Indian Medicine Research Articles

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Cancer Therapy: Anticancer Activities and Their Mechanisms

Cancers are characterized by rapid development of abnormal cells that multiply uncontrollably, leading to invasive tumors. By 2040, new cancer cases worldwide are expected to reach 30.2 million. In response, research focuses on the anti-cancer properties of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), used in traditional Indian medicine. Ashwagandha exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pathways like NF-kB, Nrf2/HO-1, JAK-STAT, MAPK, and NLRP3, reducing cancer-related inflammation. It also has strong antioxidant properties due to compounds like withanolides, increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing oxidative stress, potentially lowering cancer risk. Ashwagandha extract shows cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, inducing apoptosis and arresting cells in the resting phase, leading to DNA damage in cancer cells. It inhibits angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels that supply tumors, through mechanisms such as VEGF inhibition and reduced macrophage infiltration. Additionally, ashwagandha modulates T lymphocytes and cytokine production, enhancing the immune response against cancer, and stimulates NK cell activity, crucial for controlling tumor growth and development. Supplementation with ashwagandha reduces cortisol levels and improves cognitive functions and quality of life in people experiencing stress, potentially lowering cancer risk. Research suggests ashwagandha may be a valuable addition to anti-cancer therapy, acting on various levels of cancer pathogenesis. However, further clinical studies are needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and to evaluate its efficacy and safety in cancer treatment.

S. Padmavati: The Trailblazing Pioneer of Cardiovascular Medicine in India

S. Padmavati: The Trailblazing Pioneer of Cardiovascular Medicine in India

Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge.

Triple-negative breast cancer is a characteristic subtype of breast cancer that lacks the estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and progesterone receptor. Because of its highly diverse subtypes, increased metastasis capability, and poor prognosis, the risk of mortality for people with triple-negative breast cancers is high as compared with other cancers. Chemotherapy is currently playing a major role in treating triple-negative breast cancer patients; however, poor prognosis due to drug resistance is causing serious concern. Recent studies on several phytochemicals derived from various plants being used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Korean Medicine, Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine), and so on, have demonstrated to be a promising agent as a viable therapy against triple-negative breast cancer. Phytochemicals categorized as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds have been demonstrated to reduce cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activating various molecular pathways, thereby reducing the spread of triple-negative breast cancer. This review analyzes the molecular mechanisms by which various phytochemicals fight triple-negative breast cancer and offers a perspective on the difficulties and potential prospects for treating triple-negative breast cancer with various phytochemicals.

Application of Machine Learning for the Prediction of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) Properties from Cichorium intybus Plant Phytomolecules

Drug discovery is the process by which new drug candidates are discovered and drug development takes place. To enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of the drug discovery process, machine learning (ML) could play a transformative role. For this research study, antidiabetic natural compounds from C. intybus, which is commonly known as chicory, were selected, as they have promising antidiabetic properties that can complement conventional diabetes treatments. A bioactive natural compound dataset was retrieved on the chicory plant using Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutics (IMPPAT) public source information. This collected dataset was analyzed for its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties using the SwissADME online tool. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed using trial-version XLSTAT software 2014.5.03 and Python. The obtained dataset from SwissADME was subjected to cleaning, after that, it was used to develop machine learning models, such as support vacuum (SVM) ML, random forest (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), and decision tree (DT). The Lipinski rule of violation was chosen as the target variable. To improve the vitality of the created ADME dataset, PCA, a biplot graph, and correlation analysis were carried out. A large dataset of naturally occurring antidiabetic compounds was used to predict the drug-likeness of ML models that were effectively deployed on heterogeneous ADME datasets. Among all these ML models, DT performed better than the rest of the models.

Ayurvedic management of Autism - A Case Report

Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine in India, offers a holistic approach to health and wellness. When applied to Autism, Ayurveda emphasizes individualized treatment plans that balance the body's Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) through diet, herbal remedies, lifestyle modifications, and therapies like Panchakarma. This approach aims to address both physical and mental imbalances, which are believed to contribute to Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this article, presentation of an interesting case of autism, not responding to the conventional protocol in modern medicine, managed with Ayurvedic treatment. The present case report demonstrates clinical and ISAA score changes with Ayurvedic medicinal interventions.

A Mini Review of the Literature with a Special Focus on India on the Prevalence of Indian Traditional Medicine (ITM) use During Pregnancy

Background: Although pregnancy has been an integral part of women’s lives for millennia, not all women have found the process comfortable. About 65 percent of women in India consume Indian traditional herbs during pregnancy. Herbal medicines are used nowadays by up to half of the world's population. Phytomedicines isolated from plants contain a wide variety of bioactive components that can have both negative and positive effects. Many herbal plants, such as Sage (Salvia fruticosa), golden cotula (Matricaria aurea), anise (P. anisum), peppermint (Mentha aquatica), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum), etc., are used in pregnancy. To minimize the adverse effects, the use of Indian traditional medicine can be the best possible alternative. Objective: Regarding the usage of herbal medicines in India, there are large research gaps and a lack of a regulatory framework. This article aims to highlight the most common traditional Indian remedies used by pregnant women, along with their uses and any possible interactions between herbal remedies and prescription drugs. Method: Several databases, including the WHO guidelines, PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate, were used to compile the data for the article following a thorough analysis of the various research findings connected to pregnancy and herbs for pregnancy care. Result: An overview of the use of herbal medicine is given in this review, along with information on its limitations and general safety. The prevalence of herbal medicine use during pregnancy in India is then discussed, along with the uses, adverse effects, side effects, and efficacy of the most popular herbal medications. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicine during pregnancy is a common phenomenon. The outcomes of this study showed Indian Traditional medicines are known to have numerous advantages that can be helpful during or after pregnancy, including raising milk production, reducing nausea, easing labor pains, reducing morning sickness, or reducing flatulence, however, some herbal remedies have the potential to be teratogenic, poisonous, and abortive, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy because the active components of some medicinal plants can cross the placental barrier and get to the foetus. To determine the safety of taking herbal medications, studies, especially clinical trial trials, must be conducted.

Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antimutagenic compounds from Morina coulteriana and evaluation of its therapeutic potential.

BackgroundIn the expanding field of cancer research, antimutagenic studies hold a promising ground. In recent times these studies have shown a shift towards the diverse flora of nature and its potential to treat cancer. Genus Morina has been extensively used in Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian traditional medicine to cure numerous diseases. The plant Morina coulteriana has been traditionally used to cure eye diseases. Nevertheless, it has been explored for the first time for its antimutagenic/antigenotoxic potential and phytochemical profile. PurposeThe present study aimed to determine the antimutagenic/antigenotoxic potential of Morina coulteriana and the bioassay-guided identification of its bioactive constituents. MethodsThe methanol crude extract and its subsequent fractions were tested for antimutagenic/antigenotoxic activity in vitro (Ames assay) and in vivo (Chromosomal aberration assay in Balb/c mice). The active (ethyl acetate) fraction was further investigated to isolate and identify its bioactive compounds utilizing chromatographic purification and detailed spectroscopic techniques respectively. ResultsThe results revealed that the plant and its fractions were neither mutagenic nor toxic. The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant antimutagenic/antigenotoxic activity (66.13%) in vitro and (88.15%) in vivo. Further, four identified major compounds which were also tested in vitro. Our results revealed that the plant is a potent antimutagen. It worked in a dose-dependent manner and its administration decreased the mutagenic load on the cells both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The 2 isolated compounds viz.; 4hydroxyacetophenone, a phenol and picein, a phenolic glycoside were reported for the first time from the genus Morina. ConclusionThe findings of the present investigation clearly show that the plant M. coulteriana Royle has a strong antimutagenic potential. Its administration decreased the mutagenic load on the cells both in vitro and in vivo experiments Thus the present study provides a platform for the exploration of new plants with potential antimutagenic properties.

Padma Shri Dr. K. Rajagopalan: An exemplary physician who blended the wisdom of traditional Ayurveda with the advancements of modern medicine

Abstract From a passionate Ayurveda scholar to a torchbearer, Padma Shri Dr. K. Rajagopalan has dedicated his life to teaching, preaching, and practicing Ayurveda in his distinctive style. After studying both Ayurveda (DAM) and allopathy (MBBS), he chose to be an Ayurvedic physician following his family tradition. He upheld the science of Ayurveda, claiming it to be potent enough to become the medicine of the future. Besides being an enthusiastic clinician, he was actively associated with various Ayurveda organizations and research programs. The rectitude and resolve behind this remarkable pioneer of Ayurveda is of more consequence, which highlights the major transformations in Ayurveda medical education. He is worthy of admiration, more so for his pivotal role in the formation of the Central Council of Indian Medicine, a statutory body for Ayurveda medical education. He also provided academic and clinical guidance to many of the scholars and physicians of Ayurveda. Among many other prestigious awards and honors accorded him, Dr. K. Rajagopalan received the “Padma Shri,” one of India’s most distinguished civilian awards, in 2003 in recognition of his valuable contributions to Ayurveda. While staying true to the traditions and tenets of Ayurveda, his exemplary accomplishments will be remembered by generations of Ayurveda practitioners all over Kerala.

Life profile of Vaidyabhooshanam K. Raghavan Thirumulpadu – An exemplary legend in Ayurveda

Abstract Ayurveda is one of the renowned contributions of Traditional Indian Medicine to the globe. Kerala has a rich legacy of Ayurveda, which has flourished and is supported by many distinguished traditional Vaidya families and legends. Shri Padmabhooshan Vaidyabhooshanam K. Raghavan Thirumulpadu (VKRT) is an impeccable contribution of Kerala for its Ayurvedic heritage. VKRT was a perfect blend of knowledge in Ayurvedic principles and practice and contemporary medical science. This article presents the life profile of VKRT, a profound Ayurvedic physician, prolific writer, and philosopher. This work is based on interviews conducted with his son Dr. K. Murali, his disciple Dr. M. Prasad and books and articles written by and on VKRT. The article highlights the various domains of VKRT’s personal and professional life. VKRT’s early life and education, destiny to study Ayurveda, multiple realms of his professional life, awards and achievements are discussed in detail.

Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Sea Pandan Leaves (Pandanus odorifer) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Sea pandan (Pandanus odorifer) is used in traditional medicine in India. Sea pandan is efficacious in treating pain, parasites, digestive, liver, and cognitive disorders. Sea pandan is found in coastal areas in South Kalimantan. Sea pandan contains flavonoid compounds that have the potential to be antimicrobials. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of sea pandan leaf extract. The study began with sample preparation, which included washing the leaves, drying them using an oven, refining the particle size, extracting 70% ethanol, and evaporating the solvent until a thick extract was obtained. Total flavonoid levels in sea pandan leaf extract were determined using the colourimetric method using quercetin standards. Antimicrobial testing was conducted using the diffusion method at concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50% against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The positive control used was chloramphenicol. The determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values ??was carried out using the dilution method. The results showed that sea pandan leaf extract contains phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The total flavonoid content in sea pandan leaf extract is 10.01% w/w equivalent of quercetin. The antimicrobial activity of sea pandan leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 10.15 - 25.36 mm, while against Escherichia coli in the range of 8.15 - 23.16 mm. Ethanol extract of sea pandan leaves at a concentration of 50% is included in the very strong category in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Ethanol extract of sea pandan leaves has an MIC value of 7.5% on Staphylococcus aureus and 15% on Escherichia coli. MBC of sea pandan extract is 15% on Escherichia coli bacteria. This study concludes that the ethanol extract of sea pandan leaves has antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (bacteriostatic) and Escherichia coli (bactericidal).

Pharmacoinformatics, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Quantum Mechanics Calculation Based Phytochemical Screening of Croton bonplandianum Against Breast Cancer by Targeting Estrogen Receptor-α (ERα)

Breast cancer progression is strongly influenced by estrogen receptor-α (ERα), a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates hormone binding, DNA interaction, and transcriptional activation. ERα plays a key role in promoting cell proliferation in breast tissue, and its overexpression is associated with the advancement of breast cancer through estrogen-mediated signaling pathways. Targeting ERα is, therefore, a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. However, there are currently no phytochemical-based drug candidates approved for effectively inhibiting breast cancer progression driven by elevated ERα expression. This study aims to identify phytochemical inhibitors from Croton bonplandianum against ERα using pharmacoinformatics approaches. Eighty-three bioactive compounds from C. bonplandianum were retrieved from the IMPPAT (Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutics) database and screened through molecular docking for their binding affinity to ERα. The top candidates were further evaluated through molecular dynamics simulations, ADME analysis, toxicity assessment, and quantum mechanics-based DFT calculations. The thermodynamic properties and HOMO-LUMO energy gap values indicated that the selected compounds were both stable and active. Among them, 2,3-oxidosqualene (CID-5366020) and 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester (CID-91696396) demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity against ERα. These findings suggest that these compounds have significant potential as therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment by targeting ERα.

Cinnamon – A Competent Drug: A Review on Extraction, Analysis and Anticancer Action

AbstractCinnamon, an Indigenous species, is extensively used as a folk medicine in India, China, and other parts of the world due to its therapeutic potential inherited via the latent chemical composition. The vital component presented is cinnamaldehyde, along with cinnamic acid and cinnamate, which contributes to being an anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent together with the capability to control neurological syndromes like Alzheimer's and even Parkinson's diseases. Given the importance of the anticarcinogenic properties of cinnamon on various cell strains concerning the curable effect, this review focuses on evaluating different extraction methods like steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, and more, in addition to a summary of new technologies like gas chromatography, HPLC, DART‐MS, and NMR, etc. which paved the way in characterizing the chemical composition of cinnamon. Cinnamaldehyde showed its apoptosis through various mechanistic pathways on an adequate number of cell lines and antineoplastic potential on specific multifaceted cancerous cells, which advocates for continued research and investment in this vital area of drug discovery and suggestions for future scope.

Phytochemical Riches, Bioactivities, and Clinical Potential of Prinsepia utilis Royle: A Comprehensive Review

Prinsepia utilis Royle, widely recognized in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine, has attracted significant interest in the realms of phytochemistry and bioactivity research. This deciduous shrub from the Rosaceae family thrives in the Himalayan region at altitudes between 1000 and 3000 meters. The current paper aims to consolidate existing knowledge on P. utilis, providing an updated database of its phytochemical constituents and related bioactivities. Investigations have revealed a wealth of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids. Research has shown that extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of P. utilis exhibit notable antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, enzymatic inhibitory, immunosuppressive, and cytotoxic properties. In vivo studies confirm its traditional uses, demonstrating anti‐inflammatory, anti‐benign prostatic hyperplasia, osteoprotective, and hypoglycemic effects. Effective formulations using P. utilis extract have been developed for atrophic dermatitis and acne vulgaris. These findings underscore the plant's potential as a source of new therapeutic agents and functional additives. Nonetheless, further research is essential to advance pharmacological assessments, clinical trials, and sustainable cultivation methods to fully harness its pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Integrative Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Dynamics Simulations Reveal the Mechanisms of Cinnamomum tamala in Diabetic Nephropathy Treatment: An In Silico Study

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious diabetes-related complication leading to kidney damage. Cinnamomum tamala (CT), traditionally used in managing diabetes and kidney disorders, has shown potential in treating DN, although its active compounds and mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to identify CT’s bioactive compounds and explore their therapeutic mechanisms in DN. Active compounds in CT were identified using the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals and Therapeutics database, and their potential targets were predicted with PharmMapper. DN-related targets were sourced from GeneCards, and therapeutic targets were identified by intersecting the compound–target and disease–target data. Bioinformatics analyses, including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment studies, were performed on these targets. A protein–protein interaction network was constructed using STRING and Cytoscape. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations validated the most promising compound–target interactions. Six active compounds in CT were identified, along with 347 potential therapeutic targets, of which 70 were DN-relevant. Key targets like MMP9, EGFR, and AKT1 were highlighted, and the PPAR and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways were identified as the primary mechanisms through which CT may treat DN. CT shows promise in treating DN by modulating key pathways related to cellular development, inflammation, and metabolism.

India's role in the odyssey of medical training in South Africa.

Apartheid had a devastating impact on medical education in South Africa. Until the development of the University of Natal Medical School in 1951, there were minimal opportunities for blacks (collectively Africans, Indians and so-called coloureds) to undertake undergraduate and postgraduate medical training in South Africa. At the height of apartheid (1968-1977), whites who had constituted 17% of the population, accounted for up to 87% of all medical graduates. The African majority, constituting 70% of the population had less than 5% of all medical graduates in South Africa. The global isolation of South Africa from the late 1940s further impacted negatively on the medical training for blacks in South Africa. During apartheid, the Government of India provided full scholarships to the marginalized in South Africa to study medicine in India. This initiative, coming at a time when India was grappling with its post-colonial challenges, was a remarkable yet seldom appreciated gesture.

Correction: Balkrishna et al. Application of Zebrafish Model in the Suppression of Drug-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Traditional Indian Medicine Yogendra Ras. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 600

Error in Figure [...]

Computational identification of Vernonia cinerea-derived phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) in dengue virus serotype-2.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection, spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the four distinct serotypes of DENV (DENV-1 to DENV-4), DENV-2 is associated with the highest number of fatalities worldwide. However, there is no specific treatment available for dengue patients caused by DENV-2. This study aimed to identify inhibitory phytocompounds in silico in Vernonia cinerea (V. cinerea), a widely used traditional medicinal plant, for treating DENV-2 associated illnesses. The chemical structures of 17 compounds from V. cinerea were sourced from the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutics (IMPPAT) database. These compounds underwent geometry optimization, were screened against nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) of DENV-2, and further validated through molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). Baicalein, an established drug against DENV-2, was used for validation in molecular screening, MDS, and MM-GBSA analyses. Among these compounds, Beta-amyrin, Beta-amyrin acetate, Chrysoeriol, Isoorientin, and Luteolin showed promising potential as inhibitors of the NSP1 of DENV-2, supported by the results of thermodynamic properties, molecular orbitals, electrostatic potentials, spectral data and molecular screening. Besides, these compounds adhered to the Lipinski's "rule of 5", showing no hepatotoxicity/cytotoxicity, with mixed mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Furthermore, final validation through MDS confirmed their potential, demonstrating stable tendencies with significant inhibitory activities against NSP1 of DENV-2 over the control drug Baicalein. Among the screened compounds, Chrysoeriol emerged as the most promising inhibitor of NSP1 of DENV-2, followed by Luteolin and Isoorientin. Taken together, our results suggest that Chrysoeriol is the best inhibitor of NSP1 of DENV-2, which could be evaluated as a therapeutic agent or a lead compound to treat and manage DENV-2 infections.

Antifungal efficacy of photodynamic therapy on Cryptococcus and Candida species is enhanced by Streptomyces spp. extracts in vitro.

The research on actinobacteria isolated from traditional medicinal plants is limited. Here, four new Streptomyces isolates (Ha1, Pp1, UzK and UzM) were obtained from the rhizospheres of Helianthus annuus, Pongamia pinnata and Ziziphus mauritiana, frequently utilized in Indian traditional medicine. The Streptomyces isolates aqueous extracts were studied alone against the growth of the Cryptococcus neoformans H99 reference strain, the fluconazole-tolerant T1-5796 and 89-610 strains, three histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes mutant strains, C. gattii NIH198, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Next, the extracts were employed in combination with aluminium-phthalocyanine chloride nanoemulsion-mediated photodynamic therapy to evaluate a possible interaction. We demonstrated that the C. neoformans T1-5796 fluconazole-tolerant strain was more severely inhibited by the Pp1 isolate extract (MIC: 6mg mL-1) than H99, which was not inhibited. Growth inhibition of the HDAC null mutants was more prominent for the extract of the UzM isolate, showing inhibition at 2mg mL-1. The UzM extract was also the most effective in hindering the Candida species proliferation, with MIC values ranging from 10 to 40mg mL-1. The four Streptomyces extracts, especially UzK and UzM, significantly enhanced the antifungal effect of the photodynamic therapy. Our results indicate these Streptomyces isolates as sources of novel metabolites which could potentiate the effect of photodynamic therapy in controlling yeasts superficial infections.

Nerium oleander Cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India: An Exploratory Study

In Indian traditional medicine, Nerium oleander is a significant medicinal herb. This plant has the potential to be fatal in many situations; poisoning cases have been documented in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and suicide cases are common in South Asian nations, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. The plant is hazardous in all sections and contains a range of cardiac glycosides, such as gentiobiosyl, neriin, oleandrin, cardenolides, and odoroside. Additionally, this plant species produces secondary metabolites with medicinal uses, including steroids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunopotential, anti-pyretic, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-HIV activity are among the significant pharmacological activities. Nerium indicum is also highly well-liked for its traditional medical applications, which include treating inflammation, wound healing, cancer, asthma, corns, heart disease, and epilepsy. Its bloom is the source of a green dye that is used to cure skin conditions, promote wound healing, and have anti-inflammatory properties. Both ultrasonic transesterification and the magnetic stirrer method have been utilized to produce biodiesel from nerium oleander oil. When administered topically, Nerium oleander's special qualities also have a notable age-defying effect. Nerium oleander to acquire several C and N compounds as well as heavy metals that are frequently produced by cars, including as Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn. Based on the significance of nerium, the study was conducted in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, where there is a greater area dedicated to nerium plant cultivation. The study's focus was on the factors that influence nerium cultivation, the factors that contribute to the volatility of nerium prices, and the challenges that farmers face in terms of production and marketing.

Professor Dr. Bangalore Krishnaswamy Venkataraman (1923–2018): An Icon and Pioneer of Oral Medicine in India

Professor Dr. Bangalore Krishnaswamy Venkataraman (1923–2018): An Icon and Pioneer of Oral Medicine in India