Medium Bus Research Articles

Assessing the prevailing driver seatbelt compliance at Madina Zongo junction in Accra, Ghana: An observational study

Objective This study aimed to examine the prevailing driver seatbelt compliance at the Madina Zongo junction in Accra, Ghana. Methods An unobtrusive observational survey was conducted from 6 to 8 am and 5 to 7 pm on weekdays at randomly designated locations near the junction. A total of 3,054 vehicles were observed throughout the observation period. The data collected were analyzed with SPSS version 26. Cross-tabulations and Pearson’s Chi-square test were employed for thorough analysis. Results The study revealed an overall seatbelt compliance rate of slightly over half (54.1%) among drivers, with the following breakdowns in various vehicle categories: large buses (76.2%), medium buses (98.1%), minibuses (44.0%), private cars (70.5%), taxi/uber (53.0%), and trucks (41.1%). Notably, seatbelt compliance was higher among females at 98.4%, compared to males at 49.2%. The study also identified a correlation between driver’s gender and vehicle type with seatbelt compliance. Conversely, no significant association was found between seatbelt compliance and either the time of day or day of the week. Conclusions The study offers significant findings regarding seatbelt usage trends at the Madina Zongo junction in Accra. These insights provide a basis for recommending targeted interventions such as policy decisions, public health campaigns, communication strategies, better enforcement, and road safety training programs. These interventions aim to raise awareness of unsafe attitudes and behaviors among drivers to improve seatbelt compliance and ultimately enhance road safety for all road users.

Modeling Behavior of U-Turning Vehicles at the Median Opening Using a Merging Behavior Approach: A Case Study in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.

Median openings are one of the most commonly used road features, which are mainly used to allow U-turning movement in urban areas, and this study focuses mainly on modeling the behavior of U-turning vehicles at the median opening using a merging behavior approach. The purpose of the study is to estimate and model the critical gap of u-turning vehicles at the median opening under mixed traffic conditions. Under this study, the accepted gap, rejected gap, driver waiting time, merging time, and critical gap are estimated, and the modified Raff's method and modified INAFOGA method are used for the estimation of a critical gap. However, modified INAFOGA is used for the modeling of critical gaps under mixed traffic conditions. In this study, sixteen median openings were selected in Bahir Dar city, and data were collected using a video recording technique at each selected median opening during the peak hour of the day. The necessary data were extracted using Forevid analysis software tools. Different types of traffic are involved in the mixed traffic, and each vehicle type is categorized according to the Ethiopian Road Authority's 2013 design guide into seven different classes, such as 2-wheeler, 3-wheeler, passenger car, minibus, small bus and truck, medium bus, and medium truck. Among those traffic types, three vehicle classes (three-wheeler, passenger car, and minibus) were only considered due to the prohibition of U-turning movement for medium and large vehicles. For the modeling of critical gaps, waiting time and conflicting traffic flow are used as independent variables using the regression technique. Driver waiting time and the critical gap were found to be power related to passenger cars and minibuses and exponentially to three-wheelers. Conflicting traffic flow and critical gaps were power related to passenger cars and minibuses and linearly related to three-wheelers.

Web-Based Tourism Bus Rental Web-Based Tourism Bus Rental

Advances in information technology, encourage many people to create the latest innovations for humans in disseminating information and obtaining information. Information that used to take a lot of time but in this case can be accessed in a matter of seconds we can receive the information, and it is the company's obligation to provide this information so that it can be quickly and easily accepted by all consumers. Po MWD 555 has several units and types of buses, such as big buses, medium buses, which in the provision of this type of bus will be adjusted to the needs of the tenants. Inside the bus, facilities such as air conditioning, TV, blankets and pillows are also provided so that customers feel at home and comfortable when renting a bus. In this study, the author uses the Waterfall method as the process or flow of the research to be carried out. The test results of the applications that have been made get the results that all the features and functions of the system can run according to what has been designed. In addition, the author also tested using the UAT method to get a percentage value of 96% so it can be concluded that this application can be accepted by users.

Mode Choice Analysis of Sustainable Public Transport in Bogor City of Indonesia

Public transport service scenarios must be well designed for public transport performance to be better and more sustainable. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the travelers move to public transportation in the Bogor City. The Stated Preference technique is used to know travelers responses to public transport service scenarios in utility functions. Furthermore, from the binomial logit model analysis obtained the probability of choice of public transportation mode. The results of the analysis have shown that the travelers responded positively to move to public transportation modes. In Corridor III, private car users and online-based motorcycle transport users choose the public transportation of non-economic medium bus type (scenario-2) with the greatest probabilities of 35.59 % and 61.02 %. In Corridor II, private car users choose the public transportation of non-economic big bus type (scenario-3) with the greatest probability of 36.31 %. Motorcycle users and online-based motorcycle transport users choose the public transportation of non-economic small bus type (scenario-1) with the greatest probabilities of 66.47 % and 70.64 %. The motorcycle users in Corridor II choose the public transportation in all scenarios with significant probabilities ranging from 62.03% to 66.47%. Keywords: mode choice analysis, public transportation, sustainable DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-18-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

KELAYAKAN TEKNIS PERENCANAAN ANGKUTAN SEKOLAH DI KOTA PEKANBARU``

In Pekanbaru City, students' trips to and from school tend to use private vehicles, be it motorbikes or those delivered by parents, so the available urban transportation is less attractive. Almost 75% of students use motorbikes, this situation can certainly affect student safety. This can be seen from the number of accidents in 2017 which placed the student profession as a victim in the 2nd position. Therefore, it is necessary to plan safe, comfortable, precise and safe school transportation. This research was conducted at schools in the Lima Puluh District area. The analysis used the method of calculating potential demand, service routes, types and number of fleets. Based on the demand for school transportation, the school bus transportation service area is divided into 6 school transportation routes. The fleet used is medium buses. The operational plan for school transportation is divided into 3 shifts, namely morning, afternoon and evening

STRESS ANALYSIS SIMULATIONS OF WELDED AND BOLTED JOINTS METHOD FOR FULL STEEL AND COMPOSITE-STEEL CHASSIS STRUCTURE OF ELECTRIC LOW FLOOR MEDIUM BUS


 Stress analysis of welded steel-to-steel, bolted steel-to-steel, and bolted composite-steel chassis in an electric low floor medium bus structure is presented in this paper. The analysis was carried out on the condition that is when the bus is full of load in idle/static. This condition reflects the situation of the vehicle in full load with passengers and components, which is important to be analyzed to anticipate the unwanted structural failure of the chassis. Finite Element Method (Harmonic response simulation) is used to investigate the structural behavior of both welded and bolted methods. Several parameters such as 2 Hertz for the maximum frequency, 5000 kg for the total vehicle weight, and the uniform distribution of load are used for this study to simulate the simplified, real application in the real world. The first comparison is between the welded and bolted steel-to-steel chassis which results in the bolted method has a lower stress value by the difference of 4.3 MPa in the joint section than the welded joint. This means that the bolted joint is more recommended than welded for the use as an electric low floor medium bus and has the potential to be optimized further. In terms of reducing the weight of the chassis structure, then lightweight material (carbon fiber composite) is used to replace the full steel chassis to be a composite-steel chassis. The use of this hybrid material depicts the stress value of 61.5 MPa in the joint area, this value is still far below the limit of carbon fiber that is 3200 MPa makes this bolted composite-steel is considerably safe in full load condition as an electric low floor medium bus structure. Using this hybrid bolted composite-steel chassis structure also reduces the total chassis weight by about 22.7 % compared to the full steel chassis structure, thus one could expect to extend the mileage of electric vehicles by more than 20 %

State of the bank looan market for smaall and medium bus inesses

State of the bank looan market for smaall and medium bus inesses

Adaptive Robust Control System for Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of Electric Medium Bus Based on Torque Optimal Distribution Method

In this paper, an adaptive robust drive control system for an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor of an electric medium-sized bus based on the optimal torque distribution method is studied. The drive control system is mainly divided into two parts. First, a torque distribution method is proposed. The optimal torque distribution method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to increase the high efficiency interval of the system and apply it to the energy feedback braking. Secondly, in order to reduce the nonlinear disturbance of the system and improve the accuracy of the unified control, this paper models and studies the vector system based on adaptive robust control. Finally, the whole drive control system is modeled, simulated and experimented. The simulation and experimental results show that the torque distribution method proposed in this paper can effectively increase the high-efficiency running time of the electric medium bus, and improve the shortcomings of insufficient mileage of the electric medium-sized bus. The use of a current controller based on adaptive robust control improves the control accuracy of the drive system and can effectively suppress the disturbances generated by it.

Contributing Factors of Traffic Accident and Their Possible Countermeasures in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia

Transportation is responsible for the development of civilizations from very old times. However road traffic accident is in a state of rise and recognized as a major socio-economic concern facing Ethiopia as the country. So, this study was conducted with an objective of assessing the traffic safety issue of Debre Berhan town on main highway which serves for the town and cross country traffic. The study followed a methodology of visual investigation of traffic accident location; and speed, traffic volume and traffic accident data collection. According to the data analysis, traffic accident in Debre Berhan was in increasing trend year to year with major accident characteristics of overturning followed by pedestrian accident. In addition, the primary causes of traffic accident in the town are investigated as speeding followed by failure to give way for pedestrian. Minibus and medium bus were responsible for more than 50% of all traffic accident recorded from all categories of vehicles. Around 50% of traffic accidents were contributed from age group of 18 – 30 years that need a primary concern; and the rates of accident on farmers are in alarming rate respect to other victims. Finally, appropriate engineering measures, police enforcement, training and education are recommended to solve the safety problems of the town. The main engineering measures for different location proposed include painted rumple strip to alarm the driver; speed limit sign provision; alternative pedestrian route; restrict parking on some locations that narrow the road and restrict passing; and others. The police enforcement may include on controlling of speeding and assuring the effectiveness of traffic law. A focus on training for young drivers seeking driving license was another recommendation in reduction of traffic accident. In addition, traffic safety education is recommended for students, public workers and farmers for significant reduction of traffic accident.

Analisa Probabilitas Perpindahan Moda Transportasi Dari Bus Ke Kereta Api Rute Medan-Kotapinang Menggunakan Metode Stated Preference

The construction of railway line between Rantau Prapat and Kotapinang is expected to ease transportation process from Medan to Kotapinang, which could improve economic activities and become the alternative solution to make a trip. At the moment, existing public transport that covers this route is strictly limited to only medium or big buses. This research aims to identify the characteristic of trip maker and also to analyze the probability of mode shifting from bus to train for the mentioned trip. We use stated preference survey questionnaire, and it was distributed to random minimul sample needed. In order to obtain the utility function of the trip maker, the obtained data was then modeled in binomial logit method using SPSS statistical software. Tthe analyzed attributes difference (Δ) are trip cost difference (ΔX1), waiting time difference (ΔX2), travel time difference (ΔX3). The generated model has 0.114 of R2, and the probability of shifting from bus to train is 31.93% if the trip cost difference was Rp. 30.000. Meanwhile, the probability of shifting is 50.15% if the waiting time difference was less then 30 minutes. Lastly, the probability of shifting is 57.96% if the travel time difference was 1 hour.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТОВ ПРИРОСТА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ДЛЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГ УКРАИНЫ

The paper presents an analysis of changes in coefficients of traffic vehicles intensity increment for eight major groups of vehicles (cars, light trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, medium buses, heavy buses, trucks with trailers and semi-trailers), whi

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТОВ ПРИРОСТА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ДЛЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГ УКРАИНЫ

The paper presents an analysis of changes in coefficients of traffic vehicles intensity increment for eight major groups of vehicles (cars, light trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, medium buses, heavy buses, trucks with trailers and semi-trailers), whi

Activities of four bus terminals of Semarang City gateway and the related GHG emission

The activities of the bus terminal, including loading-unloading passengers, bus idling, and bus movements at the terminal, will emit GHG’s emission. This research analyzes GHG emission from four terminals, i.e., Mangkang, Terboyo, Penggaron, and Sukun in Semarang City. The emission was estimated by observing detail activities of public transport means, especially for moving and idling time. The emission was calculated by Tier 2 method based on the vehicle type as well as fuel consumption. The highest CO2e during vehicle movements at Sukun area was contributed by large bus about 2.08 tons/year, while at Terboyo terminal was contributed by medium bus about 347.97 tons/year. At Mangkang terminals, the highest emission for vehicle movements was attributed by medium bus as well of about 53.18 tons/year. At last, Penggaron terminal’s highest GHG emission was attributed by BRT about 26.47 tons/year. During idling time, the highest contributor to CO2e was the large bus at the three terminals, i.e., Sukun of 43.53 tons/year, Terboyo of 196.56 tons/year, and Mangkang of 84.26 tons/year, while at Penggaron, BRT dominated with CO2e of 26.47 tons/year. The management of public transport in terminals is crucial to mitigate the emission related to bus terminals activities.

PERENCANAAN SISTEM OPERASIONAL ANGKUTAN WISATA DI KOTA DENPASAR

Abstract: Tourism is the main sector for the economy of Bali. Denpasar City as the capital city of Bali Province is expected to maintain its position as one of main tourist destinations by increasing and improving existing tourism facilities, and one of them with the provision of tourism transport that serving tourists heading into tourism attraction in the city of Denpasar. The purposes of this research are to analyze the potential demand, tourism transport route and the characteristic of operational system of tourism transport in Denpasar City. From the analysis that has been done, it is obtained that the potential demand of tourist transport in Denpasar City is 438.576 people in 2013 and it is estimated to be 485.998 in 2017. The highest number of tourist those visit the attraction places through the routes of : Belanjong Pillar, Serangan Island, Central Management of Mangrove Forest, The Village of Budaya Kertalangu, Taman Budaya Art Centre, Museum Painting Fingerprint, Bajra Sandhi Monument, Kumbasari Market, Badung Market, Bali Museum. Alternatives tour packages include regular tour packages with 10 attractions, regular city tours, regular nature tours, city tour charters, and natural attraction charters. Tourist transports operate using medium buses and minibus for 8 hours service time from 09.00 am until 17.00 pm for regular and 4,5 hours until 5,5 hours for charter package. The headway is set 30 minutes.

The design of a vehicle-mounted test system for the thermal performance of solar collector

To increase the test efficiency of thermal performance of solar collector, a vehicle- mounted test system with high automation, simple operation, good mobility and stability is proposed in this paper. By refitting a medium bus, design of mechanical system and test loop, and using PC control technology, we implemented the vehicle-mounted system and realized effective integration between vehicle and test equipment. A number of tests have been done, and the results show that the vehicle-mounted test system has good parameters and performance and can be widely used to provide door-to-door testing services in the field of solar thermal application.

The Analysis on Crash Worthiness of Frame for Cab-over-Engine Medium Bus

Taking HYPERMESH as pre-processor, the modeling methods for a frame of the cab-over-engine medium bus in crash is expounded. Based on software LS-DYNA, the crash process is simulated with the crash regulations on M1 type bus. The deformations and energy absorbing for the parts and whole frame are analysised, especially for the invade distance and acceleration in crash. Based on these, the crash worthiness is estimated further for the medium bus.

The Study on Crash Worthiness of Cab-over-Engine Medium Bus with Dummy Restrains System

The compositive crash model is built including dummysafety belt retrains system and the whole bus frame to research the crash worthiness of a cab-over-engine medium bus. With the crash regulations on M1 type bus, the frontal crash process is simulated. The deformations and acceleration of the parts and whole frame are analysised. For the hybridIII50 male dummy, the movement distance of dummy with safety belt and the injury values including headneckbreast and leg are solved. A comprehensive appraisement of crash worthiness is achieved.

KAJIAN KEAMANAN PENGOPERASIAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT TINJAUAN TERHADAP KEKUATAN RANGKA BODY BUS

In order to meet the safety and security of the public transportation, design specification of construction body bus or bus frame structures should have an appropriate structural strength and comply with standard design including the safety factor and selection of material besides static and dynamic testing of the part of body bus. It is also realized that a bus carrying passengers have to give secure to the passengers also driver.The fact that a technology concerning with metal works industry to fascinate the body bus industry is being used in small and medium body bus industries. Eventhough some of the body bus industries having designer background but it may still develop their design capability by using advanced technology. Materials to be used for designing parts of body bus should meet specific requirements. It could be understood that safety and security during operation is a priority matter.Lifetime of the bus parts or components may be predicted through the dynamic or fatigue test from its parts or components. Palmgren and Miner hypothesis may be used in dynamic ratio decision in connection with fatigue test application up to the fraction of the parts or components being tested.

Application of Highway Development and Management Tool for Low-Volume Roads

Connectivity is a key component of rural development in developing countries. Traditionally, many road organizations budget and program for road works on a historical basis. An objective, needs-based approach is necessary with knowledge of the content, structure, and condition of the roads being managed. The Highway Development and Management Tool (HDM-4) provides a suitable framework for such an approach. From the available traffic and condition surveys, nine representative low-volume road sections with varying geometry and pavement condition are analyzed. The types of vehicles using the roads are two- and three-wheelers; standard medium buses; standard minibuses; light commercial vehicles; two-axle trucks, cars, and tractors among the motorized traffic; and bullock cart and bicycle among the nonmotorized traffic, which are the conventional modes of transport for low-volume roads in developing countries. The purpose of the study is to forecast budget requirements and predict performance trends by applying the strategy analysis of HDM-4 to low-volume roads. The analysis was carried out for two objective functions: to maximize the net present value and to minimize the total costs for a target international roughness index. The design period was 20 years; economic indicators were determined at a discount rate of 12%. Two investment alternatives, namely, a desired maintenance and an ideal maintenance, are compared with the do-minimum alternative. The study reveals that the strategy application of HDM-4 can be used for managing low-volume roads effectively. The tool will help in forecasting budget requirements and assessing the impact of various investment alternatives.

A note on SCSI bus waits

In the SCSI-2 standard, the unique IDs of devices on the bus define a fixed priority whenever several devices compete for the use of the bus. Although the more recent SCSI-3 standard specifies an additional fair arbitration mode, it leaves such fair mode an optional feature. Despite a number of allusions to potential unfairness of the traditional SCSI bus arbitration scattered in the trade literature, there seem to be few formal studies to quantify this unfairness.In this paper, we propose a simple model of SCSI bus acquisition in which devices on the bus are viewed as sources of requests with fixed non-preemptive priorities. We use the model to assess the expected extent of unfairness, as measured by the mean bus wait, under varying load conditions. Effects of tagged command queueing are not considered in this note. Numerical results obtained with our model show that there is little unfairness as long as the workload is balanced across devices and the bus utilization is relatively low. Interestingly, even for medium bus utilization a significant fraction of bus requests find the bus free which might correlate with the service rounds noted in a recent experimental study. For unbalanced loads and higher bus utilization, the expected wait for the bus experienced by lowest priority devices can become significantly larger than the one experienced by highest priority device. This appears to be especially true if the higher priority devices have higher I/O rates and occupy the bus for longer periods. As might be expected, even for balanced workloads, unfairness tends to increase with the number of devices on the bus.