Medium-fidelity Prototype Research Articles

Exploring the design of physical artefacts to visualise household consumption for encouraging sustainable practices

ABSTRACT Although household consumption contributes to climate change, it can be challenging to comprehend the consequences and effects from a personal perspective. In this paper, we explore the design of physical data visualisations to promote sustainable practices within households. We conducted 15 household design workshops involving household members to explore physical designs and envision the potential use of physical artefacts in the home to promote sustainability behaviours using five low to medium-fidelity prototypes. The findings from these workshops highlight the need to balance aesthetics, abstraction, and the presentation of actionable information in the design of physical artefacts. Based on our findings, we identify key design considerations for future design: (1) including all household members in the design process to reflect the collective goals and values of the home, fostering a sense of ownership and engagement, (2) considering child-friendly design in physical artefacts to promote awareness, education, engagement, and sustainable values in children, (3) and considering nature-based visuals to reduce the mental burden of information overload.

Tailored Self-Management App to Support Older Adults With Cancer and Multimorbidity: Development and Usability Testing.

Globally, cancer predominates in adults aged older than 60 years, and 70% of older adults have ≥1 chronic condition. Cancer self-management interventions can improve symptom management and confidence, but few interventions target the complex needs of older adults with cancer and multimorbidity. Despite growing evidence of digital health tools in cancer care, there is a paucity of theoretically grounded digital self-management supports for older adults. Many apps for older adults have not been co-designed with older adults to ensure that they are tailored to their specific needs, which would increase usability and uptake. We aim to report on the user evaluations of a self- and symptom-management app to support older adults living with cancer and multimorbidity. This study used Grey's self-management framework, a design thinking approach, and involved older adults with lived experiences of cancer to design a medium-fidelity app prototype. Older adults with cancer or caregivers were recruited through community organizations or support groups to participate in co-designing or evaluations of the app. Data from interviews were iteratively integrated into the design process and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analyses. In total, 15 older adults and 3 caregivers (n=18) participated in this study: 10 participated (8 older adults and 2 caregivers) in the design of the low-fidelity prototype, and 10 evaluated (9 older adults and 1 caregiver) the medium-fidelity prototype (2 older adults participated in both phases). Participants emphasized the importance of tracking functions to make sense of information across physical symptoms and psychosocial aspects; a clear display; and the organization of notes and reminders to communicate with care providers. Participants also emphasized the importance of medication initiation or cessation reminders to mitigate concerns related to polypharmacy. This app has the potential to support the complex health care needs of older adults with cancer, creating a "home base" for symptom management and support. The findings from this study will position the researchers to conduct feasibility testing and real-world implementation.

The use of citizen information in criminal investigation through a collaborative technological innovation process to counteract theft from persons in Bogotá

Theft from persons is one of the highest impact crimes in Bogotá, with a national share of approximately 38 %. This crime brought to the attention of the authorities is referred to by academics as recorded or reported crime and is used by the police for different purposes, particularly for criminal investigation, but with inefficient results in the identification of perpetrators. Therefore, the type of research is qualitative and has the objective of linking the citizen through a process of collaborative technological innovation, with the purpose of collecting, processing and analysing reported or non-reported information (hidden crime) in a timely, anonymous and efficient manner with disruptive technologies prioritised for the project. The methodology used begins with the discovery stage by identifying key actors and building user stories. Then, in the understanding stage, the value proposition is put forth by means of a hypothesis that is validated in a process of experimentation, and finally, in the build stage, a technology watch analysis is carried out and the proposal for the collaborative system between the citizen and the police with a technological approach is put forward. The results are based on the identification and prioritisation of five technologies, two actors, three variables and application of six low and medium fidelity prototypes, as well as the acceptance of citizens in collecting and sharing timely information at 87 %; that information focuses on video, audio, photos and localisation at 55 %. On the other hand, with the entry into operation of the collaborative system, the researchers indicate that it would optimise investigation by 50 % through the timely identification of the perpetrators. As for the conclusion, the information analysed and obtained from the results allows to reach, in a first phase, validation of the established hypothesis, but at the same time recognising the importance of including methodologies such as System Dynamics that allow for the systemic analysis of the information established by other actors and its impact on the proposed collaborative system.

Prototyping Process and Usability Testing of a Serious Game for Brazilian Children With Type 1 Diabetes.

This study aims to describe the prototype development and testing of a serious game designed for Brazilian children with diabetes. Following an approach of user-centered design, the researchers assessed game's preferences and diabetes learning needs to develop a Paper Prototype. The gameplay strategies included diabetes pathophysiology, self-care tasks, glycemic management, and food group learning. Diabetes and technology experts (n = 12) tested the prototype during audio-recorded sessions. Next, they answered a survey to evaluate the content, organization, presentation, and educational game aspects. The prototype showed a high content validity ratio (0.80), with three items not achieving the critical values (0.66). Experts recommended improving the game content and food illustrations. This evaluation contributed to the medium-fidelity prototype version, which after testing with diabetes experts (n = 12) achieved high content validity values (0.88). One item did not meet the critical values. Experts suggested increasing the options of outdoor activities and meals. Researchers also observed and video-recorded children with diabetes (n = 5) playing the game with satisfactory interaction. They considered the game enjoyable. The interdisciplinary team plays an important role guiding the designers in the use of theories and real needs of children. Prototypes are a low-cost usability and a successful method for evaluating games.

Enhancing Caregiver Empowerment Through the Story Mosaic System: Human-Centered Design Approach for Visualizing Older Adult Life Stories.

Various older adult care settings have embraced the use of the life story approach to enhance the development of comprehensive care plans. However, organizing life stories and extracting useful information is labor-intensive, primarily due to the repetitive, fragmented, and redundant nature of life stories gathered from everyday communication scenarios. Existing life story systems, while available, do not adequately fulfill the requirements of users, especially in the application of care services. The objective of this study is to design, develop, and evaluate a digital system that provides caregivers with the necessary tools to view and manage the life stories of older adults, enabling expedited access to pertinent information effectively and visually. This study used a multidisciplinary, user-centered design approach across 4 phases: initial design requirements, prototyping, prototype refinement workshops, and usability testing. During the initial phase, we conducted field research in the Hefei Tianyu Senior Living Service Nursing Home, China, to discover how caregivers currently store and use life stories and their needs, challenges, and obstacles in organizing and retrieving information. Subsequently, we designed a low-fidelity prototype according to the users' requirements. A prototyping workshop involving 6 participants was held to collaboratively design and discuss the prototype's function and interaction. User feedback from the workshops was used to optimize the prototype, leading to the development of the system. We then designed 2 rounds of usability testing with 7 caregivers to evaluate the system's usability and effectiveness. We identified 3 categories of functionalities that are necessary to include in the design of our initial low-fidelity prototype of life story visualizations: life story input, life story organization, and timeline generation. Subsequently, through the workshops, we identified 3 categories for functional optimization: feedback on user interface and usability, optimization suggestions for existing features, and the request for additional functionalities. Next, we designed a medium-fidelity prototype based on human-centered design. The Story Mosaic system underwent usability testing in the Hefei Tianyu Senior Living Service Nursing Home. Overall, 7 users recorded and organized 1123 life stories of 16 older adults. The usability testing results indicated that the system was accessible and easy to use for caregivers. Based on the feedback from the usability testing, we finalized the high-fidelity prototype. We designed, developed, and evaluated the Story Mosaic system to support the visual management of older adults' life stories. This system empowers caregivers through digital technology and innovative design, pioneering personal narrative integration in caregiving. This system can expand to include informal caregivers and family members for continued adaptability and empathy.

USABILITY GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNING M-HEALTH CLINICAL CODING AND GROUPING APPLICATION

The rapid progression of technology has led to web-based e-Health systems migrating to mobile device systems known as m-Health apps. Past researchers gave guidelines on the general e-Health, but the usability guidelines for m-Health apps were lacking. General guidelines are challenging to refer to when developing mobile apps with specific domains and complex functionalities. However, the absence of specific m-Health guidelines has made it challenging to design a quality and suitable app if it follows the general guidelines. Hence, specific usability guidelines for specific domains and complex functionalities apps with quality and sound research were developed to ensure the users get the best usable app. This study aims to produce a m-Health usability guideline for the clinical-based app of clinical coding and grouping for healthcare users. A total of ten participants participated in this study, which were fell into three categories; namely four industrial practitioners in the field of UI/UX, four experts with more than 20 years of experience in UI/UX and usability expertise, and two end-users, which consist of doctors and lecturers in public health and clinical coding. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, allowing the participants to share feedbacks and comments to improve the usability guidelines and prototype for clinical coding and grouping of the m-Health app. The four participants from the expert categories had undergone usability evaluations, namely heuristic evaluations, while the two end-users’ groups had engaged in cognitive walkthroughs to improve the usability guidelines and the app’s prototype. The transcript of the interviews and usability evaluations were transcribed for thematic analysis using Nvivo software. The emerging themes were categorised into legibility and readability consisting of sub-themes font, icon, label and logo, buttons, and visual design that includes the sub-theme, theme and style, illustration and animation and colour. The emerging themes were a few vital usability components that were taken into consideration during the development of the m-Health app. The study highlights some of the usability components that were the foundation of the usability guidelines and the prototypes developed may be used by researchers and developers to develop the clinical-based m-Health app in the future. The usability guidelines and the clinical coding and grouping m-Health app prototype can be further tested towards other m-Health apps with similar features and between more experts and other wider audiences, such as older age groups and colour-blind people to produce a more robust and holistic app that is universally suited for all people. Moreover, the expansion from a medium-fidelity prototype to a high-fidelity app was also encouraged for future researchers and developers.

Reporting non-consensual pornography: clarity, efficiency and distress

According to recent legislative initiatives, non-consensual pornography is a crime in several countries and social media providers have a duty to provide their users easy to use mechanisms to report abuses. In this paper, we analyse the state of the art of the interfaces for reporting non-consensual pornography from the victim’s perspective. Firstly, we analysed 45 content sharing platforms where aggressors might post non-consensual pornography. The analysis identified three distinct interaction styles for reporting the crime: Scriptum (a text-field where the user verbally describes the abuse), Bonam (a multilayered menu that includes a correct option), and Malam (a multilayered menu that does not include a correct option). Secondly, we conducted a within-subject study to evaluate the experience elicited by these interaction styles. Participants (N = 39) were given a scenario and asked to report six blurred images as non-consensual pornography using a medium-fidelity prototype. The results exposed complex trade-offs between clarity, efficiency, and distress among the different interaction styles. These trade-offs open foundational research directions transcending boundaries between human-computer interaction and multimedia studies and interfacing computer science research with the law.

Mobile App Prototype in Older Adults for Postfracture Acute Pain Management: User-Centered Design Approach.

Postfracture acute pain is often inadequately managed in older adults. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies can offer opportunities for self-management of pain; however, insufficient apps exist for acute pain management after a fracture, and none are designed for an older adult population. This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate an mHealth app prototype using a human-centered design approach to support older adults in the self-management of postfracture acute pain. This study used a multidisciplinary and user-centered design approach. Overall, 7 stakeholders (ie, 1 clinician-researcher specialized in internal medicine, 2 user experience designers, 1 computer science researcher, 1 clinical research assistant researcher, and 2 pharmacists) from the project team, together with 355 external stakeholders, were involved throughout our user-centered development process that included surveys, requirement elicitation, participatory design workshops, mobile app design and development, mobile app content development, and usability testing. We completed this study in 3 phases. We analyzed data from prior surveys administered to 305 members of the Canadian Osteoporosis Patient Network and 34 health care professionals to identify requirements for designing a low-fidelity prototype. Next, we facilitated 4 participatory design workshops with 6 participants for feedback on content, presentation, and interaction with our proposed low-fidelity prototype. After analyzing the collected data using thematic analysis, we designed a medium-fidelity prototype. Finally, to evaluate our medium-fidelity prototype, we conducted usability tests with 10 participants. The results informed the design of our high-fidelity prototype. Throughout all the phases of this development study, we incorporated inputs from health professionals to ensure the accuracy and validity of the medical content in our prototypes. We identified 3 categories of functionalities necessary to include in the design of our initial low-fidelity prototype: the need for support resources, diary entries, and access to educational materials. We then conducted a thematic analysis of the data collected in the design workshops, which revealed 4 themes: feedback on the user interface design and usability, requests for additional functionalities, feedback on medical guides and educational materials, and suggestions for additional medical content. On the basis of these results, we designed a medium-fidelity prototype. All the participants in the usability evaluation tests found the medium-fidelity prototype useful and easy to use. On the basis of the feedback and difficulties experienced by participants, we adjusted our design in preparation for the high-fidelity prototype. We designed, developed, and evaluated an mHealth app to support older adults in the self-management of pain after a fracture. The participants found our proposed prototype useful for managing acute pain and easy to interact with and navigate. Assessment of the clinical outcomes and long-term effects of our proposed mHealth app will be evaluated in the future.

Tourism as a Service: Enhancing the Tourist Experience

The tourism sector has been facing continuous growth. It plays a vital role in countries’ economic development, highlighting the need to keep nurturing it by making it easier and more attractive. This paper presents Tourism as a Service - an innovative concept that aims to ease a day in the life of a tourist by integrating services that might be found spread out through separate tools and services, including ticketing in public transport and touristic attractions, route planning, information, among others. First, focus groups were done in order to understand the users’ needs regarding the use of a mobile ticketing solution in tourism. The findings from the literature reviewed and the previous step were then prioritized by relevance in a questionnaire sent to potential users, allowing the creation of a medium-fidelity prototype. The validation through usability testing confirmed an interest in the proposed solution. The critical design choices surrounding the proposed solution were discussed along with improvements and further work to be done.

Cub Companion: Aiding The Establishment of Trust Between Patients and Nurses In Pediatric Oncology Units Via Technology And Augmented Reality

The purpose of this study is to investigate the needs of pediatric cancer patients to alleviate some of the stress associated with their treatments and hospitalization. Two pediatric nurses and six parents of children with childhood cancer diagnoses were interviewed to determine the best methods of stress reduction during cancer treatments. Using the information gathered, a qualitative content analysis was conducted using pre-coded themes to determine prevalent ideas throughout the interviews. Themes that emerged for reducing stress included building trust with parents and medical staff, becoming comfortable in a new environment, and distraction during invasive procedures. An augmented reality concept was tested using a medium-fidelity prototype consisting of a customizable teddy bear and Adobe XD mobile application simulation. The evidence collected during interviews and medium-fidelity prototype testing shows great promise for Cub Companion’s ability to provide distraction during treatments and help the child build trust with medical personnel.

Designing Procedure Execution Tools with Emerging Technologies for Future Astronauts

NASA’s human spaceflight efforts are moving towards long-duration exploration missions requiring asynchronous communication between onboard crew and an increasingly remote ground support. In current missions aboard the International Space Station, there is a near real-time communication loop between Mission Control Center and astronauts. This communication is essential today to support operations, maintenance, and science requirements onboard, without which many tasks would no longer be feasible. As NASA takes the next leap into a new era of human space exploration, new methods and tools compensating for the lack of continuous, real-time communication must be explored. The Human-Computer Interaction Group at NASA Ames Research Center has been investigating emerging technologies and their applicability to increase crew autonomy in missions beyond low Earth orbit. Interactions using augmented reality and the Internet of Things have been researched as possibilities to facilitate usability within procedure execution operations. This paper outlines four research efforts that included technology demonstrations and usability studies with prototype procedure tools implementing emerging technologies. The studies address habitat feedback integration, analogous procedure testing, task completion management, and crew training. Through these technology demonstrations and usability studies, we find that low- to medium-fidelity prototypes, evaluated early in the design process, are both effective for garnering stakeholder buy-in and developing requirements for future systems. In this paper, we present the findings of the usability studies for each project and discuss ways in which these emerging technologies can be integrated into future human spaceflight operations.

Perancangan aplikasi pengukuran tingkat kesiapan inovasi menggunakan user experience lifecycle

Innovation is a process to generate new ideas and change something of value in meeting user needs. Innovation requires measuring the readiness level of innovation in universities to monitor and carry out the resulting innovations. This research was conducted to design an application for measuring the level of innovation using the User Experience Lifecycle (UXL) method. This application can assist in submitting activities and measuring the level of innovation carried out by lecturers or students. This application is made in four stages, namely, analysis, design, prototype, and evaluation. Analysis of user needs is carried out at the Innovation Unit of the Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto through interviews. The interaction design requirements are generated in the form of design requirements and work activity affinity diagrams with two main tasks, namely proposing innovation measurements and obtaining progress reports. After that, a discussion was held in the form of a design thinking and ideation session with the innovation unit that produces personas, sketches, and scenarios. Furthermore, the design implementation is done by creating a medium-fidelity prototype, and the results are tested using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Of the ten questions that must be answered distributed to lecturers and students, the results of the test by the lecturer got a value of 69.17 or B (Good), and students rated 69.40 or B (Good). Based on these results, the application's medium-fidelity prototype has exceeded the minimum requirements of 67 or C (Enough) so that the prototype can be produced so that it can be delivered to the public or the public.

Development of a Mobile Health Intervention with Personal Experiments for Smokers Who Are Ambivalent About Quitting: Formative Design and Testing.

BackgroundThe majority of cigarette smokers want to quit someday but are not ready to commit to long-term abstinence. However, available smoking cessation treatments are not well-suited to meet the needs of these ambivalent smokers. Low-cost, high-reach mobile health (mHealth) interventions may be a cost-efficient means of offering assistance to ambivalent smokers, yet there are currently no evidence-based options available for this group.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop and preliminarily evaluate the core content for an mHealth program targeting adult smokers who are ambivalent about quitting. The core content consisted of a series of “personal experiments” similar to those tested as part of a counseling intervention in prior work, including brief cognitive or behavioral tasks designed to boost readiness for changing smoking behavior.MethodsWe conducted individual user interviews (N=3) to refine program content, and then conducted a one-arm pilot study (N=25) to assess user receptivity and the potential impact of the experiments on motivation and self-efficacy to quit or reduce smoking.ResultsIn user interviews, participants liked the concept of the personal experiments. Participants in the pilot study found a medium-fidelity prototype to be highly acceptable. After watching a brief orientation video that explained how the program works, most participants (80%, 20/25) indicated that it sounded interesting, primarily because it did not require any commitment to quit. All participants (100%, 25/25) completed all 7 experiments, including a 24-hour quit attempt, although not all were able to refrain from smoking for a full day based on qualitative feedback on the experiment. The mean rating of usefulness of the overall program was 4.12 (SD 1.09) out of 5, and the average rating of the difficulty of the experiments was 2.16 (SD 1.18) out of 5. At the last assessment point, 92% (23/25) of the participants indicated that they were more interested in either quitting or cutting back than when they began the program, and 72% (18/25) said that if the program had included a free trial of nicotine replacement therapy, they would have used it to try to quit smoking.ConclusionsThis formative work confirmed that ambivalent smokers are willing to use and will remain engaged with an mHealth intervention that employs the novel concept of personal experiments to enhance their motivation for and ability to quit smoking. The addition of action-oriented treatment (self-help and free nicotine replacement therapy, quitline referral) could further support users’ efforts to stop smoking and remain quit.

User-centered design of a mobile medication management

ABSTRACTBackground: The use of a nationwide medication plan has been promoted as an effective strategy to improve patient safety in Germany. However, the medication plan only exists as a paper-based version, which is related to several problems, that could be circumvented by an electronic alternative. Objective: The main objective of this study was to report on the development of a mobile interface concept to support the management of medication information. Methods: The human-centered design (UCD) process was chosen. First the context of use was analyzed, and personas and an interaction concept were designed. Next, a paper prototype was developed and evaluated by experts. Based on those results, a medium-fidelity prototype was created and assessed by seven end-users who performed a thinking-aloud test in combination with a questionnaire based on the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results: Initially for one persona/user type, an interface design concept was developed, which received an average SUS-Score of 92.1 in the user test. Usability problems have been solved so that the design concept could be fixed for a future implementation. Contribution: The approach of the UCD process and the methods involved can be applied by other researchers as a framework for the development of similar applications.

Design and Development of a Telerehabilitation Platform for Patients With Phantom Limb Pain: A User-Centered Approach.

BackgroundPhantom limb pain is a frequent and persistent problem following amputation. Achieving sustainable favorable effects on phantom limb pain requires therapeutic interventions such as mirror therapy that target maladaptive neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system. Unfortunately, patients’ adherence to unsupervised exercises is generally poor and there is a need for effective strategies such as telerehabilitation to support long-term self-management of patients with phantom limb pain.ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to describe the user-centered approach that guided the design and development of a telerehabilitation platform for patients with phantom limb pain. We addressed 3 research questions: (1) Which requirements are defined by patients and therapists for the content and functions of a telerehabilitation platform and how can these requirements be prioritized to develop a first prototype of the platform? (2) How can the user interface of the telerehabilitation platform be designed so as to match the predefined critical user requirements and how can this interface be translated into a medium-fidelity prototype of the platform? (3) How do patients with phantom limb pain and their treating therapists judge the usability of the medium-fidelity prototype of the telerehabilitation platform in routine care and how can the platform be redesigned based on their feedback to achieve a high-fidelity prototype?MethodsThe telerehabilitation platform was developed using an iterative user-centered design process. In the first phase, a questionnaire followed by a semistructured interview was used to identify the user requirements of both the patients and their physical and occupational therapists, which were then prioritized using a decision matrix. The second phase involved designing the interface of the telerehabilitation platform using design sketches, wireframes, and interface mock-ups to develop a low-fidelity prototype. Heuristic evaluation resulted in a medium-fidelity prototype whose usability was tested in routine care in the final phase, leading to the development of a high-fidelity prototype.ResultsA total of 7 categories of patient requirements were identified: monitoring, exercise programs, communication, settings, background information, log-in, and general requirements. One additional category emerged for therapists: patient management. Based on these requirements, patient and therapist interfaces for the telerehabilitation platform were developed and redesigned by the software development team in an iterative process, addressing the usability problems that were reported by the users during 4 weeks of field testing in routine care.ConclusionsOur findings underline the importance of involving the users and other stakeholders early and continuously in an iterative design process, as well as the need for clear criteria to identify critical user requirements. A decision matrix is presented that incorporates the views of various stakeholders in systematically rating and prioritizing user requirements. The findings and lessons learned might help health care providers, researchers, software designers, and other stakeholders in designing and evaluating new teletreatments, and hopefully increase the likelihood of user acceptance.

Use of Scripted Role-Play in Evaluation of Multiple-User Multiple-Service Mobile Social and Pervasive Systems

Mobile and social computing is rapidly evolving towards a deeper integration with the physical world due to the proliferation of smart connected objects. It is widely acknowledged that involving end users in the design, development and evaluation of applications that function within the resulting complex socio-technical systems is crucial. However, reliable methods for managing evaluation of medium fidelity prototypes, whose utility is often dependent on rich data sets and/or the presence of multiple users simultaneously engaging in multiple activities, have not yet emerged. The authors report on the use of scripted role-play as an experimental approach applied in a mixed-methods evaluation of early prototypes of a suite of professional networking applications targeting a conference attendance scenario. Their evaluation was significantly constrained by the limited availability of a small cohort of end users for a relatively short period of time, which pose a challenge to define interactions that would ensure these users could experience and understand the novel application features. The authors observed that participatory role-play facilitated deeper user engagement with, exploration of, and discussion about, the mobile social applications than would have been possible with traditional usability approaches given the small user cohort and the time-constrained conditions.

Personalizing the user experience on ibm.com

In this paper, we describe the results of an effort to first understand the value of personalizing a Web site, as perceived by the visitors to the site as well as by the stakeholder organization that owns it, and then to develop a strategy for introducing personalization to the ibm.com Web site. We started our investigation by conducting literature reviews, holding brainstorming sessions with colleagues around the world, and performing heuristic usability evaluations of several relevant Web sites. We adopted a User-Centered Design approach and conducted a number of usability studies applied to the subset of the ibm.com Web site that business customers use for all aspects of purchase, service, and support of computer equipment. These studies employed a number of low- and medium-fidelity prototypes that we developed for this purpose. Our proposal for personalizing ibm.com consists of a set of 12 personalization features, selected for the value they offer to customers and to the business.