse of the degrees of nestedness between the corresponding communities. Given this framework, it is argued that a minimum requirement for a set of communities to be coherent is the existence of a spanning tree known from graph theory, i.e. a subgraph that connects all nodes through a cycle-free sequence of edges with positive weights. Of all spanning trees, minimum spanning trees (MST, or spanning trees with the minimum sum of edge weights) are most indicative of coherence. By expressing the degree of coherence as one minus the average weight of the edges of an MST, it is uniquely determined which communities form a coherent set at any given level of community distinctness. By this method, community networks can be broken down into coherence components that are separated at a specified distinctness level. This is illustrated in a worked example showing how to apply graph theoretical methods to distinguish coherence components at various threshold levels of object difference (resolution) and community distinctness. These results provide a basis for discussion of coherence gradients and coherence at various levels of distinctness in terms of MST-characteristics. As intuitively expected and analytically confirmed, coherence is a non-decreasing function of the object difference threshold, and the number of coherence components is a non-increasing function of both the object difference and the community distinctness thresholds.

Self-Determination in Plenitude

On a plenitudinous ontology, in every filled region of spacetime, there is at least one object that’s ‘exactly then and there’; one per each modal profile that the matter in the region satisfies. One of the strongest arguments for plenitude, the “argument from anthropocentrism” (also known as the argument from arbitrariness), puts pressure on us to accept that members of different communities correctly self-identify under different subject concepts. I explore this consequence and offer an account of selves on which self-determination is both socially and individually variant; we determine our spatiotemporal boundaries, our de re modal properties, and the kind of being that we are. We do this by determining which of many candidate beings has the property of being a self.

C&RL Spotlight

I recently rediscovered this quote from Zora Neale Hurston, and it was if it plucked a string inside of me—there was a huge, resounding (and somewhat anxious) feeling of agreement. There is no doubt that 2020 has been a year of questions, and, in some ways, a year of very hard answers. Answers around who we are as a profession, who we are as citizens of nations, as members of different communities, as participants in society. With the political turmoil, environmental disasters, the social conflict around longstanding inequities, the pandemic and the health concerns, and the resulting economic uncertainties, is it any wonder that we are all feeling off balance—that we are overwhelmed with questions and seeking answers?

‘Your skin has to be elastic’: the politics of belonging as a selected black academic at a ‘transforming’ South African university

A presumed indicator of change, in terms of the South African higher education sector’s racialised past, are the quantitative measures of numerical ‘diversity’ within the academic staff composition at historically white institutions. To better inform policy, academic development curricula and institutional culture, this study focuses on macroaggressions related to the mis/recognition and un/belonging of black academics who were selected for prestigious affirmative ‘accelerated development programmes’ for transforming the academic staff composition. Insights and narratives elicited via report-and-respond questionnaires, reflective small group discussions and an arts-based method, indicated that participants (a) experienced various microaggressions as members of different communities within the institution, and as a result (b) negotiated different identities according to social group norms, affordances and settings. The study brings to the fore the complex social processes and agential consequences of negotiating the politics of belonging in the looming shadow of legacies of conflict and oppression.

What types of brokerage bridge the research-practice gap? The case of public school educators

The presence of a research-practice gap is recognized across multiple fields including education, psychology, and public health. In this paper, we examine which of five structural types of brokerage are most and least effective in bridging this research-practice gap in the context of education. Using a small world survey design, we tracked how a statewide random sample of 247 K-12 principals and superintendents in Michigan seek information about social skills programs from brokering individuals and organizations. We find that some triadic brokerage structures are more effective than others in closing the communication gap between practitioners and researchers. Specifically, educators relying on itinerant brokerage, which circulates information between members of the same community, were five times less likely to obtain information from a researcher. In contrast, educators relying on representative or liaison brokerage, which facilitate information transfer between members of different communities, were more than twice as likely to obtain information from a researcher. We conclude by discussing implications for the development of interventions designed to facilitate information sharing between practitioners and researchers.

Managing Organizational Culture in Online Group Mergers

Research in social computing has typically conceptualized community growth as a process through which a group welcomes newcomers individually. However, online communities also grow through formal and informal mergers, where groups of newcomers with shared experiences join in batches. To understand this process, we conducted a six month, comparative ethnography of two mergers of World of Warcraft raid guilds. While one merger led to a single, thriving community, the other led to the dissolution of both pre-merger groups. Analysis of our ethnographic data suggests that differences in managing organizational culture (a concept drawn from organization studies) led the successful and failed cases to diverge. The study contributes to our understanding of why some attempts to integrate members of different communities are more successful than others. We outline several ways that community leaders, researchers, and designers can effectively take organizational culture into account.

Norma e variação: valores simbólicos em oposição

Eckert (2000) inaugurou uma nova tendência na Sociolinguística ao propor um conceito renovado de regra variável, que passou a constituir o espaço privilegiado da construção do significado social. No âmbito desse quadro teórico, estabeleceu-se como objetivo para este trabalho a análise das dinâmicas e das práticas sociais de dois grupos de estudantes, ideologicamente opostos para examinar como o processo variável de concordância nominal, como a regra variável de pluralidade no SN, praticada na comunidade como um todo, pode ser aproveitada como indexador da construção de identidade por membros de diferentes comunidades de prática e, por outro, para discutir como casos de variação como esse, convivendo no próprio ambiente escolar com a própria questão normativa, estão conectados com a situação de ensino.

Der kulturelle Einfluss auf das gesellschaftliche Verhalten und die kognitive Wahrnehmung der Menschen

Cultural Influence on Human Social Behavior and Cognitive Perception
 The intercultural facet of language influences the social behavior and human cognitive perception. In the course of the socialization process, individuals acquire a mother tongue, a value system, a world view and a way of behaving. They are influenced and deeply shaped by the culture in which they grow up. This culture will determine their behavior, their worldview and their perceptions or their personality and identity. This fact entails that successful intercultural communication requires both linguistic as well as cultural competence. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the intercultural influence of human social behavior and cognitive perception. It can be concluded that due to increasing mobility and international exchange, intercultural encounters have become a reality in our world today. These encounters between people from different cultural contexts often bring difficulties for the members of different communities with different cultures. These intercultural interactions do not always lead to mutual understanding despite language proficiency. They lead under certain circumstances to conflicts because the existing divergences among interlocutors in terms of prejudices, attitudes, value judgements. In order to behave correctly and appropriately in such situations, one needs intercultural competence. The cultural influence on human social behavior and cognitive perception is striking in intercultural encounters. Forms of greeting, eating habits and behaviors are culture-related. All humans eat because it is a biological need, but what do they eat? when do they eat? and how they eat? differs from a culture to another. Therefore, cultural knowledge is of central importance in a foreign language lesson. Cultural studies can be a bridge between language and culture. Elements about the target culture can be used to build a bridge between the cultures and reduce prejudices. This is the only way to break down stereotypes and preconceived notions and to raise the students’ consciousness about cultural aspects of a particular language.

Editorial. Dialogue, Communication and Collaboration: Aspects of Philosophy and Communication

Acting as a usual means of everyday communication and collaboration, dialogue is also a fundamental mode of human presence in the world. It is innate and, therefore, feels organic to people. Nothing but a dialogue determines and defines the inborn human potential of reflexivity, empathy and communitivity. Naturally, it is hardly surprising that as a phenomenon, a dialogue constantly fell within the purview of most prominent European thinkers and throughout different historical epochs, in the spaces of philosophy and communication, it unfolded in a diverse and multidimensional manner. Ancient Greek philosopher Plato wrote in the form of dialogue, this way opening the possibility to a reader to learn about the world and the order of things as well as defining a certain relationship between the perceiving subject and the perceivable object. In the early Middle Ages, writings of Saint Augustine encouraged people to immerse into themselves and start a conversation with God, which established a certain living relationship between spaces empirical and transcendental. Much later, towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, German phenomenologist Edmund Husserl, who developed the theory of the intentionality of the consciousness, perceived that no living relationship between people is feasible without intersubjectivity. In this case, the communication is conditioned on the focus of at least two subjects on a certain object. This object, in particular, ensures the potential of the meaning, content and the purpose of communication. Another German author Martin Buber treated the dialogue as a phenomenon, in which an individual establishes a personal relationship with the Christian God, and this gives rise to a certain immediacy: a confrontation with the Ruler of the Kingdom of Heaven gives meaning to all the other interpersonal relationships. These are but few different philosophical interpretations of dialogue as a phenomenon. The universe of issues related to dialogue emerges from thinking perspectives of philosophers as well as communication theorists. On the one hand, the perspective of communication trivializes the phenomenon of dialogue, depriving it of its depth and profoundness; and on the other hand, it defines and specifies the concept of dialogue, assigning to it a form or function. This issue of the journal is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of dialogue both in the fields of philosophy and communication, inquiring into different contexts of its development. In her article Communication Solutions by Improving Interactive Art Projects, Gintarė Vainalavičiūtė analyses the relationship between visual arts and contemporary technologies, which determines both the rise of the forms of dialogue and non-traditional understanding of works of art. Mindaugas Stoškus contributed an article entitled Disciplines of Political Philosophy and Political Science: Antagonism, Cooperation or Indifference? in which he investigates the relationship between these two disciplines, conditions and problems pertaining to their dialogue, and the particularly intensified dynamics of the dialogue in the fifties of the 20th century. In their article Online Artistic Activism: Case-Study of Hungarian-Romanian Intercultural Communication, Gizela Horváth and Rozália Klára Bakó delve into the interactive relationship between works of art and their perceiver, as these works of art send messages via the social media environment. Moral Perception, Cognition, and Dialogue is an article authored by Vojko Strahovnik, in which he examines the causes for the rise of cases that hinder intercommunication and mutual understanding, such as disagreement, intercultural dialogues, etc. Problems of visual communication and the specificity of visual languages, bringing together subjects into dialogue are discussed by Arto Mutanen in his article Relativity of Visual Communication. Another article entitled Scientific Realism versus Antirealism in Science Education is a contribution by Seungbae Park, in which he attempts to define how the dialogue between teachers and students is possible, as he takes the position stating that the doctrine of scientific realism is much more effective than provided opportunities of scientific antirealism. And finally, Algis Mickūnas, in his article The Different Other and Dialogue, discusses the reasons why members of different communities find it difficult to establish dialogue-based relationships and why in some cases they remain imprisoned in the state of a monologue. This issue of the journal presents a truly wide field of investigations into opportunities and obstacles for communication, interaction and collaboration. It is pleasing to see that representatives of various humanities and social sciences joined the same dialogue. Looking forward to the productive insights in the future, the Editor would like to express her gratitude to the authors of this issue.

Explaining the Chechen schism in Georgia's Pankisi valley

This article explores the dynamics within the Pankisi Chechen community, which is divided between radicals and traditionalists, identifying the main obstacles thwarting their co-habitation and offering some ideas that would consolidate and reconcile the communities. It employs intercultural miscommunication theory, emphasising that when the parties are not especially aware of their differences, or of how members of different communities understand particular behaviours, tensions begin to mount. This article hypothesises that the feud within the Chechen community in Pankisi is caused by intercultural miscommunication and unwillingness to share and communicate what they have in common. This article analyses the development and genesis of the Chechen community in Pankisi, unravels internal frictions with regard to religion, customs and traditions, and concludes that tensions arise from misinterpretations of traditions and customs and a radicalised form of Islam, which brings different values. It suggests that a cultural Chechenisation process, with introduction of the Chechen language and the Chechen history in the schools’ curriculum would work towards the preservation of the Vainakh traditions, customs and history, and improve the intra-community communication process.

Partitioning of trait variation among communities: measures of apportionment and differentiation based on binary sampling

The notion that trait variation is partitioned among communities essentially rests on the supposition that the total variation in the metacommunity exceeds the variation within the communities due to differences between their trait distributions (the partitioning principle). Two elementary perspectives of partitioning can be distinguished: apportionment (members of the same community tend to hold the same trait state) and differentiation (members of different communities tend to hold different trait states). While the apportionment perspective reaches its extreme when each community is monomorphic (fixation), the differentiation perspective does so if communities share no trait states. Even though both perspectives can be shown to be involved in the analysis of community dynamics, their assessment is still almost completely limited to the apportionment perspective (chiefly G ST and its relatives). To overcome this limitation, methods of quantifying both partitioning perspectives are developed for qualitatively and quantitatively varying traits, where variation is represented by the differences in type resulting from sampling two individuals. It is shown that the validity of the partitioning principle and the design of corresponding measures crucially depend on proper specification of the modes of sampling and specification of differences between types that follow a concavity principle. This approach allows comparison between measures of apportionment and measures of differentiation. Such comparisons enable conclusions about the share that random (drift) and directional (selection, migration) processes have in the partitioning of variation among communities. One of the more far-reaching conclusions is that effects of forces apportioning variation outperform the effects of forces of differentiation, if the average similarity within communities exceeds the average difference between them.

Boundary Objects, Zones of Indeterminacy, and the Formation of Irish and Jewish Transnational Socio-Financial Networks

The concept of boundary object helps in understanding how members of different communities of practice can cooperate without sharing a consensus on their goals or even on precisely what they are doing. Sometimes, however, scholars treat boundary objects as a shorthand explanation for successful cooperation across boundaries. Instead of tracing the network of associations within which boundary objects are nestled, it is assumed that some properties inherent to particular objects secure cooperation. To offset this tendency, this article examines the Irish and Israeli governments’ attempts to raise funds in the United States through the sale of quasi-philanthropic bonds in the 1920s and 1950s, respectively. In the Israeli case, the bond served as a boundary object. In the Irish case, in contrast, a similar bond intensified disagreements between the Irish government and key Irish American organizations. The analysis highlights the importance of the entire socio-technical network within which boundary objects are nestled. It points to the importance of creating a zone of indeterminacy wherein boundary objects can maintain interpretive flexibility and facilitate cooperation. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the importance of temporal framing in the construction of boundary objects.