Medium Soil Types Research Articles

Preliminary study of liquefaction potential on the NYIA-Kulon Progo Toll Road Construction Project (Klaten Interchange STA 21+800 – 22+300)

Abstract The Solo-Jogja NYIA Kulon Progo toll road construction project section 1 package 1.1, which connects Kartasura to Klaten Regency. Based on the regional geological conditions, the Klaten interchange at STA 21+800-22+300 is situated in the Opak Merapi-Merbabu fault area predominantly composed of sandy lithology. Consequently, there is a potential for liquefaction when an earthquake occurs. This research analysis of liquefaction potential using a field test data approach, namely the SPT (Standard Penetration Test) was conducted to assess the seismic and subsurface conditions at Klaten Interchange STA 21+800 - 22+300. The seismic conditions at the Klaten interchange, located 6-7 km from the Opak fault, result in a Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) value of 0.78 g, corresponding to class 5 on the BMKG MMI scale, potentially causing serious damage to buildings. The VS30 value in the research area ranges from 278.9 - 654.3 m/s, indicating a medium soil type. Subsurface conditions at STA 21+800-21+300 are divided into three zones based on the distance of each borehole. The SPT result shows that zone 1 is dominated by Silty Sand with Loose to Medium Dense consistency, zone 2 is dominated by Silty Sand to Sand with Medium Dense to Very Dense consistency, zone 3 is dominated by Silty Sand with a Medium Dense to Very Dense consistency. The results of the liquefaction potential calculation study indicate that several borehole points have the potential for liquefaction because the safety factor (FS) value is less than 1. Zone 1 has three points that have the potential for liquefaction: DBs-01, DBs-05, and DBs-07. Zone 2 includes two points with potential liquefaction: DBs-08 and DBs-09. Zone 3 has one point with potential for liquefaction: DBs-10.

Comparison of Bracings and Fluid Viscous Dampers in 15-Storey Buildings across All Seismic Zones of India under Bi-Directional Excitation

Abstract: An earthquake is a natural phenomenon i:e, sudden horizontal movement of earth’s crust that causes sudden collapse of buildings and other structures such as large monuments, bridges etc. The damage of the building is based on the amount of magnitude and intensity of the earthquake. A building can withstand in lower intensity of earthquake. But higher intensity causes lots of damages on building or a building can suddenly collapse and causes increase in number of deaths. To mitigate these effects a control system is to be provided such as base isolations, dampers, bracings etc. The current topic is based on the behavior of linear and non linear fluid viscous damper provided at center and both side corners of 15 Storey RC building in diagonally bracing system. The building is modeled and analyzed by using ETABS software. Here IS 1983(part1): 2002 and medium soil type are to be considered for analysis with respect to all seismic zones (zone II - zone V) of India. Here linear static and response spectrum analysis are applied in each model. Results are to be drawn based on base shear, storey displacement and storey drift to understand how fluid viscous dampers helps to reduce the effects of earthquake.

Study on Analysis of G+10 Building with Shear Wall Using ETABS

Shear wall is a structural member designed to counteract the lateral forces acting on a structure. These walls are more important in seismically active zones when shear forces on the structure increases due to earthquakes. Shear walls have more strength, stiffness and resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. Buildings with shear walls which are properly designed and detailed have shown very good performance in past earthquakes. Various research studies have been conducted on the design of shear wall and its performance to seismic forces. This study used analytical software called E-TABS to provide a full perspective of the equivalent static technique and a high-rise building's reaction spectrum analysis with same model, in different zones. Using software to do the study has been beneficial. The structure has a medium soil type and is approximately G+10 stories tall.

Study on Effect of Podium Interference on High Rise Building for Seismic Loads

In this modern world various type of structures are being built for various purpose. In this project it had been tried to explain a structure with a large podium at below storeys and a structure without podium. If a podium is provided below the building it helps in more proper utilization of space, podiums are multipurpose platforms that may be utilised to create both normal and non-standard constructions. Residential, commercial, and a variety of other uses are all permitted on podiums up to a specified height. Therefore, podium structure and its analysis were built to meet the space demand as well as for safety purposes and to provide the structures an appealing appearance. Installing a podium will be a fantastic way to extend the life of the building. This study used analytical software called E-TABS to provide a full perspective of the equivalent static technique and a high-rise building's reaction spectrum analysis with and without podium. Using software to do the study has been beneficial. The structure has a medium soil type and is approximately G+15 stories tall.

COMPARISON OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING USING RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT SEISMIC ZONES BY USING STAAD.PRO SOFTWARE

A multi-storey building is just a building that has multiple storeys above the ground. A multi storied building is either residential or commercial. Migration of individuals from rural to urban centres where job opportunities are significant. The land available for building to accommodate this migration is becoming scarce which ends in rapid increase within the cost of land. And this leads to construction of multi-storeyed buildings as they supply an outsized floor area in an exceedingly relatively small area of land in urban cities. A comparison of highrise buildings by response spectrum analysis in different seismic zones of India. The main objective of this research paper is to compare regular and irregular buildings in seismic zone III & zone V by response spectrum analysis in STAAD. Pro. The soil type taken into consideration is medium soil type. The aim is to find base shear, storey drift and story displacement and eigen value and eigen vector by response spectrum analysis. Cost analysis has also been done. Analysis is done as per IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2002. It focuses on dynamic analysis of buildings. Without increasing the area, we can extend only the building’s floor to design a multi-storied building as this will save overall building cost. Key Words: Seismic Analysis, Response Spectrum Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Drift, Story Displacement, STAAD.Pro

Measurement of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave in the South of Pangandaran as an Effort for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation

The Regency of Pangandaran is located on the southern side of West Java, surrounded by local faults, and close to the Indo-Australia and Eurasian subduction zone, causing the area to feel the earthquake’s impact often. Tasikmalaya Earthquake M 7.3, on September 2, 2009, was felt strong and has caused damage in this area. Therefore, mitigation efforts are critical to reducing the earthquake impact. This study aims to determine the classification of soil types in the southern Pangandaran based on 1D Vs up to 30 m depth (Vs30) measured by the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) method. The study used the SNI 1726-2012 as the categorization of soil types based on Vs30. To clarify, the Vs profile made the cross-section from west to east part in 2D. The results show that hard and medium soils dominate the research area with Vs30 values between 210 - 627 m/s that make the area relatively safe from the potential of strong earthquake shocks. However, the southern part of Cijulang, Parigi, and Pangandaran districts have medium soil types that are relatively thick. Those parts may indicate the potential for stronger earthquake shocks.

Performance of a Multi-Storey Complex Building with CFST Columns.

Due to rapid on-going horizontal development and restricted vertical development of buildings has resulted in congestion of cities and shrinkage of agricultural land, particularly in high seismic zones. For vertical development, there is a need for the construction of buildings as high as possible. The restriction to the vertical development is due to the reason that high rise structures are more vulnerable to lateral loads acting on the building resulting from the seismic events. With a background in view, the current work studies the seismic responses of a multi-storey complex building with concrete-filled steel tube columns (CFST). In present work, CFST columns of different sizes were used for the study of a Ground+12 storey building with plan dimensions 35m x 30m, situated in seismic Zone-V and medium soil type as per IS 1893-2016 classification. The Response spectrum analysis was carried out for different building models as per IS 1893:2016 provisions. E-TABS software was used for three-dimensional modelling and analysis of buildings. Several response parameters like fundamental time period, maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift, storey shear and overturning moment are considered in this study to evaluate the performance of the building. It was concluded that CFST columns perform well for high seismic zones even at smaller cross-sectional dimensions.

Pogressive Collapse Analysis of Multi Storey (G+10) Building by Staad Pro. using Column Removal

This project presents an attempt to do progressive collapse analysis of multistory (G+10) residential building by STAAD Pro (Structural Analysis and Design Software Application). STAAD Pro is software that helps to analysis and design of low and high-rise buildings and portal frame structures. In this project G+10 RC frame building is analysis statically (linear method) along with Progressive Collapse analysis. In progressive collapse the weight of the building transfers to the neighbour columns in the structure causes to the failure of adjoining members and finally to the failure of partial or whole structure. All the members of the project are analyzed as per Indian codes IS 456:2000, IS 800:2007, and IS 1893:2002 (part1) code using this software. Here the result for is compared between the shear force, bending moment variations value of corner column, Zone1, Zone2, Zone 3 by STAAD Pro. With medium soil type and for Progressive Collapse analysis GSA guidelines are followed. As per GSA guidelines three column removal cases for each case1, case2, case3 one at a time has studied, namely Corner column removal, Exterior column removal and interior column removal all at ground floor.

Static, Dynamic and Pogressive Collapse Analysis of Multi Storey (G+10) Residential Building by ETABS Software

This project presents an attempt to do static, dynamic and progressive collapse analysis of multistory (G+10) residential building by ETABS (Extended 3D Analysis of Building Systems). ETABS is software that helps to anatomization and design of low and high-rise buildings and frame structures. In this project G+10 RC frame building is analysis statically (linear method) and dynamically (Response Spectrum method) along with Progressive Collapse analysis. All the members of the project are analyzed as per Indian codes IS 456:2000, IS 800:2007, and IS 1893:2002 (part1) code using this software. Here the result for Story stiffness, Base shear, Story Shear, Overturning moments, Maximum displacement, and Story Drift is compared between static and dynamic results for Zone2-(case1), Zone3-(case2), Zone4-(case3), Zone5-(case4) with medium soil type and for Progressive Collapse analysis GSA guidelines are followed. As per GSA guidelines three column removal cases for each case1, case2, case3, and case4 individually studied, namely Corner column removal, Exterior column removal and interior column removal at ground floor. For all three cases linear analysis study has been undertaken and DCR ratios are evaluated. Member having DCR ratio greater than 2 will going to fail for corresponding column removal case.

Analysis of shear wave velocity on rocks using microtremor refraction method (ReMi) in Watatu Village, South of Banawa, Donggala Regency

The analysis of shear wave velocity on rocks in Watatu, South of Banawa, Donggala Regency using Microtremor Refraction Method (ReMi) has been conducted. The purpose of this research is to analyze the propagation velocity of shear wave on rocks layers up to 30 m in depth and to know the type of rock layer profiles in the study location. The method used was Microtremor Refraction using Surface Wave Analysis Wizard software and WaveEq software. The results showed that the rocks of trajectory 1 and trajectory 3 were classified into type E soft soil type with the respective including Vs30 values of 127.8 m/s for trajectory 1 and 98.9 m/s for trajectory 3. Then for trajectory 2 and trajectory 4 are classified into D type rocks i.e medium soil types with Vs30 values respectively on Track 2 of 235.1 m / s and for Lane 4 of 196.9 m/s.

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE LOAD ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE HIGHWAY BRIDGE WITH I-GIRDER PRESTRESSED CONCRETE IN THE EVENT OF INACCURACIES IN PRESTRESSING LOSS PREDICTIONS

In planning a highway bridge girder using prestressed concrete, it must pay attention to two design categories, namely strength and service. Problems have arisen since the existence of earthquake resistance regulations for road bridges, so planners must calculate the amount of deflection and stress that occurs in the upper structure due to earthquake loads, which must be smaller than the deflection and voltage permits required by regulations. All of that was also greatly influenced by the accuracy of the predicted loss losses for prestressed concrete girders. The purpose of this study was to conduct a study which could be a solution for how to actually treat a good design, for the I-Girder design of prestressed concrete used as a highway bridge girder in the event of inaccurate prediction of loss of pressure during an earthquake, resulting in two design categories strength and service ability can be considered all well. The methodology of this study is to make as a starting point the prestressed concrete I girder whose dimensions are capable of being a highway bridge girder with a span of 30 m to 40 meters with standard loading for loading BM 100. For span bridges that have 100% prediction accuracy, use as a basic benchmark of deflection and stress values that occur for the type of combination of loads that have earthquake loads, then with the same span, varied values of inaccurate predictions lose pre-stress and analyzed deflection and stress values that occur for types of load combinations that have earthquake loads varied earthquake regions 1,2, 3 and 4, for medium soil types. The results of the study show that the greater the percentage of inaccurate prediction of loss of pressure, the greater the deviation ratio of deviations both deflection, upper fiber stress and lower fiber stress occur in the field. Which, if the prediction of losing pre-pressures is smaller than the actual one, then the level of the deviation ratio of the allowable deviation increases as well as vice versa. Also, predicting pre-suppression voltage loss that is located on the side greater than the actual loss of pressure that occurs will be on the part of the party that is harmful to the ability of service and the permissible power, when an earthquake occurs.

RELATIVE STUDY OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS BETWEEN FLAT SLAB AND GRID SLAB OF RCC STRUCTURES WITH DIFFERENT MASONRY INFILLS IN TWO DIFFERENT ZONES

Recently there has been a considerable increase in the number of tall buildings, both residential and commercial, and modern trend is towards taller structures, Flat slab is most widely used systems in reinforced concrete construction in offices, residential and industrial buildings in many parts of the world. The flat plate system, in which columns directly support floor slabs without beams. To improve the performance of building having flat slabs under seismic loading, provision of flat slab with drop is proposed. The object of the present work is to compare the behaviour of multi-storey buildings having flat slabs with drops with that of conventional beam column framing so called grid slab system under linear dynamic analysis (Response spectrum analysis) with different masonry infills i.e. shear wall and concrete bracing in two different zones i.e. zone III and zone IV with medium soil type conditions. Software ETABS is used for this purpose. The parameters study are Time Period, Base shear, Displacements and Story Drift. And it is found that the structure with infills shows better performance in comparison with structures without infills. In addition to this the structure with shear wall reduced max displacement and storey drift and time period of different types of structures in both the zone in comparison with structure with concrete bracing.

Post-fire succession indices performance in a Mediterranean ecosystem

We sought to quantify early species succession (covering a 9 year period) after a natural wildfire in an unmanaged Mediterranean-type ecosystem across three different soil types. We examined different indices that are frequently used in literature as for their sensitivity and ability in tracing vegetation changes during a post-fire succession. Field data from a forest in Sithonia peninsula, northern Greece, during a period of 10 years after a fire event were used as a case study. In order to detect the best model fit of diversity and evenness indices we used pseudovalues generated with the jackknife method. The index of evenness and diversity with the lowest coefficient of variation scores were selected as the ones with the best model fit. In order to select the abundance model with the best model fit we compared the difference of the observed abundances data from the jackknife-predicted ones using the Akaike information criterion. According to our results, in rich and medium soil types, the best diversity ecosystem index from the ones examined was the (inverse) Berger–Parker one, while in poor soil types the Simpson or Brillouin diversity index. According to our results, in rich and medium soil type Mediterranean ecosystems, a good biodiversity ecosystem descriptor is based on how abundant is the most abundant species. In poor soil types where there are fewer species, and the percentage of cover is lower, indices that account for the relative representation of species within the community structure are better biodiversity ecosystem descriptors. All evenness indices examined but the Smith–Wilson were good ecosystem descriptors. The abundance model that showed the best model fit was the log series one. The poor fit of the Smith–Wilson’s index suggests that in species poor ecosystems the number of species is more important than species variance.

Effects of isolation on the seismic response of bridges designed for two different soil types

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lead rubber isolators on the seismic response of bridges designed according to current codes for two different soil conditions: hard and medium type soils, in order to assess their applicability for the design of new bridges or retrofit of existing ones. The study was conducted for two levels of earthquake, one corresponding to a return period of 50 years and a service limit state, the other with a return period of 1,000 years and a failure limit state. Twenty one subduction earthquake records on the two types of soil were used to evaluate the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of a set of bridges designed for this purpose with and without base isolation. The response parameters evaluated are the maximum relative displacement on top of the piers, the maximum pier distortion, the maximum shear forces in the piers and the ductility demands for the isolators. The results presented are the average of these maxima for the various earthquakes. This study is an expansion of a previous one in which the seismic response of 36 bridges considering models with and without base isolators, structures with linear base isolators and bridges with nonlinear isolators. The results of this study confirm the conclusions previously obtained and show that the isolation can have beneficial effects even for bridges located in medium soil types.

Simulated effects of racetrack material properties on the vertical loading of the equine forelimb

One of the factors cited as contributing to racing injuries of horses is the condition of the racetrack surface. This study examines the possible effects of different dirt racetrack surfaces by using dynamic modelling of the horse and track to quantify the vertical loading of the hoof and coffin joint. Results indicate that as the stiffness of the racetrack material increased from a weak soil to a rock surface (constant soil damping ratio of 15% of critical damping), the maximum track deflection decreased from 5.1 to 1.2 cm; stance phase duration decreased by 60%; energy dissipation decreased by 72%; maximum vertical ground reaction force and coffin joint force increased by 19% and maximum vertical rate of loading increased by 219%. Varying the soil damping ratio from 5 to 30% of critical damping had only small effects on the loading response, changing the above parameters by less than 5% for the medium soil type simulated. These results indicate that the track surface may have a profound effect on the loading conditions of the horse’s limb, with the surface stiffness properties having a greater effect on loading than the surface damping properties. Design of appropriate race track surfaces may therefore be more dependent on selection of soil for structure, rather than soil amendments which have been used primarily to alter damping characteristics.