Medicinal Plant Samples Research Articles

Starch-modified nickel ferrite nanoparticles as a magnetic nano-bio adsorbent for the extraction and determination of lead in water and Moringa oleifera samples

In this work, nickel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The surface modification of the prepared nanoparticles was carried out using cross-linked starch as a good stabilizer and biopolymer. The as-prepared nickel ferrite-starch nano-bio composite was characterized using numerous techniques, and introduced as a novel adsorbent. The initial experimental results indicated that the adsorbent has a good capability to extract lead ions (Pb(II)) from aqueous solutions. Hence, the adsorbent was applied for dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction of Pb(II) before flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Some variables affecting the extraction efficiency such as sample volume (250.0mL), pH (6.5), type and eluent concentration (0.3molL1 nitric acid), amount of the adsorbent (200mg), extraction time (15min), and desorption time (15min) were investigated and optimized. Moreover, the adsorption capacity (35.50mgg1), stability and reusability (80 extraction/desorption cycles), and selectivity of the adsorbent towards the analyte were studied. In the optimized conditions, the linear dynamic range of the constructed calibration graph is between 0.5 and 140.0ngmL1. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the method are 0.12 and 0.40ngmL1, respectively. The average intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (for n=6 and 5.0, 50.0 and 100.0ngmL1 Pb(II) concentration) are 2.02% and 3.72%, respectively. To validate the method, the certified reference material NIST SRM 1643e was analyzed, and the method was used for the pre-concentration and determination of lead ions in different sections of Moringa oleifera medicinal plant and several water samples. The acceptable relative recovery values between 98.0 and 102.7% were attained for the spiked samples, approving the ignorable matrix effect of the method.

Ratiometric fluorescent composites united metal-organic frameworks sensing system for detection of methyl-paraoxon

Organophosphorus pesticide residues pose significant risks to human health, but conventional analytical methods are costly and complex. To address this, we developed a new environmentally friendly technique using a simple hydrothermal method to create a ratiometric fluorescent composite (RFC) with two distinct signals: blue and orange. This RFC allowed for rapid detection and quantitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. The composite incorporated a cerium-based metal–organic framework (Ce-UiO-66), which could degrade methyl paraoxon (MP) due to the two oxidation states of cerium. The resulting degradation product, p-nitrophenol (p-NP), specifically quenched the blue fluorescence of the RFC via the inner filter effect (IFE), while the orange fluorescence remained unaffected, ensuring consistency under microenvironmental and spectrometer conditions. This innovative approach was sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.55 μM, selective, and repeatable, offering a new strategy for pesticide analysis and safety evaluation of edible and medicinal plant and water samples.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Impact of Phytomedicine using Experimental Animal Models

Human beings have been using plants as medicines for centuries. The development of traditional medicinal systems utilizing plants as a form of medicine may be traced back only as far as historical documentation of their similarity. Immunosuppression and bone resorption is a major drawback in conventional chemotherapy. Modern medicines contain plant-derived components that are the source of immunomodulators. Withania somnifera and Cnidium monnieri are the plants which have been used for immunomodulatory and anti-osteoporotic activities. Medicinal plant samples were obtained from diverse parts of Pakistan. Following extraction, phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial potential were investigated, and the hepatoprotective effect was evaluated. An in vivo study was conducted on experimental animals by administering ethnomedicinal plant extracts in comparison to some allopathic drugs. Various blood samples were collected to analyze calcium level, vitamin-D, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and Testosterone for antiosteoporosis activity. The possible outcomes were positive and hepatoprotective as well as antimicrobial effect was present in Polyherbal preparation (PHP). During trails on Albino rats, the improvement in their body weight was recorded. PHP administration of plant extracts enhanced the parameters of blood and neutralized the effect of CCl4 intoxication. The proper administration of plant extracts showed a positive effect on hormones, particularly progesterone, testosterone, and oestradiol. In the future, these selected medicinal plants and their PHP might be preferred for the separation of lead bioactive compounds to overcome the extremely alleviating issues associated with infertility.

Impact of Lubumbashi's solar irradiation and ambient air on the quality and pharmacological value of root barks from four of the most used medicinal plants

BackgroundThe quality of medicinal plant products is highly dependent on drying conditions, which can lead to contaminated drugs, and/or with considerable phytochemical and pharmacological variations. In Lubumbashi (a very sunny city with polluted air), the used medicinal plants are exposed to the sun and ambient air for drying or on the sales premises, but the real impact of solar energy and ambient air on the quality and pharmacological value of exposed medicinal plant samples has never been studied. ObjectiveThis study seeks to determine the impact of solar irradiation and ambient air in Lubumbashi on the quality, and biological activities of samples from the most used medicinal plants in Lubumbashi/DR Congo. MethodsThe root barks of single-plant samples from Terminalia mollis M.A.Lawson, Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen, Oldfieldia dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J.Léonard. and Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell. were dried in the sun, oven, and shade respectively. Mineral and microbial contamination were assessed. In addition, phytochemical and pharmacological analyses were also done. ResultsSamples exposure to ambient air led to mineral contamination, with the appearance of highly toxic elements such as As, and a significant increase in others such as Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb. Microbial contamination exceeded admissible limits in some samples and varied according to drying conditions and species, of which S. longepedunculata was the most contaminated. The levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids varied significantly according to drying conditions and species. For example, in T. mollis, total phenols increased from 457.6 ± 2.33 to 536.4 ± 1.56 mg GAEq/g in fresh samples exposed to the sun for 10 days, total flavonoids increased from 455.2 ± 16.49 to 617.1 ± 14.29 mg QEq/g when dry samples were exposed to the sun for 10 days; total terpenoids decreased significantly compared to the shade-dried sample. Biological activity also varied according to species and experimental conditions. For example, an increase in activity against S. aureus (from 11.00 ± 1.00 to 17.33 ± 0.58 mm) was observed in the fresh sample of P. muellerianus exposed to sunlight for 10 days, while increases in hemozoin synthesis inhibitory (from 44.6 ± 3.9 to 52.7 ± 2.4 %) and antiradical activity (from 23.7 ± 0.7 to 29.5 ± 0.1 %) were observed in the fresh S. longepedunculata sample exposed to the sun for 5 days. ConclusionExposure of the studied medicinal plant samples to ambient air in the environmental conditions of Lubumbashi would result in worrying mineral contamination and drying of these samples in the sun in the above-mentioned region, in the oven, or the shade would result in variations, some of which are negative, in certain secondary metabolites and biological activities.

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF FLAVONOIDS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWING IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Introduction. In recent years, the popularity of herbal medicine has been increasing. One of the most numerous classes of biologically active substances of plant origin are flavonoids, which have a wide range of biological activities: anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective effects, and also capable of stimulating the damaged body tissues regeneration processes. The relevant area of the research is the search for medicinal plants with a high content of flavonoids for the development of herbal remedies with wound-healing activity. This problem can be solved through the use of plant raw materials from the Republic of Uzbekistan, which have a high content and a wide range of biologically active substances, thanks to the sharply continental climate of the country with consistently hot summers and increased levels of ultraviolet radiation. The purpose of the research is to select medicinal plant raw materials as a source of flavonoids for the development of wound healing agents. Material and methods. The object of the study was medicinal plant raw materials harvested on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan: oregano herb, sage leaves, St. John's wort herb, sandy everlasting flowers, bur beggar-ticks herb. Identification and quantification of flavonoids in the studied samples of medicinal plants was carried out using thin-layer chromatography, absorption spectrophotometry in the visible region using reaction with aluminum chloride and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results. It has been established that the content of flavonoids in the herb of oregano, leaves of medicinal sage, St. John's wort herb, flowers of sandy everlasting, harvested in the Republic of Uzbekistan, is significantly higher than in medicinal plant materials harvested in the territory of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Using the method of thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside was identified in the extract of sandy everlasting flowers, and isoquercitrin was identified in the extract of St. John's wort herb. Conclusions. As a result of the research, sandy everlasting and St. John's wort, growing on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, were selected as the sources of flavonoids (glycoside kaempferol and isoquercitrin) with regenerating properties for the development of wound healing agents.

Analysis of the Authenticity of Stone Medicinal Plants by DNA Barcoding

The genus Pyrrosia belongs to the family Polypodiaceae and are medium-sized epiphytic ferns, where the dried leaves of Pyrrosia lingua, Pyrrosia sheareri, Pyrrosia lanceolata, and Pyrrosia calvata are commonly used in medicinal practice. In this study, the authenticity of the collected medicinal plant samples of Shiwei was identified with the help of DNA barcoding technology using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) as the identifying sequence. The experimental samples were analyzed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and the authenticity of the samples was further verified with the results of similarity comparison. The results proved that the sequences of the experimentally collected samples of Pyrrosia lingua, Pyrrosia sheareri, Pyrrosia lanceolata, and Pyrrosia calvata had a similarity of more than 97% when compared with the corresponding sequences that were uploaded on the Internet.

Determination of Nutrient Contents of Some Medicinal Plants Sold by Herbalists in Bingöl

Objective: In this study, the nutritional parameters such as moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate and nutritive value of sage (Salvia officinalis), linden (Tilia platyphyllos), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), daisy (Matricaria chamomilla) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) plants sold in Bingol herbalists and widely used for treatment among the public were determined by analysis. Methods: In 2019, 5 different medicinal plant samples were obtained from 3 different herbalists in Bingöl. Afterwards, the nutritional contents of these plants were analyzed using official Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods and different biochemical methods. Results: Moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate percentages and nutritional values (kcal/100g) of the studied plant samples (0.10 %- 5.67, 4.67 - 11.89, 6.59 - 18.22, 2.12 - 6.80, 16.65 - 29.16, 40.18 - 63.68 %and 245.66kcal - 347.49kcal), respectively. The moisture contents of sage, linden and daisy samples were determined as 0.85 % to 4.84 % and they were found safe for consumption according to the Herbal Tea Standard of the TS 12933 Turkish Standards Institute,but ash levels exceeding the limit level of thyme samples (10.78-11.89 %) were found to be unsuitable. The moisture content of the thyme and ginger samples (0.10 - 5.67 %) (maximum 12 % for both), as well as the ash content of the thyme samples (maximum 14 %) and ginger (maximum 12 %) all fall within the Turkish Food Codex limit values.While statistically significant differences were observed in moisture, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrate and nutritional value groups (p<0.05), no difference was observed in crude protein and crude fat groups (p>0.05). The crude protein content of daisy (D2,D3) and linden (L1,L2) samples, the crude fiber content of daisy (D2,D3) and thyme (T1,T2,T3) samples, the carbohydrate content of ginger (G1,G2,G3) and sage (S1,S3) samples were all found to be high. Conclusion: Plants such as Salvia officinalis and Zingiber officinale, which are rich in carbohydrates, crude protein and crude fiber content, are used for medicinal purposes. In addition, plants with high nutritional value can be added to the herbal combination content of individuals following a vegetarian or vegan diet.

Heavy Metal Content and Health Risk Assessment of Some Selected Medicinal Plants from Obuasi, a Mining Town in Ghana

Medicinal plants represent an important class of traditional medicines. This research was conducted to assess the levels of selected heavy metals in some medicinal plants from Obuasi, a mining area in Ghana. Twenty different medicinal crops were sampled for this study. The levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) after wet digestion. The concentrations (mg/kg) of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, and Pb were 1.092 − 0.206, 1.341 − 0.253, 6.603 − 2.005, 0.045 − 0.001, 282.798 − 20.583, 4.967 − 1.676, and 26.410 − 0.629, respectively. Some concentrations of Cr, Cd, As, Mn, and Pb analyzed in all 20 medicinal plant samples exceeded WHO permissible limits for medicinal food while concentrations of Ni, As, and Hg for all the samples were below the WHO permissible limit. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) was compared to the tolerable daily intake recommended by WHO/FAO. Results obtained from hazard indices such as the hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk show that the medicinal plants are not likely to cause cancer if they are consumed over a prolonged period of time.

Evaluation of radioactivity levels and radiological hazards of some endemic plants used as medicine in Ankara, Turkey

In this study, natural radioactivity levels (226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K) of some medicinal plant samples with known anti-oxidative properties, which are frequently consumed by animals and humans, were obtained from Ankara province and its surroundings (Mamak, Kızılcahamam, Beypazarı, Kahramankazan, and Polatlı districts) were determined using a thallium-doped sodium iodide NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometry. By using the determined natural radioactivity concentrations in the collected plant samples, the number of radiological doses that people could be exposed by consuming these plants was calculated. As a result of the study, 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K radioactivity concentration ranges of the plant samples were found be 14.69 ± 1.27–59.08 ± 3.12 Bq kg−1, 1.78 ± 0.04–50.05 ± 2.76 Bq kg−1 and 207.24 ± 34.09–826.13 ± 25.40 Bq kg−1, respectively. The highest 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K activity concentrations were measured in Astragalus densifolius subsp. ayashensis (Kahramankazan), Astragalus kochakii (Kahramankazan) and Rumex patientia (Patience Dock) (Kahramankazan) plants, respectively. The lowest 226Ra, 232Th and,4 K activity concentration plants were determined respectively as Rumex patientia (Mamak), Lavandula angustifolia (Kızılcahamam), and Astragalus acikirensis (Polatlı). The establishment and routine repetition of environmental radioactivity monitoring programs in each region are important for human and animal health, and the results of this study gain importance for Ankara and its surroundings in terms of environmental health.

Evaluation of medicinal plants using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with chemometric techniques.

Medicinal plants play a vital role in herbal medical field and allopathic medicine field industry. Chemical and spectroscopic studies of Taraxacum officinale, Hyoscyamus niger, Ajuga bracteosa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Camellia sinensis, and Berberis lyceum are conducted in this paper by using a 532-nm Nd:YAG laser in an open air environment. These medicinal plant's leaves, roots, seed, and flowers are used to treat a range of diseases by the locals. It is crucial to be able to distinguish between beneficial and detrimental metal elements in these plants. We demonstrated how various elements are categorized and how roots, leaves, seeds and flowers of same plants differ from each other on the basis of elemental analysis. Furthermore, for classification purpose, different classification models, partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), and principal component analysis (PCA) are used. We found silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), phosphorous (P), and vanadium (V) in all of the medicinal plant samples with a molecular form of carbon and nitrogen band. We detected Ca, Mg, Si, and P as primary components in all of the plant samples, as well as V, Fe, Mn, Al, and Ti as essential medicinal metals, and additional trace elements like Si, Sr, and Al. The result's findings show that the PLS-DA classification model with single normal variate (SNV) preprocessing method is the most effective classification model for different types of plant samples. The average correct classification rate obtained for PLS-DA with SNV is 95%. Moreover, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was successfully employed to perform rapid, sensitive, and quantitative trace element analysis on medicinal herbs and plant samples.

Inversion-voltamperometric determination of heavy metals in medicinal plant samples

Increasing interest in the use of medicinal plants or their mixtures (herbal teas) in the prevention and treatment of diseases requires confirmation of the safety of the plants used. The reason is the heavy metals they contain can enter the human body together with the useful substances. The purpose of this paper is to determine the content of some heavy metals in medicinal plants produced by AltaiVita, Barnaul, Russia; KIMA, Barnaul, Russia, and PharmaCvet, Moscow, Russia by inversion voltammetry. The content of heavy metals we determined in 10 samples of medicinal plants from producer "AltaiVita". We preliminarily determined the moisture content of the examined raw material. The Cd content was 0.16-0.50 µg/kg, Pb - 0.33-0.85 µg/kg, Zn - 0.010-0.043 µg/kg, Cu - 10.1-55.9 mg/kg, that does not exceed maximum allowable content by standards of State Pharmacopoeia for medical plants and SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01 for dietary supplements ("dried tea"). According to the standard content in plants (normal, average and toxic content of copper) exceeded in almost all samples (except for Cinquefoil white). We compared the content of heavy metals in samples of medicinal plants from AltaiVita, KIMA, and PharmaCvet. The content of Cd, Pb, Zn in KIMA and PharmaCvet samples was an order of magnitude or higher than the content of these metals in AltaiVita sam-ples; the content of Cu in AltaiVita samples was comparable or 2 times lower than in KIMA and PharmaCvet ones.

Investigation of Heavy Metal Analysis on Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Skin Cancer by Traditional Practitioners in Pretoria

The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases, including cancer, is acknowledged and accepted in many African nations. Heavy metal contamination of plant materials poses a potential health risk, particularly for populations that are already vulnerable. This study determines the levels of heavy metals in medicinal plant samples used for treatment of skin cancer and evaluate the health risk caused by heavy metals to the adult population in Pretoria, South Africa using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of metals were as follows; As (<0.2 – 1.04±0.026), Cd (0.02 ±0.00026 – 0.167±0.006), Pb (0.38 ±0.01 – 2.27±0.05), Cr (5.31±0.21– 26.9 ±3.96) mg/kg, and Hg which were lesser than 0.02 mg/kg. The mean concentrations of all analyzed heavy metals are above permissible limit except for Hg which are lower than the permissible limit. The Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than 1 for all the heavy metals, suggesting that there are no obvious non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of these medicinal plants for now even though the prolonged use may result in health risks. The ingestion route was identified as the primary contributor to the overall risk by the health index (HI) values in the present study, which were more than 1, indicating that the combined effects of the heavy metal contaminants present in a particular herbal preparation pose health risk in the long term. Our findings support the need for close monitoring of potential heavy metal concentrations in medicinal plants given to patients from herbal shops.

Separation and purification of glycosides from medicinal plants based on strong polar separation medium with online closed-loop mode

Natural glycosides widely distributed in medicinal plants are valuable sources of therapeutic agents, showing various pharmacological effects. The separation and purification of natural glycosides are meaningful for their pharmacological research, which face with great challenges due to the complex of medicinal plants samples. In this work, two kinds of functional monolithic separation mediums A and S were fabricated and fully applied in the online extraction, separation and purification of active glycoside components from medicinal plants with a simple-procedure closed-loop mode. Chrysophanol glucoside and physcion glucoside were detected and separated from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma using separation medium A as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent. Rhapontin was isolated and purified from Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Cheng et Kao using separation medium S as the stationary phase of high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to the reported literatures, high yield of 5.68, 1.20 and 4.76 mg g−1 of these three products were obtained with high purity. These two online closed-loop mode methods were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography system, in which the sample injection, isolation and purification procedures are all online mode, and reduced loss compared to offline extraction and purification procedures, thus achieving high recovery and high purity.

Concentration of Toxic Heavy Metals and Phytochemicals in a Medicinal Plant (Asclepias fruticosa) Collected Around Mining Areas in Brits, Pretoria

The use of African traditional medicine in rural and peri-urban areas is common due to its affordability and accessibility. The study aimed to determine the levels of toxic heavy metals in the medicinal plant (Asclepias fruticosa) samples collected around three mining areas in Brits using ICP-OES. The phytochemical screening analysis was done to indicate the absence or presence of different phytochemicals in the medicinal plant. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, and carbohydrates in Asclepias fruticosa collected from all the mining areas. The results of the heavy metals showed that the mean highest concentration for all the heavy metals was recorded for Mn from the leaves of the medicinal plants. The trend in the heavy metals accumulation was roots &gt; leaves &gt; stems from all the sites, and the differences were significant (p &lt; 0.05). The range of heavy metals in the plant was in the range Mn (12.33 ± 2.31-85.33 ± 51.07 μg.g-1), Zn (10.67 ± 0.58-60.33 ± 0.56 μg.g-1), Cr (3.43 ± 0.06 -34.90 ± 0.10 μg.g-1), Cu (8.67 ± 0.12-18.8 ± 1.57 μg.g-1), Ni (5.67 ± 0.12-23.23 ± 1.7 μg.g-1) and Pb (0.53 ± 0.013-1.59 ± 0.15 μg.g-1). The values of the heavy metals Cr, Zn, and Ni in the plant exceeded the recommended limits set by WHO for human consumption. Heavy metals in the medicinal plant were accumulated in the roots and not translocated to the stems and leaves. It is therefore recommended that communities staying around the mines should be discouraged from picking and using medicinal plants growing around the mines and should be educated on the safety of medicinal plants growing around the mines.

The Content of Heavy Metals in Medicinal Plants in Various Environmental Conditions: A Review

Nowadays people are becoming poisoned through the consumption of herbal remedies that comprise heavy metals (HMs) worldwide. It is possible for HMs to be present in pharmaceutical herb materials coming from anthropogenic activities like agriculture, industrial waste, and natural sources. In various ethnic groups, there is evidence that contaminants were purposefully added in the belief that they had some sort of therapeutic benefit. HM toxicity of medicinal plant products has been linked to a wide range of adverse health effects, causing dysfunction of the liver, kidney, and heart, and even death. Natural plant-based products established around the world have progressed to the point that they now combine a variety of synthetic products for their purported medical benefits. This assessment focuses on the impacts of HMs on plants, sources of HMs, herbal sample collection, and identification techniques, especially in medicinal plant samples. At the same time, it focuses on the sociocultural applications of HMs as well as the dangers associated with their usage in conventional therapies. It is necessary to implement appropriate regulation and monitoring systems for natural supplements due to the prevalence of hazardous HMs.

Occurrence and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Mining Degraded Soil and Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of Pb/Zn Sulfide Terrain Northern Areas, Pakistan

Mining activities have serious environmental impacts, thus releasing heavy metals (HMs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) into the surrounding environment. The current paper investigated the impacts of mining activities of Pb-Zn sulfide on soil and medicinal plants. Hence, soil samples (n = 36) and medicinal plants (n = 36) samples were collected, acid extracted and were analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for HMs quantification. Our results showed that mineralized zones showed high HMs enrichment levels as compared to non-mineralized zones. Various Indices for HMs assessment revealed that the contaminated soil of the study area had low to extreme level. The mean concentrations of HMs in mining degraded soil and medicinal plants were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) and were found in order of Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd and Cr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd respectively. Similarly, some widely consumable medicinal plants showed good metal accumulation for Cd, Cr and Pb i.e., 3.57mg kg1, 350mg kg-1 and 335mg kg-1 in C. sativa, while 5.9mg kg-1, 276.9mg kg-1 and 188.7mg kg-1 in R. hestatus respectively. Hence, the present study recommended that medicinal plants grown in mining areas should be analyzed for HMs concentration before consumption.

Identification of compounds present in two different Caatinga medicinal plants obtained in free markets in Senhor do Bonfim – BA

Medicinal plants of Brazilian native flora are consumed with little or no proof of its pharmacological properties, based only on users’ or traders’ reports. Although they are natural and, therefore, popularly considered free of side effects, medicinal plants’ toxicity is a serious public health concern, either because of the plant’s own compounds, either by adulterations or interaction with other medicines. Since these medicinal plants are usually sold in markets and free fairs by people without formal education, there may be labeling or manipulation problems, resulting in the absence of the desired effects or presence of adverse effects. In this work, compounds present in different medicinal plants samples found in Senhor do Bonfim free market (BA) were identified: six samples of Sene (Senna occidentalis; Fabaceae) and six samples of Umburana (Amburana cearensis; Fabaceae). For the compounds extraction of S. occidentalis, hydrodestilation was used, and for A. cearensis the compounds were extracted using maceration with hexane. All extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Compounds in both plants had a high variation among samples, which can mean either that some of the medicinal plants sold in free markets belong to a species different from the announced one or, at least, that compounds found in the sample had degraded between harvest and sale.

Multiple Mycotoxin Contamination in Medicinal Plants Frequently Sold in the Free State Province, South Africa Detected Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

Medicinal plants are important in the South African traditional healthcare system, the growth in the consumption has led to increase in trade through muthi shops and street vendors. Medicinal plants are prone to contamination with fungi and their mycotoxins. The study investigated multiple mycotoxin contamination using Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous detection of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3), Nivalenol (NIV), Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEN) in frequently sold medicinal plants. Medicinal plant samples (n = 34) were purchased and analyzed for the presence of eight mycotoxins. DON and NIV were not detected in all samples analyzed. Ten out of thirty-four samples tested positive for mycotoxins —AFB1 (10.0%); OTA (10.0%); FB1 (30.0%); FB2 (50.0%); FB3 (20.0%); and ZEN (30.0%). Mean concentration levels ranged from AFB1 (15 µg/kg), OTA (4 µg/kg), FB1 (7–12 µg/kg), FB2 (1–18 µg/kg), FB3 (1–15 µg/kg) and ZEN (7–183 µg/kg). Multiple mycotoxin contamination was observed in 30% of the positive samples with fumonisins. The concentration of AFB1 reported in this study is above the permissible limit for AFB1 (5 µg/kg). Fumonisin concentration did not exceed the limits set for raw maize grain (4000 µg/kg of FB1 and FB2). ZEN and OTA are not regulated in South Africa. The findings indicate the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination in frequently traded medicinal plants that poses a health risk to consumers. There is therefore a need for routine monitoring of multiple mycotoxin contamination, human exposure assessments using biomarker analysis and establishment of regulations and standards.

Kajian Etnobotani, Fitokimia Dan Bioaktifitas Tumbuhan Obat Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah

The people of District Sukoharjo in the Midle Java Province have traditionally use medicinal plants for maintaining their health and to cure their illness by using what so called Jamu Gendong. The verification, validation and standardization of these medicinal plants in general, as yet, are not satisfactory. In order to obtain the better understanding of this Jamu Gendong, the Study of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivity of Sukoharjo District has been carried out in 3 Sub-Districts in March 2021 started with an interview with 9 randomly selected traditional heales then continued by literature review, to find correlatioin between traditional use, chemical constiuents and bioaktivities of those medicinal. 12 medicinal plants samples with the the highest Use Value (UV) 1 owned by Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Galangal (Alpinia galanga), the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) Value 1 was owned by Kencur (Kaempferia galanga) and (Zingiber officinale) b and the highest Relative Importance (RI) 0.75 belonged to White Turmeric (Boesenbergia rotunda) and Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) were obtained. In general it can be concluded that most of medicinal plants used by people from the Sukoharjo District contained chemical consttiuents and bioactivities closely related to their traditional use. It is hoped that this work can be continued for more detailed work related to dosage, validatioan of the the usage, and state the standar of safety in order to obtain what is called verification, validation and standtrdization of traditional medicines

Extraction-HPLC Green Methodology for Determination of Phenolic Compounds from Fruits by using Brij-58 Surfactant.

A green, simple and cost-effective, validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) with UV detector has been developed an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of the most significant phenolic compounds viz. Gallic acid (GA), Quercetin (QC) and Ferulic acid (FA). The detection limit of GA, QC, FA was 0.303, 0.168, 0.0976μg/mL and quantitation limit was 0.918, 0.051, 0.295μg/mL, respectively. All parameters of planned validated method were carried out as per the ICH guidelines. This analytical method was applied to determine the phenolic compounds in fruits cultivated in India. Phenolic compounds in fruits extract were quantified using regression equations. This method can be scaled up to determine the alkaloids from several medicinal and poisonous plants samples in pharmaceutical, forensics and industrial areas.