Strontium isotope data of the Gondwana, Oligocene, and Palaeocene-Eocene coals of India has been compiled for the first time in this report. The Gondwana coals of peninsular India from the Talcher, Ib, Rajmahal, Wardha, and Korba coalfields have the highest mean 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.731762 ± 0.000034 (2σ). Compared with the high radiogenic 87Sr content of the non-marine Gondwana coals, the Oligocene coals from the Makum coalfields in Assam and the Palaeocene-Eocene coals of Meghalaya in North East India had mean 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.708998 ± 0.000029 (2σ) and 0.716335 ± 0.000032 (2σ) respectively. The Sr concentration (mg/kg) of the three types of coal decreased in the order of Oligocene (170.6 mg/kg) > Palaeocene-Eocene (45 mg/kg) > Gondwana (35.6 mg/kg). The one-way ANOVA test done on the strontium data of the three types of coal showed significant differences (at p < 0.05) in the mean 87Sr/86Sr values of the Gondwana and Palaeocene-Eocene coals but homogeneity in the Oligocene coals. The high 87Sr/86Sr and low Sr content in the Gondwana coals can be attributed to silicate weathering products in these coals. In the coals of Meghalaya, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios are influenced by both silicates and carbonates. The Rb/Sr versus 87Sr/86Sr plots for both the Gondwana and Palaeocene-Eocene coals showed a weak positive correlation in contrast to the Oligocene coals. The mean 87Sr/86Sr value of the Oligocene coals was similar to the range of 87Sr/86Sr values obtained in marine-derived gypsum in the Miles coal of China and therefore, provides an opportunity for the construction of a strontium isotope chronometer.