Animal Medicine Research Articles

මාතර හෙළ වෙදකම පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක්

Hela wedakama is Sri Lanka’s local helth insurance system. That has existed since time immemorial.This was not introduced from any other country, but was produced by the ancient inhabitants of ourcountry. Traditional Hela medicine treats the three categories of human, animal and non-humanTraditional medicine helps in the prevention of physical, mental, infectious and non-infectious diseases.The specialties of Hela medicine are unique to each region and they differ from each other. Matararegion has been known as the birth place of Hela medicine since time immemorial. Matara Helavedakama is at the forefront in providing treatment for human and non-human categories as well asphysical, mental, infectious and non-infectious diseases. Matara Hela medicine is special, because it isbased on the practices of the area for disease prevention. Accordingly, the content and practices ofMatara Hela medicine were studied in this research. Data was collected through library reference, fieldstudy and interviews. According to the facts revealed in the study, it was possible to identify thepeculiarities of Hela medicine, that is unique to the Matara area.

Phage diversity in One Health.

One Health aims to bring together human, animal, and environmental research to achieve optimal health for all. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that kill bacteria and their utilisation as biocontrol agents in the environment and as therapeutics for animal and human medicine will aid in the achievement of One Health objectives. Here, we assess the diversity of phages used in One Health in the last 5 years and place them in the context of global phage diversity. Our review shows that 98% of phages applied in One Health belong to the class Caudoviricetes, compared to 85% of sequenced phages belonging to this class. Only three RNA phages from the realm Riboviria have been used in environmental biocontrol and human therapy to date. This emphasises the lack in diversity of phages used commercially and for phage therapy, which may be due to biases in the methods used to both isolate phages and select them for applications. The future of phages as biocontrol agents and therapeutics will depend on the ability to isolate genetically novel dsDNA phages, as well as in improving efforts to isolate ssDNA and RNA phages, as their potential is currently undervalued. Phages have the potential to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance, however, we are underutilising the vast diversity of phages present in nature. More research into phage genomics and alternative culture methods is required to fully understand the complex relationships between phages, their hosts, and other organisms in the environment to achieve optimal health for all.

Towards One health for All; Maintaining Human health in a town through Integration of an integrated scientific projects into a healthy landscaped site.

Chronic diseases in big town as a result of over crowded streets, waste pollutants and factories lead us to work suriously and regourously in order to provide a healthy environment suitable for traitment in ecological town with a suitable density of population for healthy living. In this research through landscape architecture and the concept of ONE HEALTH as well as the fabric space, we promote health for all through a modern healthy structure in Ouzera town with a salutogenic architecture. The research in the medical fields is also being developed by establishing an integrated scientific space in Ouzera town according to the local schema for mangement of Médéa territories for the 2030 horizons. This space is designated with landscape Architecture and one of its research structures proposed for design is a reserch center on animal medicine and productivity that implements the one health initiative.

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation in Geriatric Dogs and Cats

The word “geriatric” refers to the medicine of the elderly and it is used in veterinary medicine for animals that have completed 75% of their lifespan. As the size of an animal increases, the age at which they become geriatric decreases, therefore; geriatric age varies amongst different species and breeds. Homeostatic changes occur with increasing age and some diseases such as obesity, tumor formation, orthopedic disorders, cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders are frequently seen. Some breeds are genetically predisposed to such diseases. Thus, regular screening tests and clinical examinations are important for early diagnosis. Geriatric physiotherapy is a developing field that is noninvasive and, in some cases, can be used as a form of primary treatment or supportive treatment. Physiotherapy prevents muscle atrophy and reduces pain caused by inflammation all the while improving the patient’s quality of life. There is a wide range of different methods used in physiotherapy; TENS and NMES devices, passive and active movement exercises, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, massage, laser therapy, ECSWT and cryotherapy. However, treatment protocols are tailored by physicians to fit each patient’s needs depending on the disease and severity of the disease to be treated.

Selection for amoxicillin-, doxycycline-, and enrofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli at concentrations lower than the ECOFF in broiler-derived cecal fermentations.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging worldwide problem and a health threat for humans and animals. Antimicrobial usage in human and animal medicine or in agriculture results in selection for AMR. The selective concentration of antimicrobial compounds can be lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration and differs between environments, which can be a reason for bacterial resistance. Therefore, knowledge of the minimal selective concentration (MSC), under natural conditions, is essential to understand the selective window of bacteria when exposed to residual antimicrobials. In this study, we estimated the MSCs of three antimicrobials, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin in a complex microbial community by conducting fermentation assays with cecal material derived from broilers. We examined the phenotypic resistance of Escherichia coli, resistome, and microbiome after 6 and 30 hours of fermenting in the presence of the antimicrobials of interest. The concentrations were estimated to be 10-100 times lower than the epidemiological cut-off values in E. coli for the respective antimicrobials as determined by EUCAST, resulting in an MSC between 0.08 and 0.8 mg/L for amoxicillin, 0.4 and 4 mg/L for doxycycline, and 0.0125 and 0.125 mg/L for enrofloxacin. Additionally, resistome analysis provided an MSC for doxycycline between 0.4 and 4 mg/L, but amoxicillin and enrofloxacin exposure did not induce a significant difference. Our findings indicate at which concentrations there is still selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This knowledge can be used to manage the risk of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance possibly affects human and animal health, as well as economic prosperity in the future. The rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a consequence of using antimicrobial compounds in humans and animals selecting for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Concentrations reached during treatment are known to be selective for resistant bacteria. However, at which concentrations residues are still selective is important, especially for antimicrobial compounds that remain in the environment at low concentrations. The data in this paper might inform decisions regarding guidelines and regulations for the use of specific antimicrobials. In this study, we are providing these minimal selective concentrations for amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin in complex environments.

Perceptions of Evidence in the Veterinary Medicine of Pets

Veterinary medicine for small domestic animals (SDA) in Russia began its development in the 1990s and is currently undergoing professional formation, engaging in a dialogue with traditional agricultural veterinary medicine. Over the last decade, the evidence-based approach has been actively developing as a foundation for making informed decisions in various aspects of professional practice. SDA veterinary medicine, as a relatively young and emerging professional field within the conservative profession of veterinary medicine, is facing a legitimacy crisis. This crisis is related to the lack of specialized education in the pathology of dogs and cats, as well as the absence of treatment protocols for SDA approved by the professional community and the state. The evidence-based approach is the foundation of modern medicine and serves as a method of legitimizing SDA veterinary practice. It addresses the needs of the primary stakeholders: colleagues, government regulators in case of disputes, and animal owners as service consumers.

Composition and Potential Values of Species in the Agricultural Area of Kupang Indonesia

This research was conducted to investigate the composition and potential value of weeds species in an agricultural area of Kupang, Indonesia. Two sites (dry and wet site) were selected subjectively. In each site, three stands (100 m x 100 m) were placed subjectively and in each stand 25 plots (1 m x 1 m) were placed randomly (∑150 plots). In each plot, all weed present were recorded and their density and percentage cover calculated. Each species was grouped into broad-leaves, sedges, and grasses. To determine the potential value of the weeds, all weeds were grouped into whether they medicinal plants, animal feed or food ingredients. For each species, the number of individuals, dominance, frequency, and Importance Value Index (IVI) were calculated. Species diversity was also calculated using the Shannon-Wienner Diversity Index (H'). Overall, 46 weed species were found. The weeds with the highest IVI (>5.00%) were Panicum repens L (IVI 14.80%), Bolboschoenus maritimus L. Palla (IVI 10.32%), Alternanthera sessilis L (IVI 7.47%), Cyperus rotundus L, (IVI 6.97%), Digitaria ciliaris (IVI 6.69%), Cyperus elatus L (IVI 6.63%), and Ischaemum timorense Kunth (IVI 5.02%). In general, the composition of weeds between the dry and the wet sites were relatively different. Based on the number of species and diversity index, the weed community in the wet site was relatively higher than that in the dry site. Based on the IVI, the dry site tended to be dominated by grasses and broad leaves while the wet site tended to be dominated by sedges. Based on IVI, 42.80% of all the weed species present had the potential to be used as medicinal plants, 39.81% as animal feed, and 17.39% as human food. Overall, most weed species studied had the potential to be used as medicinal plants, animal feed, and food ingredients. The potential of this weed needs to be studied more deeply in the future, including their use as an alternative source of medicine and food, especially as demand increases in the future.

Exploring the Confluence of Animal Medicine and its Implications for Human Health: A Systematic Literature Review.

The abuse of veterinary drugs has emerged as a concerning trend, with global fatalities on the rise. Our understanding of this phenomenon remains limited. This study aims to identify the veterinary drugs being misused, the reasons behind their misuse, and how they are obtained. Utilising PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, along with related grey literature, we applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework for data collection. Screening and cross-referencing yielded 66 relevant articles, encompassing case reports, surveys, reports, and systemic literature reviews. The analysis identified 28 distinct veterinary drugs being misused in humans, primarily falling into categories, e.g., α-2- and β-2-adrenergic receptor agonists, GABAergic receptor modulators, opioid receptor agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. These drugs were used for various purposes, including recreational use, weight loss, bodybuilding, pain relief, and self-medication for stress-related symptoms. Routes of administration predominantly included parenteral, oral, and inhalation methods. Veterinary workers/assistants and individuals connected to animals were identified as contributors to the misuse of these medications. Motivations for their utilisation ranged from affordability and accessibility to the ease of obtaining multiple prescriptions from various veterinary sources, often in conjunction with other illicit substances. Dependence and addiction were common outcomes of the misuse of veterinary medicines by humans. Overall, this systematic review underscores the increasing popularity of veterinary prescription drug misuse despite being under-reported with limited available data. Healthcare professionals are urged to remain vigilant to potential overdose events involving these medications.

Epidemiology of Canine Wei Syndrome and Its Hemorheology Characteristics.

Canine paraplegia is a common condition in small animal medicine, referred to as Wei Syndrome (WS) in Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM). Common clinical manifestations encompass hind limb paralysis, motor dysfunction, muscle atrophy, and the absence of pain perception. WS is considered a difficult-to-treat disease in small animal practice. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of canine WS and the characteristics of hemorheology. A total of 53 dogs with WS and 53 healthy dogs were included in this study. A retrospective case-controlled study design was employed. Data regarding the gender, season of WS occurrence, breed, and age of dogs with WS, as well as hemorheology from dogs with WS and healthy dogs, were collected and analyzed using SPSS 27.0. The study findings revealed that male dogs were more susceptible to WS (77.36%, 41/53). WS cases occurred more frequently in Winter (33.96%, 18/53), and were commonly found in Poodle breeds (43.40%, 23/53). The most affected age of WS was between 3 and 6 years old (54.72%, 29/53). Except for plasma viscosity and fibrinogen, the hemorheology indices of canine WS were significantly higher than those of healthy dogs (p < 0.05), especially in male dogs, Poodles and Bulldogs, those between 3 to 10 years, and in Autumn and Winter. This study provides evidence that male Poodles and Bulldogs aged 3 to 6 years are more prone to developing WS, with Winter being the season of high disease incidence. Abnormal hemorheology is a characteristic feature in dogs with WS, which should be considered during the treatment of WS.

Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Drugs Prescription Pattern in Small Animal Clinical Practice in Ogun State, Nigeria

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge in veterinary and human health, leading to monitoring of resistance and promotion of responsible antimicrobial use. This survey assessed the use of antimicrobials among government veterinarians in Ogun state, Nigeria. Clinicians were requested to fill questionnaires designed to extract information on the frequency of antibiotics use, antibiotic prescription patterns and evaluation of perception on AMR and use of antibiotics with compromised efficacy in veterinary practice in the last three years. Fifty-two (52) questionnaires were administered and duly completed upon return. Data analysis showed 100% awareness of AMR with 80.8% (42/52) agreeing to have encountered AMR in the course of managing small animal cases. The tetracycline class of antibiotics 49(94.2%) was the most prescribed, followed by aminoglycosides 40(76.9%) and fluoroquinolones 35(67.3%). Empirical therapy (34/52) 65.4% is the most common treatment option among clinicians while 18 (34.6%) out of 52 clinicians performed antibiotic susceptibility testing along with laboratory diagnosis as treatment guide. Furthermore, 75.0% of the respondents affirmed administering antibiotics formulated for human use in small animal treatment. Thirty-three (63.5%) respondents administered human antimicrobials in animals according to the recommended dosage in humans. This survey identified that AMR was common in small animals in the state studied and this may be due to the irrational use of antibiotics. Promoting antimicrobial stewardship in small animal medicine therefore is paramount to mitigating antimicrobial resistance and data obtained from this study will contribute to developing evidence-based policy on the rational use of antibiotics in small animal practice in Nigeria.

Sewage sludge fertilization affects microbial community structure and its resistome in agricultural soils

Global sewage sludge production is rapidly increasing, and its safe disposal is becoming an increasingly serious issue. One of the main methods of municipal sewage sludge management is based on its agricultural use. The wastewater and sewage sludge contain numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and its microbiome differs significantly from the soil microbial community. The aim of the study was to assess the changes occurring in the soil microbial community and resistome after the addition of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in central Poland, from which the sludge is used for fertilizing agricultural soils on a regular basis. This study used a high-throughput shotgun metagenomics approach to compare the microbial communities and ARGs present in two soils fertilized with sewage sludge. The two soils represented different land uses and different physicochemical and granulometric properties. Both soils were characterized by a similar taxonomic composition of the bacterial community, despite dissimilarities between soils properties. Five phyla predominated, viz. Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes, and they were present in comparable proportions in both soils. Network analysis revealed that the application of sewage sludge resulted in substantial qualitative and quantitative changes in bacterial taxonomic profile, with most abundant phyla being considerably depleted and replaced by Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes. In addition, the ratio of oligotrophic to copiotrophic bacteria substantially decreased in both amended soils. Furthermore, fertilized soils demonstrated greater diversity and richness of ARGs compared to control soils. The increased abundance concerned mainly genes of resistance to antibiotics most commonly used in human and animal medicine. The level of heavy metals in sewage sludge was low and did not exceed the standards permitted in Poland for sludge used in agriculture, and their level in fertilized soils was still inconsiderable.

Giving a voice to “the silent killer”: a knowledge, attitude and practice study of diabetes among French Guiana’s Parikweneh people

BackgroundThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the French overseas department of French Guiana, South America, nearly doubles that in its European counterpart, Metropolitan France. This region is demographically diverse and includes several populations of Indigenous Peoples. Although such populations are at particular risk of developing T2D across the Americas, very little is known about their health status in French Guiana, and accurate numbers of diabetic patients do not exist.MethodsIn light of a potential public health crisis, an ethnomedicinal study of diabetes experienced by Indigenous Parikweneh was conducted to provide better insight into the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to this quickly emerging disease in French Guiana. Altogether, 75 interviews were conducted with community members and Elders, as well as healthcare professionals and administrators providing services to the Parikweneh population of Macouria and Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock.ResultsInterviews suggest a high incidence of T2D in this population, with cases that have risen quickly since the mid-twentieth century. Parikweneh participants linked the development of the illness to dietary changes, notably through the introduction of new and sweet foods. Recognizing the complexity of diabetes and its symptoms, diabetic patients highlighted the importance of biomedical treatments and follow-ups, though they frequently alternated or used them concomitantly with Parikweneh medicines. With the help of biomedical tools (i.e. glucometer), local medicinal practices mirrored biomedical approaches through dietary adaptation and the use of medicinal animals and plants for glycaemic control and the treatment of complications from the disease.ConclusionParikweneh are appropriating T2D into their knowledge system and adapting their health system in response to this relatively new health concern. A greater understanding of local practices and perceptions relating to T2D among medical staff may therefore be beneficial for meeting patients’ needs, providing greater autonomy in their health path, and improving treatment outcomes.

Anatomy of the Right and Left Ventricular Subvalvular Apparatus of the Horse (Equus caballus).

Due to the growing interest among veterinarians and the increasing market demands, the development of equine cardiology is necessary. Currently, veterinary medicine for companion animals needs to catch up to human medicine-equine medicine included. A common condition in older horses is aortic valve regurgitation resulting from fibrosis, while its more severe form occurs in younger horses or develops due to a bacterial infection. Mitral valve regurgitation, especially dangerous due to the possibility of sudden death, has a better prognosis if the horse has valve prolapse. Tricuspid valve regurgitation usually does not pose a clinical problem, although its severe cases may lead to heart failure. Some pathologies can be treated surgically, which requires excellent knowledge of anatomy. The object of this study consisted of twenty domestic horse hearts. The focus was on the normal and comparative anatomy of the left and right subvalvular apparatus. The number of muscular bellies of the papillary muscles and the type of connection of the muscles were analysed. Moreover, the height of muscle originating from the ventricle wall was determined, the morphological regularity of the papillary muscle was assessed, and the chordae tendineae originating from the papillary muscles were examined. The conducted research allowed for comparing domestic horses with different species through other studies, the authors of which described this particular aspect. Interspecies similarities which may be correlated with the evolutionary relatedness, as well as differences that could reflect adaptation to different lifestyles, environmental conditions, or metabolic requirements of the animals, have been found. This study expands the knowledge of animals' normal and comparative anatomy, and contributes to the development of veterinary surgery, internal medicine, and biology.

Letters or not, here we come! A communal perspective on credentials needed for a productive career in veterinary pathology.

Veterinary pathology credentials serve as a concise means attesting to educational attainments and experiences indicating a readiness for professional practice. Given the cost, time, and stress associated with obtaining different qualifications, pathologists must consider what credentials enhance their readiness. In this commentary, the authors describe how their various degrees and certifications have facilitated their individual and organizational success. The minimum credentials for proficient veterinary pathology practice are a veterinary medical degree (DVM or equivalent) and advanced pathology training (residency and/or on-the-job "apprenticeship") ideally culminating in board certification in pathology (American College of Veterinary Pathologists [ACVP] diplomate status or equivalent). Graduate degrees (MS, PhD, MPH, etc) and/or other qualifications in allied biomedical fields (eg, board certification in internal medicine, laboratory animal medicine, poultry medicine, preventive medicine, or toxicology) may improve employability by affirming specialty knowledge in another complementary discipline. The authors note that pathology positions may be obtained without a long list of degrees or certifications, and that more credentials may provide occupational flexibility for some employers. However, a good work ethic, experience in the field, ability to adapt to changes, job satisfaction, good attitude, and demonstrated productivity are also important, and indeed, they are often the paramount criteria for career success as a veterinary pathologist.

Prevalence and distribution of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in companion animals: A nationwide study in the United States using commercial laboratory data.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a concern in both human and animal medicine globally. Despite extensive research in humans, limited data exist on CRE in companion animals, with a lack of nationwide prevalence estimates. To assess the occurrence and trends of CRE in cats and dogs across the United States by analyzing 4 years of commercial antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data. Between 2019 and 2022, 477 426 ASTs were conducted on Enterobacterales isolates against imipenem. Isolates were derived from 379 598 dogs and 97 828 cats. Animal origin was not disclosed. In this retrospective study, antimicrobial susceptibility test data from IDEXX Laboratories were analyzed. Analysis included resistance estimations to imipenem stratified by sampling site, an assessment of resistance patterns over time and location, and the application of space-time cluster analysis to identify potential outbreaks. Antibiograms were produced for carbapenem-resistant isolates. Susceptibility to imipenem was high, at 98.86%. Temporal analysis indicated stability in susceptibility, with an unexplained reduction in susceptible isolates in June 2019. Spatial analysis identified 2 high-risk clusters along the Western Coast (relative risk [RR]: 23.26; P < .001) and in Texas (RR: 10.72; P < .001) in that month. Three other clusters were found, in Missouri (RR: 39.55; P = .038), Florida (RR: 4.53; P < .001), and New York (RR: 9.20; P < .001). CRE are present at a low prevalence in dogs and cats across the United States. Variations in prevalence across patient-level and environmental factors highlight the need for tailored stewardship programs.

Ethnozoological study of medicinal animals used by the inhabitants of the Kucha District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

BackgroundAn ethnozoological study of medicinal animals in the Kucha district, Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia, was conducted to investigate and document the use of traditional medicinal animals and the associated indigenous knowledge. Tribal people still make abundant use of animals and their parts to manage diseases in humans and even livestock.MethodA cross sectional study design and purposively sampling techniques were used. Data were collected from 132 respondents based on semi structured questionnaires. Focus group discussions (FGD) and Key informant interviews (KII) were conducted; Fidelity level (FL), Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and Informants’ consensus factor (ICF) were used to analyze species preference and importance.ResultsA total of 24 medicinal animals were identified with 13 species (54.2%) being mammals of which 5 species (20.8%) dominated. They were followed by arthropods, reptiles and fishes. Seven out of the total were domestic species (29%) and 17 (70%) were wild animals. The majority of these animals, i.e. 22 (91.7%), were used to treat human ailments; whereas 2 (8.3%) were used to treat livestock ailments. The ICF values varied from 0.8 to 1.The highest FL value (98%) was linked to the cow (cattle), the lowest (1.5%) to the scorpion. The RFC value (1.0) was highest for the cow and lowest (0.02) for the scorpion. Honey, milk, and butter were the most commonly used therapeutic animal products, but regarding direct uses, fresh/raw meat dominated. Out of ten ailment categories, headaches had the lowest ICF value (0.8). All others scored at least 0.9.ConclusionsIn rural areas, sick people often do not only have limited access to modern medical facilities, they actually prefer traditional treatments considering them to be more reliable and effective. It is therefore important to focus on documenting, conserving, and safeguarding the indigenous knowledge so that strategies to manage the traditional wisdom can be implemented in the future. To achieve these goals, it is important to make sure that medicinal animal species are available in sufficient numbers and neither threatened by habitat changes or overexploitation.

Zootherapy and ethnozoological studies of Medicinal animals and their products used by the tribal communities in Goa

Zootherapy and ethnozoological studies of Medicinal animals and their products used by the tribal communities in Goa

Ethnomedicinal Resources of a Newar Community in Gorkha, Nepal

Ethnobiology offers valuable insights into medicinal plants and animals, and their sustainable domestication and management. We explored the traditional medico-ethnobiological knowledge within a Newar community in Gorkha. We collected primary data through interviews, observations, and identified 49 plant and 11 animal species being used for treating ailments locally. Indigenous knowledge transmission mainly involved elders, healers, and parents. We also observed potentially eroding traditional knowledge among the younger generation. School and teachers had limited influence in passing on this knowledge. Preserving this wisdom requires community-focused traditional knowledge transfer mechanisms to integrate local wisdom into conservation and management efforts.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Fel Ursi and Its Common Adulterants Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MSE and Chemometrics.

As one of the four most valuable animal medicines, Fel Ursi, named Xiong Dan (XD) in China, has the effect of clearing heat, calming the liver, and brightening the eyes. However, due to the special source of XD and its high price, other animals' bile is often sold as XD or mixed with XD on the market, seriously affecting its clinical efficacy and consumers' rights and interests. In order to realize identification and adulteration analysis of XD, UHPLC-QTOF-MSE and multivariate statistical analysis were used to explore the differences in XD and six other animals' bile. XD, pig gall (Zhu Dan, ZD), cow gall (Niu Dan, ND), rabbit gallbladder (Tu Dan, TD), duck gall (Yan Dan, YD), sheep gall (Yang Dan, YND), and chicken gall (Ji Dan, JD) were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MSE, and the MS data, combined with multivariate analysis methods, were used to distinguish between them. Meanwhile, the potential chemical composition markers that contribute to their differences were further explored. The results showed that XD and six other animals' bile can be distinguished from each other obviously, with 27 ions with VIP > 1.0. We preliminarily identified 10 different bile acid-like components in XD and the other animals' bile with significant differences (p < 0.01) and VIP > 1.0, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid, Glycohyodeoxycholic acid, and Glycodeoxycholic acid. The developed method was efficient and rapid in accurately distinguishing between XD and six other animals' bile. Based on the obtained chemical composition markers, it is beneficial to strengthen quality control for bile medicines.

Zoonoses-specific resources, collaborative networks, and enhanced communication can help US veterinarians tackle zoonotic diseases: results from a national survey.

Increased incidence of zoonoses, coupled with veterinarians' occupational exposure, led to this study examining the knowledge of licensed US veterinarians on zoonoses and their disease prevention practices. This online survey supported by the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians received 466 responses from 36 US states; 67% of the respondents were female, and 72.5% were small animal medicine practitioners. The One Health concept was familiar among 82% of respondents, 51.3% knew of continuing education training on zoonoses, and 68% had attended such a training in the last 5 years. Respondents were unaware of which zoonoses to report to public health departments. For 3 out of 8 questions on standard operating procedures, statistically significant differences in protocols followed among small, large, and mixed animal medicine practitioners were observed. Most respondents believed they play a critical role in zoonoses prevention but would like more information on zoonotic diseases. Results indicate that assisting veterinarians with regularly updated information on zoonoses, providing targeted education and training to adhere to standardized infection control measures, and increasing communication with public health agencies and physicians may help prevent and reduce incidence of zoonoses.