Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Research Articles

Reactive hyperbranched core-shell architecture for developing high-performance bio-based adhesive

Soybean meal (SM) adhesives offer a promising alternative to formaldehyde-based adhesives; however, their broader application is hindered by suboptimal adhesive properties and inadequate water resistance. In this study, we designed a novel reactive core-shell architecture (DAS@HBPA/EP) composed of dialdehyde starch (DAS) as the core and hyperbranched epoxy (HBPA/EP) as the shell, aimed at developing an SM adhesive with excellent water resistance, high bonding strength, and superior toughness. The reactive shell of DAS@HBPA/EP formed covalent bonds with protein molecules in SM, creating a highly interconnected structure that enhanced both the adhesive properties and water resistance of SM. Additionally, the microphase separation induced by the DAS core and the flexible hyperbranched shell provided the SM adhesive with improved toughness. As a result, plywood bonded with the SM/DAS@HBPA/EP adhesive exhibited exceptional dry shear strength (up to 2.14 MPa) and wet shear strength (1.24 MPa), representing a 589 % improvement over the pure SM adhesive. This performance is comparable to commercial melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins (E0 grade). Furthermore, the SM/DAS@HBPA/EP adhesive showed a high residue rate (82.30 %) and low water absorption rate (0.94 %), along with a uniform and dense microstructure. This simple and cost-effective strategy presents a novel approach to advancing technological innovation in the development of multifunctional composite materials.

Characterization of thin-walled self-healing microcapsules reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

This study presents a novel approach to fabricating thinner shells and significantly enhancing the fracture strength of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (M-U-F) microcapsules reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Unlike previous studies that primarily focused on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or MWCNTs in polyurea-formaldehyde (PUF) shells, this research advances microcapsule technology by exploring MWCNT reinforcement in M-U-F shells. We employed a dual experimental-numerical approach, combining the precision of micro-compression tests with the predictive capabilities of finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the elastic modulus of MWCNT-reinforced M-U-F microcapsules. This method offers new insights into the mechanical behavior of these microcapsules. Our findings indicate an 8.8% increase in fracture load and a 14.6% reduction in fracture displacement for MWCNT-reinforced microcapsules compared to conventional M-U-F microcapsules. Additionally, FEA confirmed the results of the micro-compression tests, showing that MWCNT-reinforced microcapsules had the best correlation with an elastic modulus of 4.00 GPa. Conventional M-U-F microcapsules corresponded to an elastic modulus of 2.25 GPa. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of how nano-reinforcement influences the structural properties of thin-walled microcapsules, with potential applications in composite damage repair and beyond.

Tensile and Bending Strength of Birch and Beech Lamellas Finger Jointed with Conventional and Newly Developed Finger-Joint Profiles.

In this study, the tensile and bending strength of birch and beech lamellas finger jointed with conventional (Standard) and newly developed finger-joint profiles (New) are presented. Polyurethane (PUR), Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) and Phenol-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive systems were used to bond the finger joints. The objective of the New profiles was to reduce the stress concentrations within the finger joint by cutting the cross-grooved fingers perpendicular to the main orientation of the finger-joint profile. In the first trials of the development, larger cross-grooved fingers were cut with the aim to improve the stress distribution and to reinforce the finger joint by filling gaps in the finger joint with adhesive. As the study progressed, initial optimisations of the New profile were made. Smaller cross-grooved fingers were cut as it was assumed that they are beneficial for the manufacturing and integrity of the New profile. In combination with the MUF adhesive system, the New profile achieved the highest increase in the bending and tensile strengths compared to the Standard profile. In addition to the increased strength, other advantages such as reduced cracking in the finger joint were observed when using the New profile. The high strength and stiffness of hardwoods or other high-performance materials used in timber construction can probably be better exploited in combination with the New profile. Further tests will be carried out by considering different configurations of the New profile and different materials.

Effect of pH Value on the Structure and Properties of n-Eicosane@Melamine Urea-Formaldehyde Phase Change Microcapsules

In this article, n-eicosane@MUF phase change microcapsules were prepared by in-situ polymerization with n-eicosane as the core material and melamine urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin as the shell material. The effects of pH values from 3.5 to 6.0 on the surface morphology, particle size distribution, latent heat of phase transformation, encapsulation degree, thermal stability, and permeability resistance of the microcapsules were investigated. The results showed that the surfaces of the microcapsules gradually became smooth with the increase of pH value, and their encapsulation degree and impermeability also increased roughly. When the pH = 5.5, the particle size of the microcapsule samples ranged from 1.5 to 9.7 μm, the melting enthalpy was 178.8 J/g, and the encapsulation degree was 86.6%, which had the best thermal stability and impermeability. However, when the pH = 6.0, the phenomenon of microcapsule shell rupture occurred and the above performance no longer occurred.

Material properties of particleboards produced from Ciol®-treated wood shavings

ABSTRACT This study investigated the potential of wood particles from Ciol®-treated wood in particleboard production. Ciol® is a renewable formulation from water, citric acid, and sorbitol, which has been commercially developed as a promising alternative for wood modification. Radiata pine wood was impregnated with 60% and 85% concentrations of the Ciol® solution for 150 mins. The impregnated boards were cured and subsequently planned. Particleboards were thereafter produced from the wood shavings using urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine urea formaldehyde resin (MUF). The boards were produced with or without the use of ammonium nitrate as a hardener. The wood particles and produced boards were characterized via analytical techniques and standard test methods. The effect of Ciol® treatment and its concentration on the properties of the shavings and the particleboards was investigated as well as the effect of the resin type on the panel properties. The use of MUF without the hardener gave the best bending strength of 13 N/mm² and modulus of elasticity of 3187 N/mm². However, there was no significant difference in the results obtained when the hardener was added to MUF resins. Recycling Ciol®-treated wood shavings in particleboard production proved to be a promising approach with MUF resins.

A simplified predictive model for the compression behavior of self-healing microcapsules using an empirical coefficient

Abstract This study is dedicated to predicting the compression behavior of microcapsules, a key aspect in self-healing applications. Understanding the compression behavior of microcapsules, mainly due to their liquid cores, is a complex task. Equally challenging is the evaluation of the shell properties. We aimed to streamline this prediction process by introducing the empirical coefficient C core, which accounts for core influence. We conducted experiments on microcapsules with MUF (Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde) shells, compressing them between two plates and recording their responses to load and displacement. The empirical coefficient, influenced by capsule size, shell properties, and core volume fraction, was then analyzed in terms of microcapsule size and Young’s modulus. The research results showed that as the diameter of microcapsule and Young’s modulus of the shell increased, the Ccore also increased. This relationship could be represented in a three-dimensional surface. These findings could significantly contribute to estimating shell properties and modeling matrices with dispersed microcapsules.

Bond line shear strength of structural wood adhesives at high temperatures up to wood carbonization – A classification approach

The European timber fire design code EN 1995-1-2 presently specifies that adhesives for timber construction products shall provide integrity throughout the intended fire exposure time, yet no test or requirement specifications are given. Contrary, in North America elevated temperature tests are mandatory and product standards for glued and cross laminated timber demand sufficient bond line shear strength up to 220 °C. This paper deals with block shear compression tests at ambient and elevated temperatures for development of a high temperature resistance classification system for structural wood adhesives. The investigations comprised 1200 specimens made from Norway spruce bonded with twelve brands from five adhesive families. Polycondensation (pcon) resins encompassed phenolic resorcinol formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde adhesives. Polyaddition (padd) adhesives comprised five one-component polyurethanes and an emulsion polymer isocyanate. The focus was on the strength-temperature (fv-T) relationship of bonded and solid wood reference specimens at 180–270 °C. The pcon adhesives showed almost throughout a fv-T relationship close to solid wood up to 270 °C. Contrary, the padd adhesives revealed massive strength degradations vs. solid wood from 180 °C onwards. An adhesive test, evaluation and classification procedure with four classes T270 to T200 was derived. It is based on a comparison of the temperature-dependent shear strength decline in bonded samples vs. solid wood reference samples beyond 180 °C. Class T270 adhesives are proposed being suited for the linear charring model of EN 1995-1-2 as PRF adhesives without additional fire resistance testing of components deemed necessary today.

Residual strength and time to failure of bonded wooden lap joints at high temperatures and superimposed constant loading

ABSTRACT The study focused on the effect of high temperatures on wooden bond lines of single lap tensile shear specimens according to EN 302-1 made from beech wood at superimposed sustained mechanical loading. The quasi-duration of load (DOL) tests encompassed temperature levels of 160–232°C with specimens loaded at 30% of their mean shear strength at ambient temperature for 40 min. The investigations comprised one phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), two melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) and three one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) adhesives as well as solid wood reference specimens. Complementary ramp load tests were performed with specimens heated in unloaded state up to 250°C. The investigations revealed three highly differentiated adhesive DOL behaviours although showing a well comparable pure temperature-bound strength reduction effect at 200°C. PRF and one MUF showed little to no additional influence of applied load, while for two 1C-PUR brands a drastic impact on survival times and residual strength was revealed. One MUF and a special 1C-PUR forwarded results between both extremes. The investigations provide evidence that the assessment of the temperature behaviour of structural adhesives can be biased when relying exclusively on ramp load tests with specimens heated in unloaded state, and thus necessitates a superimposed load as present in realistic fire scenarios.

Preparation of Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Organo Clay Nanocomposite Foams Using Thermal Processing and Microwave Irradiation Techniques and Investigation of Their Thermal Insulation and Compressive Strength

Preparation of Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Organo Clay Nanocomposite Foams Using Thermal Processing and Microwave Irradiation Techniques and Investigation of Their Thermal Insulation and Compressive Strength

Dimensional Stability Properties of Medium-Density Fiberboards Produced Using Silicone-Based Chemicals

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two different silicon-based water-repellent chemicals (Dow Corning 87 and Xiameter PMX-200 1000cs) added to melamine urea formaldehyde glue (1.07 mol, 5 % melamine additive) in different proportions (0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 % and 3.0 %) on the dimensional properties (swelling-shrinkage and length extension and shrinkage) of the medium density fiberboard. In the context of the study, the dimensional stability properties of the boards were measured based on the TS EN 318:2005 standard. It was observed that, when the relative humidity of the air conditioning room increased from 65 % to 85 %, the swelling decreased and the extension increased, respectively, in the thickness and length directions of the boards produced with silicon-based chemicals (compared to the control board produced without using silicone-based chemicals). On the other hand, it was determined that the shrinkage in the thickness and length direction of the boards decreased when the relative humidity of the air-conditioning room was reduced from 65 % to 30 %. Moreover, the dimensional stability properties of medium density boards produced with silicon-based chemicals increased (resistance to moisture).

Epoxy/polymercaptan microcapsules composite: Synthesis, mechanics, and self-healing behavior

To enhance the longevity of materials, minimize maintenance expenses, and optimize material performance. The wall material employed in this study was urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF), and a dual microcapsule self-healing system was established by synthesizing two distinct microcapsules of epoxy resin and polymercaptan via an in situ polymerization technique. Moreover, the reaction conditions were optimized. The reaction parameters were as follows: core-shell ratio of 2:1, surfactant concentration of 0.6 g/L (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS): Arabic gelatin (GA) = 2:1), polymerization pH = 3.5, stirring rate of 700r/min. Then, the two microcapsules (The mass ratio of the two microcapsules is 1:1) were added to the epoxy resin matrix at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 wt% to prepare the resin matrix with self-healing properties. The conical double cantilever beam (TDCB) was used to test the mechanical properties of the matrix. The results showed that the matrix with microcapsule content of 10 wt% had relatively better comprehensive properties, and the self-healing rate was 49.87% at room temperature. These findings provide valuable insights and potential for advancing the development of self-healing materials.

Preparation of a long-term mildew resistant and strong soy protein adhesive via constructing multiple crosslinking networks

Developing strong soy protein-based adhesive (SPA) to replace harmful formaldehyde-based resins in the wood-based panel industry is a hot research. However, the lack of long-term antibacterial and antifungal properties of SPA significantly impacts its durable bonding performance and limits application. The commonly used anti-mold agents often decrease the protein compatibility and strength. Inspired by the robust and resilient dissipative matrix found in slug mucus, a green and sustainable adhesive with long-term antibacterial, antifungal properties, and excellent bonding performance was prepared using classic self-assembly and building toughened crosslinked networks. Specifically, caffeic acid and L-arginine were grafted onto tubuchitosan via acylation to prepare a chitosan with strong cationic graft modification (CCL), which combined with self-made triglycidylamine as a crosslinking agent to synergically strengthen the adhesive network. The SPA demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (19 mm). The prepared plywood and liquid/cured adhesive showed effective antifungal periods of 30, 80, and 120 days, respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of CCL significantly enhanced the dry and wet shear strengths of the prepared plywood to 2.73 MPa and 1.86 MPa, respectively. And a dry shear strength of 2.10 MPa and a wet shear strength of 1.53 MPa maintained even after a 30-day antifungal observation period, which still meet the interior use plywood requirement (≥0.7 MPa). The corresponding plywood after placing 30 days (1.46 MPa) is obviously higher than E0 level (0.05 mg/m3, GB18580-2017, Climate chamber method) of melamine-urea–formaldehyde resin (0 MPa after ten days). This study provides a straightforward and effective strategy for developing high performance and durable bio-based composite material, including adhesive, film, hydrogel.

Surface property enhancement of impregnated paper decorative panel by MUF-polyelectrolyte complex@Nano-Al2O3 blending

The surface properties of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) impregnated paper decorative panels are unsatisfactory, characterized by brittle surfaces, poor abrasion resistance, and limited flame retardancy. A modification was introduced to the MUF resin by incorporating a blend of polyelectrolyte complex polyethyleneimine (PEI)-phytic acid (PA) and Nano-Al2O3 with the aim of enhancing the surface properties of the decorative panel. The modified resin underwent characterization, and subsequent analyses were conducted to investigate the properties of both the modified impregnated paper and the decorative panel. The results showed that the thermal stability of the modified resin was improved with a curing temperature of 124 °C. In comparison to the control, the modified impregnated paper showed an increase of 146.0 % in tensile strength and 154.5 % in elongation at break. The improved toughness of the modified MUF-impregnated paper resulted in a notable upsurge in both surface bond strength and cracking resistance of the decorative panel. The combustion test results indicated that the modified impregnated had a LOI value of 40.0 % and self-extinguishing behavior. In addition, due to the inclusion of Nano-Al2O3, the decorative panel exhibited a low abrasion value of only 14.1 mg/100r. Overall, the technology proposed in this study can improve the surface properties of decorative panels, increase their added value, and provide a new strategy for modifying MUF resin in the impregnated paper-decorated wood-based panels industry and for researchers.

Influence of rice straw and wood fiber combination on physical and mechanical properties of rice straw pulverized composite board

The production of particleboards from various kinds of ligno cellulosic materials are successful on commercial scale in various parts of the country. However, much success is not seen in use of crop residues for particleboards. Rice straw and wheat straw are one such materials that are abundantly available in India that can be used to produce particleboard. The present work investigated the effect of Rice straw particles and wood fibers combination on physical and mechanical properties of the composite board. The pulverized rice straw composite boards were produced with three different composition of rice straw material (100 %, 70 %, 50 %) and wood Fibers (0 %, 30 %, 50 %). Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF), Phenol Cardanol Formaldehyde (PCF), Blocked Isocyanate resin combined with PCF (BPCF), Blocked Isocyanate combined with Urea Melamine Formaldehyde (BUMF) and Blocked Isocyanate combined with PF (BPF) resins were synthesized. The resin system (10%,12%,14%) with requisite additive was admixed with rice straw and wood fibers. According to the resin system employed, the hot press temperature, specific pressure and curing time were worked out for compression of the boards. The boards were produced with 780 - 850 kg/m3 nominal density and prior to testing, the test specimens were exposed to an atmosphere maintained at a relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and at a temperature of 27 ± 2 °C until their masses are nearly constant. The boards made were subjected for evaluation of physical and mechanical properties according to IS 3087. It was found that the Rice Straw particles with Wood Fibers of 50-50 combination bonded with PCF and also with MUF adhesive of 12 % resin solids confirms to the requirement of physical and mechanical properties as per IS 3087 particleboards of wood and other lignocellulosic materials (medium density) for general purposes Specification. Comparison with resin for hybrid boards of rice straw particles with wood fiber, BPCF has shown excellent properties than BPF and BUMF. The study indicated that increasing the percentage replacement of wood fibers with rice straw particles by more than 50 % decreased the internal bond strength. It can be concluded that rice straw pulverized particleboard can be successfully made with the combination of 30 % - 50 % wood fibers using PCF resin or BPCF resin.

Industrial-scale manufacturing of particleboards using agricultural waste camellia oleifera shells

The search for materials made from renewable resources and free of toxic substances is a global trend towards cleaner production, which can be extended to the development of wood-based panels. However, the industrial sector of wood-based panels has been facing several gaps and challenges related to the shortage of wood raw materials for panel manufacturing with the toxic emissions of traditional adhesives. Camellia oleifera shell (COS), as a common waste, is a potential alternative raw material for wood-based panels and also has an important role in alleviating environmental stress. Faced with these problems, the aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility and environmental aspects of manufacturing particleboard from COS waste at scale. For this purpose, particles made from conventional eucalyptus species were used as particleboard reinforcing phase. Particleboard was manufactured and tested by varying some production parameters, namely: of 10, 20 and 30% content of COS addition; and adhesive types of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and polymeric 4–4 diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) adhesives. The results showed that the physical-mechanical properties of COS-based particleboards were satisfactory for a 10% MUF resin loading or a 3.5% pMDI resin loading. COS-based particleboards with 20–30% COS content similarly met the standards and requirements for non-structural applications. This study presents an informative discussion for decision makers in the wood-based panel industry, providing a trade-off between lower adhesive application and higher COS substitution that is more suitable for direct production at total plant scale.

Adhesive strength and micromechanics of wood bonded at different moisture contents

The adhesive bonding of wood is preferably carried out at levels of moisture content close to those expected during service. In this study, the influence of non-ideal wood moisture content (MC) during adhesive bonding is investigated, using lap shear testing, nanoindentation and microscopy. Spruce lamellas were bonded at 5, 12, 25% MC and largely above fiber saturation point (∼55% MC) with melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and one-component polyurethane adhesive (1C PUR). Tensile shear strength decreased with increasing MC for both adhesive systems, even though the specimens were given ample time to post-cure, as testing was at standard MC 12%. Particularly above FSP, with the presence of free water, tensile shear strength was significantly reduced. For MUF, this is consistent with reduced mechanical properties measured with nanoindentation presuming that excessive moisture hindered adhesive cure. For 1C PUR, micromechanical properties of the bulk adhesive were not significantly affected by MC, the influencing factor was rather insufficient adhesion to the wood surface due to free water. The results propose the applicability of the adhesive beyond the recommended moisture ranges, but advise caution when bonding wood above FSP without process adjustments.

Mechanical and Fire Properties of Flame-Retardant Laminated Bamboo Lumber Glued with Phenol Formaldehyde and Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesives.

This study investigated the effects of different adhesives, phenol formaldehyde (PF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), on the mechanical and fire properties of flame-retardant laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). The results demonstrated that the flame-retardant treatment using phosphorus-nitrogen-boron compounds endowed the LBL with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties, even though the bending strength and bond shear strength were slightly reduced. The PF-glued LBL exhibited superior mechanical and shear properties to the MUF-glued ones, primarily due to its higher processing temperature and deeper adhesive penetration. In addition, the MUF-glued flame-retardant LBL displayed better heat release reduction and smoke suppression properties than the PF-glued LBL, which resulted from the synergistic flame retardancy between the melamine element in MUF and the applied flame retardant. The analysis of the influence of adhesive type on the mechanical and fire properties of flame-retardant LBL holds significant importance for the future design and production of high-performance LBL material.

Water-Related Properties and Biological Durability of Wood-Based Composites

There is insufficient data regarding the biodegradation of wood-based composites (WBC) by wood decay fungi. This study aimed to evaluate the biological durability and water-related properties of different WBC types. Although WBC are primarily designed for dry environments, in building applications, they may face increased moisture risks due to water leakage, condensation, or humid air. The panels, including oak-pine shield parquet (OPP), oriented strand board (OSB), birch plywood (BP), particle board (PB), laminated particle board (LPB), moisture-resistant particle board (MRPB), medium density fibreboard (MDF), laminated medium density fibreboard (LMDF) and moisture resistant medium density fibreboard (MRMDF), were subjected to attack by brown rot fungus Coniphora puteana. After 16 weeks of exposure, the most resistant WBC against biodegradation were BP, moisture-resistant MDF, and laminated MDF, as they exhibited a mass loss lower than 5 %. Conversely, all other WBC types showed high susceptibility to biodegradation, with a mass loss exceeding 35 %. LMDF (8 – 51 %) and MRMDF had the lowest water absorption (WA) within 168 h (2 – 46 %), while non-treated MDF exhibited the highest WA among all composite types with 190 % water uptake. With regards to thickness swelling, all WBC types, except for LPB and MDF, demonstrated values below 20 %. The influence of adhesives (phenol-formaldehyde or melamine urea-formaldehyde) used in WBC did not show a clear impact on water-related properties orbiological durability.

Face bonding strength of cross laminated northern hardwoods and softwoods lumber

Producing cross-laminated timber (CLT) has opened a new market for the lumber industry in North America, while few hardwood species have been studied in the U.S. for CLT production. Combining hardwood species in mixed hardwood CLT or in hybrid CLT can be a solution to boost the market of the undervalued hardwoods. However, the knowledge gap on bonding hardwoods needs to be filled to provide evidence of feasibility. This study focused on the face bonding properties of the cross laminations made of seven hardwood species and two softwood species from the Great Lakes region using two commercial structural adhesives, the phenol resorcinol adhesive (the Resorcinol) and the melamine urea formaldehyde adhesive (the Melamine). A total of 45 combinations of the selected species were studied for the bonding strength (shear under compression) and the percentage of wood failure. For single species samples, the bond strength was positively related to the specific gravity of wood and the bond strength of hardwoods was 33% and 82% stronger than that of softwoods bonded with the Resorcinol and the Melamine respectively. The mixed hardwoods showed higher bonding strength (the Melamine: 5.45 MPa, the Resorcinol: 5.28 MPa) than mixed softwoods (the Melamine: 2.8 MPa and the Resorcinol: 2.7 MPa). Among the Resorcinol bonded mixed combinations, 54% had a percentage of wood failure less than 80%, while the Melamine bonded had only 4 out of 22 which had a percentage of wood failure less than 80%. The overall bonding strength of the hybrid combinations was 5% weaker than that of the mixed hardwoods. All hybrid combinations bonded with the Melamine met the 80% wood failure criterium, but some bonded with the Resorcinol had a percentage of wood failure less than 80%. Anatomical features, especially pore distribution, played a key role in the bonding performance. However, the Melamine adhesive consistently achieved over 80% wood failure across all pore distribution types.

Bonding performance and surface characterization of cold-bonded acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber.

Acetylation of wood with acetic anhydride reduces the wood-moisture interaction, improves the dimensional stability and resistance against biodegradation. However, the adhesive bonding is affected by the modification, which is crucial to manufacture engineered wood products, such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL). In this study we report the bonding of 8-layered acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) LVL boards to 2-layered LVL beams. The beams were glued together at room temperature adding three common load-bearing construction adhesives: melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF), and one-component polyurethane (PUR). The bonding performance was tested by assessing its dry and wet tensile shear strength(TSS) and wood failure percentage(WF). Also evaluated were the material's density and moisture content(MC). The surface was characterized prior to bonding by its pH, roughness, and contact angle(CA). The adhesive penetration was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Aside from MUF, applying PRF and PUR adhesives achieved good bonding performance on acetylated LVL and references. Acetylated LVL displayed a more hydrophobic behaviour, a higher pH, a somewhat smoother surface, and an increased density.