Medium-scale Trials Research Articles

Development of Pencak Silat Collaboration Test Instruments for Pencak Silat Athletes in Jambi City

In this research journal, the writer or researcher wants to conduct research on the Development of a Pencak Silat Punch and Kick Collaborative Test Instrument for Pencak Silat Athletes in the City of Jambi. The method used in this research is research and development. The sample used was 16 pencak silat athletes in Jambi City. The results of the study “Development of a Pencak Silat Punch and Kick Collaborative Test Instrument for Jambi City Athletes” were categorized as suitable as a punch and kick collaboration test instrument that could measure the speed and strength of each the punches and kicks of Jambi City’s pencak silat athletes. This can be seen from the results of the assessment of media experts, namely 91.88%, test and measurement experts 100.00%, and material experts in pencak silat 100.00% and based on the results of medium-scale trials, namely 96.30%.

Validitas dan Reliabilitas Instrumen CTTMC pada Pembelajaran IPA Terpadu SMP

The CTTMC instrument is an assessment instrument with a two-tier multiple-choice type, consisting of a first tier and a second tier. Developing an instrument requires data analysis. The data analysis consisted of validity and reliability tests. In the content validity test using the Aiken formula. Content validity analysis data were obtained from 9 validators. The validation process is carried out through a group discussion forum (FGD). The reliability test used Alpha Cronbach's formula with the ITEMAN application. The results of the content validity were more than 0.74, thus indicating that all the developed items were declared valid. While the reliability results obtained were obtained in the medium-scale trial, tier 1 was 0.711 and tier 2 was 0.707, while in the broad-scale trial, tier 1 was 0.833 and tier 2 was 0.873, indicating that the questions developed had high reliability.

The development of homogeneity psycho cognition learning strategy in physical education learning

<p><span>Many future studies have been developed by scientists today in the form of methods, models, strategies, and techniques in improving student learning outcomes that are oriented to psychology and the development of students' intelligence. One of the latest innovations in learning offered in this study is the homogeneity psycho cognition (HPC) strategy. The research objective was to develop the latest learning strategies in physical education, sports, and health learning. This development research uses a 4D model consisting of four stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate to produce products in the form of an HPC learning strategy. This study involved 115 elementary school students in several sample schools in Ambon City as participants. This study found that the HPC learning strategy had been developed following the relevant development directions and procedures. The validation of the HPC strategy by experts indicates that the HPC strategy is feasible to implement with due regard to minor revisions. The results of small and medium-scale trials show that the HPC strategy can improve student learning outcomes.</span></p>

Efficacy of Doob grass, Cynodon dactylon against white spot syndrome virus in Penaeus monodon

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been considered one of the deadliest pathogens of penaeid farmed shrimp. A doob grass, Cynodon dactylon was tested against deadly white spot syndrome virus Penaeus monodon. The trial was to optimize the crude extraction and to mix the powder to the shrimp feed. The obtained formulation was tested against WSSV at a small scale in bioassay challenge laboratory, medium scale trial in cages and large-scale trial in the commercial ponds. The trial showed heat deactivates the active ingredient/s present in C. dactylon. The formulations using 150 g/kg of feed and 200 g/kg of Cynodon dactylon in feed gave 100% survival. Similar results were obtained in the cage trial. Large scale trials were conducted in 60 commercial ponds of the same size (area 5,000 m2 and depth 1.2 m), shape and locations. The treatment ponds' productivity was higher (12.7 ton/ha) than that of the control ponds (11.79 ton/ha). WSSV cases were not recorded in the control and treatment ponds. This study showed that C. dactylon extract has anti-WSSV properties and has no negative impact on shrimp growth.

Development of Multiple Representation-Based General Chemistry Textbook Using Guided Inquiry

This study aims to describe the development process and determine the feasibility of multiple representation-based textbooks that are designed with a guided inquiry model. The method used in this research is the Research & Development (R&D) with the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implementation, Evaluate) model. Analyze stages are carried out in the form of curriculum analysis, concepts, and learning resources. In the design process, textbooks are made following the guided inquiry learning stages and design the media in the form of images that show multiple representations so that an initial draft is produced. At the Develop stage, draft books are printed and reproduced for validation and revision. The next step of implementation is carried out through a small-scale trial to determine the initial response to the textbook. In the final stage (Evaluation), the textbook on the results of the small-scale trial was revised to be used in the medium-scale trial to get the textbook's final response data. This study involved ten students in the chemical Tadris department in the small group and 29 students in the moderate group. The instrument used was the validation sheet and the language response sheet and the presentation of the textbook. Data of expert validation and trial results were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively in the form of percentages using a Likert scale. The results showed the feasibility of the content, linguistic, presentation, and graphic textbooks, respectively 95.33%, 94.76%, 92.16%, and 92.58%. The suitability of the textbooks with the guided inquiry syntax and multiple presentations was 98.33% each. A small group trial shows that the language aspect gets 84.33 scores, and the presentation aspect is 84.75. After the textbook was revised, the trial results for the medium group showed that the linguistic aspect value was 90.34, and the presentation aspect was 92.59. Overall it can be concluded that the textbooks developed are very suitable for use in learning.

A medium-scale trial of Handivote

Handivote is an electronic voting system utilising mobile phones and short text messages. Thus, far we have only conducted very limited trials within our own school. In this paper, we report on a medium scale trial carried out in the Kelvinside district of Glasgow. It was used by a local community group to assess support vs. opposition to a planned building development on a meadow. We describe the procedures followed to issue voting credentials, the information given to voters, and the telecommunications and computing infrastructure used to conduct the vote. We describe the user interface made available to the person or groups setting up the poll, and explain how the final results are presented to the public. We detail the mechanisms available to facilitate voter scrutiny to ensure integrity of the vote. A brief discussion of the cost of this scheme, in terms of money and labour, will also be included.

Biomarker Guided Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure.

This review article addresses the question of whether biomarker-guided therapy is ready for clinical implementation in chronic heart failure. The most well-known biomarkers in heart failure are natriuretic peptides, namely B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP. They are well-established in the diagnostic process of acute heart failure and prediction of disease prognosis. They may also be helpful in screening patients at risk of developing heart failure. Although studied by 11 small- to medium-scale trials resulting in several positive meta-analyses, it is less well-established whether natriuretic peptides are also helpful for guiding chronic heart failure therapy. This uncertainty is expressed by differences in European and American guideline recommendations. In addition to reviewing the evidence surrounding the use of natriuretic peptides to guide chronic heart failure therapy, this article gives an overview of the shortcomings of the trials, how the results may be interpreted and the future directions necessary to fill the current gaps in knowledge. Therapy guidance in chronic heart failure using other biomarkers has not been prospectively tested to date. Emerging biomarkers, such as galectin-3 and soluble ST2, might be useful in this regard, as suggested by several post-hoc analyses.

Efficacy of Novaluron Against Culex quinquefasciatus in Small- and Medium-scale Trials, India

Novaluron 10% emulsifiable concentrate (EC), an insect growth regulator (IGR), was tested against Culex quinquefasciatus immatures at 1, 5, and 10 mg active ingredient (AI)/m2 applied to cesspits, drains, and abandoned wells. The IGR produced 80-100% inhibition of adult emergence (IE) for > 1 week (10-14 days) in cesspits, 1-2 weeks in street drains, and 5-10 weeks in abandoned wells at the 3 application rates. The efficacy increased with the increasing dose in street drains and abandoned wells. The residual activity of the IGR was longer in abandoned wells compared to drains and cesspits. Based on the small-scale trial, doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg AI/m2 were used in the medium-scale trial for cesspits, abandoned wells, and street drains, respectively. The efficacy observed in medium-scale trial was similar to that in the small-scale trial. The results indicate that novaluron 10% EC can be used for larval control against Cx. quinquefisciatus at the application rate of 1 mg AI/m2 at 10-day intervals in cesspits, at 5 mg AI/m2 at 2-month intervals in abandoned wells, and at 10 mg AI/m2 applied at fortnightly intervals to drains. Even at the lowest rate of 1 mg AI/m2, the IGR prevented adult emergence for at least a week in cesspits and street drains and for a month in abandoned wells. Novaluron 10% EC could be one of the options for larval control operations in integrated vector management.

Efficacy of Two Formulations of the Bioinsecticide Spinosad Against Culex quinquefasciatus in India

Spinosad 12% suspension concentrate (SC) and 0.5% granular (G) formulations were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus immatures at 3 dosages--50, 100, and 150 mg active ingredient (AI)/m2--in cesspits, street drains, and disused wells in comparison with temephos 1% G at 1 part per million. The 2 formulations reduced the density of pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus by 80-100% for 7-14 days in cesspits, 7-18 days in drains, and 33-69 days in disused wells at the 3 dosages tested. The 12% SC and 0.5% G formulations were equally effective in suppressing the larval and pupal populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in all the habitats treated. At 100 mg AI/m2 in drains and cesspits, the efficacy of spinosad 0.5% G was greater than that of temephos (1% G) and that of spinosad 12% SC was comparable to that of temephos (1% G) applied to the 2 habitats. In disused wells, both the formulations lasted longer than temephos. Based on the small-scale trial, the rate of 150 mg AI/m2 of spinosad was selected for field application to cesspits and drains and 50 mg AI/m2 for application to disused wells. The efficacy observed in medium-scale trials was in agreement with that of small-scale trials. The trial showed that the 2 formulations of spinosad can be used for larval control of Cx. quinquefasciatus, at 50 mg AI/m2, applied at weekly intervals to cesspits and street drains and at monthly intervals to disused wells. At the higher dose of 150 mg AI/m2, the 2 formulations were effective in suppressing the pupal population for 2 wk in cesspits and street drains and for 2 months in disused wells.

Response surface methodology study of the combined effects of temperature, pH, andawon the growth rate ofTrichoderma asperellum

To evaluate the influence of environmental parameters (water activity aw, temperature, and pH) on the radial growth rate of Trichoderma asperellum (strains PR10, PR11, PR12, and 659-7), an antagonist of Phytophthora megakarya, the causal agent of cocoa black pod disease. The radial growth of four strains of T. asperellum was monitored for 30 days on modified PDA medium. Six levels of aw (0.995, 0.980, 0.960, 0.930, 0.910, and 0.880) were combined with three values of pH (4.5, 6.5, and 8.5) and three incubation temperatures (20, 25, and 30 degrees C). Whatever the strain, mycelial growth rate was optimal at aw between 0.995 and 0.980, independently of the temperature and pH. Each strain appeared to be very sensitive to aw reduction. In addition, all four strains were able to grow at all temperatures and pH values (4.5-8.5) tested, highest growth rate being observed at 30 degrees C and at pH 4.5-6.5. The use of response surface methodology to model the combined effects of aw, temperature, and pH on the radial growth rate of the T. asperellum strains confirmed the observed results. In our model, growth of the T. asperellum strains showed a greater dependence on aw than on temperature or pH under in vitro conditions. aw is a crucial environmental factor. Low aw can prevent growth of T. asperellum strains under some conditions. The observed and predicted radial growth rate of strain PR11 showed its greater capacity to support low aw (0.93) as compared with other tested strains at 20 degrees C. This is in agreement with its better protective level when applied in medium-scale trials on cocoa plantations. This study should contribute towards improving the biocontrol efficacy of T. asperellum strains used against P. megakarya. Integrated into a broader study of the impact of environmental factors on the biocontrol agent-pathogen system, this work should help to build a more rational control strategy, possibly involving the use of a compatible adjuvant protecting T. asperellum against desiccation.

DESAIN PERMAINAN ULAR TANGGA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KIMIA

The limitations of media variants and the infrequent use of learning media in the chemistry learning process in one of the public schools in Palembang City are the main problems behind the research. This research was an R&D (research and development) research that aimed to develop snakes and ladders game on acid-base topic, determine validity based on expert judgment, determine the practicality of media based on student response questionnaire assessments, and determine the effectiveness of the learning media. The development of the snake and ladder game learning media followed the ADDIE development framework. The validators in this study were content experts, media experts, and education practitioners. The subjects were students in one of the public schools in the Palembang City. Data collection instruments used validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and test questions. The results of the validity test got an average score of 4,07 meaning that it was feasible. The practicality assessment in small-scale trials got 94,86% which was included in the very practical category, the medium-scale trials of 90,75% and also included in the very practical category. The results of test showed an increase in student learning outcomes. It could be proved by the average post-test score of the experimental group students was 85,12 while the average post-test score of the control group was 78,12 and the Sig. (2-tailed) of the t-test (independent sample t-test) had 0,000 < 0,05, which means the snake and ladder game learning media developed is effective to improve student learning outcomes.