Medulla Diameter Research Articles

PODSTAWOWA ANALIZA OKRYWY WŁOSOWEJ WIELBŁ ˛ADÓW W ZALEZNO ˙ SCI OD ICH PŁCI ´ I GATUNKU

The aim of this study was to analyze the diameter of hair fibers collected from camels kept in Poland, and to determine differences in fiber structure between camel sexes and species. Hair samples were collected for analysis from 28 adult camels divided into groups based on sex (18 females and 10 males) and species (18 dromedary camels and 10 Bactrian camels). The samples were collected in May–July 2020, at the level of the last rib. The diameter of 42,000 fibers was measured by the modified projection microscope method. The fibers were classified into three categories: non-medullated fibers, fibers with interrupted medulla and fibers with continuous medulla. The study demonstrated that the hair fibers of camels kept in Poland had a mean diameter of 20.23 µm. Non-medullated fibers had the smallest diameter (17.32 µm). The smallest significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in fiber diameter between males and females was noted in non-medullated fibers. Mean fiber diameter was higher in males than in females, especially in guard hair. No differences in fiber medulla diameter were found between camel sexes or species. Hair from Bactrian camels was thinner, and the proportion of non-medullated fibers was more than 50% higher than in dromedaries.

Nail breakage in patients with hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis after subtrochanteric femur fracture: treatment with exchanging nail and decortication.

In this study, we aimed to show the results of exchange nail and decortication in patients whose subtrochanteric femur fractures were treated with intramedullary nails and subsequently developed fracture nonunion and nail breakage com- plications. This study consisted of patients presenting with subtrochanteric femur fractures between January 2013 and April 2019 who underwent surgery and later experienced nail breakage due to hypertrophic nonunion. There were a total of 10 patients aged 26-62 years (Avg 40,30, SD: 9,989). Nine patients were smokers, and 1 patient had diabetes and hypertension. Three patients were admitted to the trauma center due to a car accident and 7 patients were admitted because of a fall. The infection parameters of all patients were normal. All patients had pathological movement complications and pain at the fracture site. Preoperatively, medulla diameter was measured with standard radiography in all patients. The diameters of the old nails applied to the patients ranged from 10 to 12 mm, and the diameters of the newly applied nails ranged from 14 to 16 mm. The fracture lines of all patients were opened to remove the broken nails, and decortication was performed. No additional autograft or allograft was applied to any patient. Union was achieved in all patients. We conclude that the use of larger diameter nails in conjunction with decortication will prevent nail breakage, improve healing and provide early union in patients with subtrochanteric femur fractures with hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis.

Guard hair micro-morphology of four non-human primates in Shasha Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria

Mammalian guard hairs have been used for their identification and have been proved useful in wildlife population surveys and trafficking. The qualitative and quantitative features of the dorsal guard hairs of four non-human primates (NHPs) from Shasha Forest Reserve were studied using standard procedures to determine their differences. The NHPs were mona (MM), putty-nosed (PNM), and white-throated (WTM) monkeys, and red-capped mangabey (RCM). The qualitative features determined were medulla pattern, and structure, scale margin distance and type, and scale pattern. The quantitative values studied were scale length and width, shaft diameter (μm), medulla diameter, and medulla index and fraction. Continuous medulla pattern was the only qualitative feature common to all the species. The MM hair had the highest recorded values for all morphological characteristics except shaft diameter and scale width in which PNM had the highest value of 323.00 ± 58.37 and 630.55 ± 213.95μm respectively. The medullary diameter, index and fraction, and shaft diameter were highly significant (P<0.001) among all the species. Post-hoc comparison showed that the medullary diameter, index, and fraction of hairs of the MM was significantly different (P≤0.001) from the other three NPHs. The shaft diameter of the MM was also significantly different from that of the PNM (P≤0.001), and WTM (P≤0.004). The scale width of RCM differed from PNM (P≤0.01), and WTM (P≤0.05). These empirically established morphological differences in guard hairs of the four NHPs in SFR would be useful in verifying their habitat occupancy and forensic evidence in case of illegal trafficking.

VARIATION IN SHAFT AND MEDULLARY DIAMETER OF PRIMATE’S HEAD HAIR

The three major histological components of hair are the shaft, the medulla and the cuticle. These properties have long been utilized to evaluate the nature and significance of personal identification. In human as well as in higher animal sexual dimorphism is an important key for personal identification. The present study attempted to understand the variation of some qualitative variables of hair within different species and between different primates Genus and to identify the sexual dimorphisms within different Species. Since Sexual Dimorphism is one of the major features of evolution sex differences in terms of different histomorphological and quantitative variables might be of basic interest for partial understanding of the evolutionary process. In order to understand that species specific variation and sexual dimorphism, medullary and shaft diameter of human and some non human primates were examined and measured in this present study. Results indicated prominent cases of sexual dimorphism in most of the primate species with regard to their shaft and medullary diameter. On the other hand, significant statistical differences were also noticed between the species with regard to their diameter of shaft and medulla. The obtained results cloud be very useful for the partial understanding of primate evolution on the basis of the quantitative morphological features of primate’s head hair strands.

Preliminary Forensic Study of Hair Morphology and Micrometry of Small-Sized Dog Breeds

Hong Kong, located in Southern China, is one of the world's most densely populated cities. Although dealing with the challenge of living in small spaces, more and more families are keeping pets. Pet ownership has undergone exponential growth as nearly 241,900 Hong Kong households (i.e., 9.4 % among all households) had pets at home, while the number of pet dogs and cats increased from 297,100 in 2005 to 405,200 in 2018. Dogs possess hair that is easily shed, thus has great chances to be found at a crime scene through primary or secondary transfer. As every contact leaves a trace, examination of dog hair to identify dog breeds may establish a link between suspect, victim and a crime scene as associative evidence. Previous studies on the morphology and micrometry of dog hair investigated large-sized dog breeds, such as Husky, Rottweiler and Doberman, while these dog breeds are not common in Hong Kong. This was the first study to investigate the morphological and micrometric differences among hair collected from small-sized dogs that are commonly found in homes with small living spaces. Hair samples were collected from popular small-sized dog breeds in Hong Kong such as Poodle, Shiba Inu, Miniature Schnauzer and Pomeranian. With a scanning electron microscope and a compound microscope, morphological (e.g., hair color, cuticle scale pattern and medullary pattern) and micrometric characteristics (e.g., hair shaft diameter, medulla diameter, medullary and cuticular indices) were determined. Distinctive cuticle scale pattern was observed: elongate petal in Shiba Inu and coronal in Poodle, while these arrangements were rarely found in large-sized dog breeds that were reported in previous studies. Hairs of Shiba Inu also showed the medulla to be uniserial ladder, which could be considered a distinctive characteristic of this breed. The findings from this preliminary study are useful for forensic investigations to differentiate and identify small-sized dog breeds through hair sampling. Further studies involving larger numbers of small-sized dog breeds and subjects will be carried out.

A study on hair analysis of different Canidae breeds

Dogs being most commonly present around humans means that their hair has become an important aspect among trace evidence that can be used as associative evidence in the court of law. They can serve as corroborating evidence as well as help in forensic investigations and trials. The morphological and morpho-metrical differences among hair are useful in differentiating dog breeds. This paper attempts to study the features that can aid in individualization as well as the identification of different dog breeds and help in future explorations. Micro-metric measurements and structure of shaft, medulla, and cuticle of hair may vary among different breeds of dogs (Canis familiaris). Hair samples were randomly collected from 42 dogs of different breeds. Examination of cuticle pattern was done by preparing hair casts and indices were calculated using micro-metric standards. Morphological characteristics were examined under stereomicroscope and light microscope for evaluating shaft diameter, medulla diameter, cuticle scale length, medulla patterns, cuticle patterns, and margins. The results of this study indicate that microscopic features can be used to distinguish different breeds of dogs whereas micro-metric values do not show remarkable distinctions. A rare condition - ‘split end’ was seen in Dachshund dog breed. Therefore, we can conclude that there are differences among dog hair if microscopic features can be observed and indices could be used for the forensic identification process, and these findings may contribute to discriminating among dog breeds based on preliminary hair examination.

20. Ectoparasites Identification of Stingrays Fish (Dasyatis Sp.) At Peunayong Fish Market, Banda Aceh

The aim of this research was to observe the histological of the thymus in tegal duck (Anas javanicus) according to the variation of ages. The animals used in this research were one month, two months and three months old of tegal duck. The thymus of each duck was analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) method and then observed under a light microscope. The result of the research performed differences in thymus structure of these three ages.The cortex had increased at the age of 2 months and decreased at the age of 3 months. The longest diameter of medulla at the age of 3 months was followed by ages 2 months and 1 month of tegal ducks. The distribution ofHassall's body had increased at every age level. So, the cortex thickness decreased at the age of 2 months to 3 months, while the diameter of the medulla was getting longer

Histoarchitectural changes of Adrenal gland in Emballonurid male bat, Taphozous longimanus (Hardwicke) during the reproductive cycle

Taphozous longimanus has two adrenal glands, one on each side, situated retroperitoneally occupying an antero-mesial position abutting against the ipsilateral kidney. The left adrenal gland is pyramidal and the right adrenal gland is oval in shape. The diameter of the left adrenal gland is always higher than that of the right adrenal gland during different periods of reproductive activity. Each gland is duplex organ consisting of cortex and medulla. Cortex is divided into two zones which are poorly differentiated from each other. An outer zone is zona glomerulosa, and inner zone is zona fasciculata. The zona glomerulosa of left and right adrenal gland during the breeding period are larger than that of zona glomerulosa of left and right adrenal gland during the pre-breeding period respectively. The diameter of zona fasciculata of left and right adrenal gland during the breeding period is smaller than that of zona fasciculata of left and right adrenal gland of the pre-breeding period. There is no clear histological difference between medulla of right adrenal gland to that of left adrenal gland during the breeding period but the diameter of zona glomerulosa and medulla during the breeding period is larger than that of the pre-breeding period.

Measurement of Anteroposterior diameters of normal brainstem by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the anteroposterior diameter of brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla) of normal Nepalese people to establish normal ranges and to correlate the measurement with pa­tient’s age and gender.
 Method: The study is a cross-sectional prospective study which is per­formed in Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara. The data is collected over the period of 5 months from May 2018 to September 2018. The data of total 103 patients are collected who underwent (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) MRI head. Measurements of sagittal diameter at predefined levels i.e. distance between upper border of pons to midway between superior and inferior colliculi (A) for midbrain, distance between an­terior surface of pons to the floor of fourth ventricle (B) for pons and anteroposterior diameter perpendicular to the long axis of medulla just above the posterior kink at cervicomedullary junction for medulla ob­longata were made and noted.
 Result: The mean anteroposterior diameter of midbrain, pons and me­dulla oblongata was found to be 1.7048 ± 0.12 cm, 2.27 ± 0.13cm and 1.3 ± 0.088 cm respectively. The average ratio of sagittal diameter of pons to sagittal diameter of midbrain was 1.34 ± 0.099 cm and average ratio of sagittal diameter of pons to medulla oblongata was 1.75 ± 0.123 cm.
 Conclusion: There was no statistically significant correlation of the sagittal diameter of midbrain, pons and medulla with patient’s gender. The sagittal diameter of brainstem reached maximum at the age 20 and stopped increasing. The sagittal diameter of midbrain and medulla ob­longata decreased slightly after the age of 50 and decreased significant­ly after the age of 70. There was no decrease in the sagittal diameter of pons after age.

The Effects of Trenbolone Supplementation on The Extremity Bones in Running Rats

Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives through which anabolic effects are maintained and androgenic effects are minimized. The use of ergogenic agents is increasing among athletes for doping in order to increase physical performance and change external image. The objective of this study was to determine effects of trenbolone supplement administered on running rats for 4 weeks on extremity bones. The study was conducted with 28 male Wistar rats aged 28 days with a mean weight of 61,80 g supplied from the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. The rate were divided into 4 groups as C (Controls), E (Exercise), T (Trenbolone), and TE (trenbolone + Exercise). The trial period lasted 4 weeks. Supply, care, feeding, and experimental applications of rats were performed in the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. Anterior and posterior extremities’ bones were dissected and exposed, and the humerus and femur bones exposed were dried. Length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness, and medulla diameter points were determined and the necessary measures were taken. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the comparison of data. p<0.05 values were considered statistically significant. The mean femoral length was found as 31.31 ± 0.69 in the rats in Group T, 31.46±0.72 in Group E, 31.51±0.58 in Group TE, and 31.48 ± 0.71 in Group C (controls). Examining the mean femoral lengths of Groups T, E, TE and C; the mean femoral length in Group T was numerically higher than that of the Groups E, TE and C, although the difference was not statistically significant (F:0.112; p:0.637). The mean humerus length was found as 24.93 ± 0.59 in the rats in Group T, 24.96±0.68 in Group E, 25.33±0.81 in Group TE, and 25.29±0.77 in Group C (controls). Examining the mean humerus lengths of Groups T, E, TE and C; the mean humerus length in Group T was numerically higher than that of the Groups E, TE and C, although the difference was not statistically significant (F:0.608; p:0.355). We found that the mean values of corpus and cortex thickness, and medullary diameters were similar in the Groups T, E, TE, and C, and the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Results of this study indicate that trenbolone supplement may lead to early epiphyseal closure in femur and humerus bones of rats, ceasing the increase in their length. We believe that the results obtained from this trenbolone trial will provide important data to the studies that will be conducted on anabolic androgenic steroids. Key words: Anabolic Androgenic Steroid, Trenbolone, Rat, Femur, Humerus

19. Histological of Thymus in Tegal Duck (Anas javanicus) at Different Ages

The aim of this research was to observe the histological of the thymus in tegal duck (Anas javanicus) according to the variation of ages. The animals used in this research were one month, two months and three months old of tegal duck. The thymus of each duck was analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) method and then observed under a light microscope. The result of the research performed differences in thymus structure of these three ages. The cortex had increased at the age of 2 months and decreased at the age of 3 months. The longest diameter of medulla at the age of 3 months was followed by ages 2 months and 1 month of tegal ducks. The distribution of Hassall's body had increased at every age level. So, the cortex thickness decreased at the age of 2 months to 3 months, while the diameter of the medulla was getting longer.

Morphometric effects of testosterone supplementation on certain extremity bones in young swim-trained rats

There has been a dramatic increase in the use of doping agents today. Used by athletes to increase strength, endurance and speed, AAS lead to various negative effects on the human body despite enhancing performance and strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphometric effects of testosterone supplementation on certain extremity bones in young swim-trained rats. The study was conducted with a total of 24 30-day-old male Wistar rats obtained from Selcuk University Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center. The rats were divided into four equal groups of six: control (C), exercise (E), testosterone (T) and testosterone+exercise (TE) groups. The appropriate weekly dose was adjusted for the rats in the testosterone-treated group according to their body weights. The front and back extremity bones of the materials were dissected and the uncovered humerus and femur bones were dried. The length, corpus thickness, cortex cortical thickness and medulla diameter points of each bone were determined and the morphometric measurements were taken. The results were presented as Mean±SD. Data were analyzed through comparison between the groups by using ANOVA and Duncan test. The significance level was set at P<0.05. The femur and humerus lengths of the TE, T, E, and C groups were compared and the respective lengths were femur; 32.24±1.04 for the C group, 32.23±0.28 for the E group, 31.12±0.73 for the TE group and 30.93±0.72 for the T group, humerus; 25,74±0,77 for the C group, 25,66±0,25 fot the E group, 24,68±0,53 for the TE group and 24,58±0,41 for the T group. The femur and humerus bones of the rats in the groups given testosterone supplementation (TE and T) were significantly shorter than those of the rats in the other two groups (p<0.05). However, there were not any statistical differences among the TE, T, E, and C groups in terms of cortex, corpus and medullary diameter measurements of the femur and humerus bones (p>0.05). The results of the study showed that testosterone supplementation stopped the growth of femur and humerus by causing premature epiphyseal closure in them. Also, even exercise did not reduce the adverse effects of testosterone supplementation. Although some athletes think that prohibited agents used as AAS affect performance positively, these agents should not be used because of their adverse effects on athletes’ health and because they are against sports ethics.

Hair histology as a tool for forensic identification of some domestic animal species.

Animal hair examination at a criminal scene may provide valuable information in forensic investigations. However, local reference databases for animal hair identification are rare. In the present study, we provide differential histological analysis of hair of some domestic animals in Upper Egypt. For this purpose, guard hair of large ruminants (buffalo, camel and cow), small ruminants (sheep and goat), equine (horse and donkey) and canine (dog and cat) were collected and comparative analysis was performed by light microscopy. Based on the hair cuticle scale pattern, type and diameter of the medulla, and the pigmentation, characteristic differential features of each animal species were identified. The cuticle scale pattern was imbricate in all tested animals except in donkey, in which coronal scales were identified. The cuticle scale margin type, shape and the distance in between were characteristic for each animal species. The hair medulla was continuous in most of the tested animal species with the exception of sheep, in which fragmental medulla was detected. The diameter of the hair medulla and the margins differ according to the animal species. Hair shaft pigmentation were not detected in all tested animals with the exception of camel and buffalo, in which granules and streak-like pigmentation were detected. In conclusion, the present study provides a first-step towards preparation of a complete local reference database for animal hair identification that can be used in forensic investigations.

Hair Analysis of Mammals of Brazilian Wildlife for Forensic Purposes

Wildlife trafficking is classified as the fourth largest illegal commerce in the world. Taxonomic identification of wildlife is an ordinary process for forensics experts. The aim of this study was to analyze animal’s hair from Brazilian’s wildlife through microscopic and compare morphology of bristle among species analyzed. Hair samples of nine species were analyzed. Glass slides were analyzed through optical microscopy and following measurements were obtained: total length, medulla diameter, overall diameter and overall ratio diameter of the medulla’s diameter. The images obtained at identification of animals through the morphology of hair and the statistics analysis corroborates in favor for the validation of the technique.

The treatment of distal metacarpus fracture with locking compression plate in calves*

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of locking compression plates for the treatment of distal metacarpal fractures in calves. The metacarpus was stabilized using a stainless steel locking compression plate with fully threaded locking head screws. The calves started weight-bearing partially after the first postoperative day and resumed complete weight-bearing after day 10. Callus formation was obtained at the end of the 3rd week and completed at the end of the 8th week, and complete healing was seen at the 12th week in radiographs. The limbs were in good alignment, the calves were fully weight-bearing, and client satisfaction was very high. The metacarpal length, diameter of cortex, and diameter of medulla were measured in fractured and nonfractured metacarpi at the 1st, 45th, 120th, and 365th postoperative days. In conclusion, as the characteristics of juvenile bones do not provide sufficient physical strength for implants, we decided that locking compression plates are associated with good prognosis for surgical repair of distal metacarpal fractures in newborn calves.

通河林区黄鼬(Mustela sibirica)冬季被毛形态结构的功能适应性研究

被毛在哺乳动物适应性进化过程中执行保温和保护两个重要功能,其形态结构上存在的功能适应性特征因所处的部位不同而表现出适应性分化现象,由动物体躯干至四肢末端呈显著的梯度变化。以黑龙江省通河林区黄鼬东北亚种（Mustela sibirica manchurica）冬季雌雄成体各10只完整毛皮对象,研究了背中部、腹中部和后肢下部3个部位的直针毛、披针毛、绒针毛、绒毛,以及后趾部硬毛的被毛性状因子,统计分析表明：通河林区黄鼬相同身体部位4种类型毛的长度和细度指标均为直针毛〉披针毛〉绒针毛〉绒毛,相同部位4种类型毛长度的相关性极显著,直针毛细度与披针毛细度相关性极显著（P〈0.01）,绒针毛细度与绒毛细度相关性极显著（P〈0.01）,这种特征使得被毛在整体结构上为实施保温和保护功能奠定基础;同时,黄鼬被毛各性状的保温功能从背部向后趾部呈递减趋势,而保护功能则呈现递增趋势,被毛形态结构性状上的分化与动物机体异温性充分结合,对于黄鼬适应寒冷的森林生态环境具有重要意义。

Midbrain-hindbrain involvement in septo-optic dysplasia.

Midbrain-hindbrain involvement in septo-optic dysplasia has not been well described, despite reported mutations of genes regulating brain stem patterning. We aimed to describe midbrain-hindbrain involvement in patients with septo-optic dysplasia and to identify possible clinical-neuroimaging correlations. Using MR imaging, we categorized 38 patients (21 males) based on the presence (group A, 21 patients) or absence (group B, 17 patients) of visible brain stem anomalies. We measured height and anteroposterior diameter of midbrain, pons, and medulla, anteroposterior midbrain/pons diameter (M/P ratio), vermian height, and tegmento-vermian angle, and compared the results with 114 healthy age-matched controls. Furthermore, patients were subdivided based on the type of midline anomalies. The associations between clinical and neuroradiological features were investigated. Post hoc tests were corrected according to Bonferroni adjustment (pB). Patients with brain stem abnormalities had smaller anteroposterior pons diameter than controls (pB < .0001) and group B (pB = .012), higher M/P ratio than controls (pB < .0001) and group B (pB < .0001), and smaller anteroposterior medulla diameter (pB = .001), pontine height (pB = .00072), and vermian height (pB = .0009) than controls. Six of 21 patients in group A had thickened quadrigeminal plate, aqueductal stenosis, and hydrocephalus; 3 also had agenesis of the epithalamus. One patient had a short midbrain with long pons and large superior vermis. There was a statistically significant association between brain stem abnormalities and callosal dysgenesis (P = .011) and developmental delay (P = .035), respectively. Midbrain-hindbrain abnormalities are a significant, albeit underrecognized, component of the septo-optic dysplasia spectrum, and are significantly associated with developmental delay in affected patients.

Characterizing Visually Objectionable and Nonobjectionable Medullated Fibers in Mohair

The objectives of this research were to determine and define the characteristics of visually “objectionable medullated” (i.e., “kemp type”) fibers and “nonobjectionable medullated” fibers in mohair and to establish which characteristic(s) best distinguish between them, when examining whole fibers, as opposed to fiber snippets, the latter having been the case in earlier research. It was found that the mean medulla to diameter ratio (Med Ratio) distribution of individual visually objectionable medullated whole fibers overlapped significantly with that of visually nonobjectionable medullated fibers, confirming previous studies on fiber snippets, that Med Ratio on its own does not represent a reliable criterion for consistently and accurately distinguishing between visually objectionable and nonobjectionable medullated mohair fibers. Taking fiber and medulla diameter, type and length into consideration in addition to Med Ratio did not appear to substantially improve the ability to differentiate between the two types of fibers. This aspect, together with the cellular nature of the medulla, will be the focus of future research.

Variations of scalp, pubic and axillary hair

Hair examinations and comparisons conducted by forensic scientists often provide investigative and associative information. Apart from its length and its natural color, hair displays a morphologic diversity both macroscopically and microscopically. Pseudogenization of <phihHaA type I hair keratin gene inactivation highlights dramatic differences and is thought to be one of the strongest reasons for localization of hair in human. Therefore, humans have several different types of hair that can be classified depending on their body position and form. Size, angle of penetrance through the skin, embryological time of first appearance, and structural variations in the hair follicles are all taken into account when classifying hair types. However, the classification of differential types of hair quantitative traits in human is yet to be undertaken. An attempt has been made in the present study to understand the variation by using the histomorphological and quantitative variables of 540 hair strands (180 each scalp, axillary and pubic hair) of 18 adult Bengalee Hindu caste females. Apart from variation in histomorphological variables, quantitative variables regarding shaft and medulla diameter demonstrated variation in terms of being significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pubic hair compared to that of axillary and scalp hair. Therefore, the present study envisaged that variability in histomorphological and quantitative traits in different areas of human could be one of the important criteria for personal identification in forensic research.

Morphometric evaluation of the effect of methenolone enanthate on femoral development in adolescent rats

The effect of Methenolone Enanthate (ME), one of the Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS), used as a muscle amplifier and for doping by athletes, on the femur bone development of adolescent male and female rats has been researched in this study. Three different groups for each male and female rat, including 8 rats of each, (ME, V, C) were formed and a total of 48 rats were used. The subject groups were given 0.5 mg/kg methenolone enanthate (PrimobolanO Depot, Bayer) dilued in peanut oil, 0.5 ml; all animals received five intraperitonal injections weekly for four weeks. The rats were euthanized at the end of the four weeks and both femurs dissected and macerated. The length, corpus thickness, compact bone thickness and medulla canal diameter were measured with calipers and the average of each was noted. The effect of ME administration on femur length and corpus femoris thickness was negative in male animals but positive in females and was determined to be statistically significant (p 0.05), while a significant difference (p<0.05) had been seen between the sexes in medulla diameter in the control groups. It was concluded that, the ME effect on rat femurs, similar to that of other AAS, consists in supressing bone growth in male animals while enhancing in females during pubertas. Rat models show negative middle-term and long-term effects of this agent, which is still widely in use as a performance enhancer, as opposed to its positive results in the short term.