Acad Psychiatry DOI 10.1007/s40596-016-0496-0 IN DEPTH ARTICLE: COMMENTARY Convergence Science Arrives: How Does It Relate to Psychiatry? Harris A. Eyre 1 & Helen Lavretsky 2 & Malcolm Forbes 3 & Cyrus Raji 4 & Gary Small 2 & Patrick McGorry 5 & Bernhard T. Baune 1 & Charles Reynolds III 6 Received: 28 February 2015 / Accepted: 25 January 2016 # Academic Psychiatry 2016 Convergence (from the Latin convergere, to “incline togeth- er”) encompasses the juncture between diverse industries, cul- tures, departments, and disciplines. It is the node where tradi- tional concepts meld, intersect, clash, and cross-pollinate. Convergence is the point from which novel insights arise, which has been termed the Medici Effect, for its role in cata- lyzing the Renaissance [1]. Convergence science was recently defined and promoted in two large reports [2, 3]. It was defined as “an approach to problem solving that cuts across disciplinary boundaries. It integrates knowledge, tools, and thought strategies from var- ious fields for tackling challenges that exist at the interfaces of multiple fields” ([2], p. 13). In the context of medical science, convergence involves integration of computer science, phys- ics, mathematics, engineering, medicine, the arts, chemistry, and biology; synergy between government, academia, and industry is also vital. Convergence, or transdisciplinary * Harris A. Eyre Harris.eyre@gmail.com University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA science, is suggested to surpass interdisciplinary and multi- disciplinary science via a more comprehensive integration. After single disciplinary approaches, multi-disciplinarity jux- taposes two or more disciplines focused on a question, prob- lem, topic, or theme. The disciplines remain distinct, and existing knowledge is not questioned. Interdisciplinarity in- volves more comprehensive integration, again, whereby a blending of diverse perspectives offers more than the sum of the parts. Transdisciplinarity offers an even more comprehen- sive intellectual and social integration of paradigms, systems, theories, disciplines with problem-oriented research, and de- velopment. Convergence is uniquely characterized by the cre- ation of these novel conceptualizations and methodologic ap- proaches. Convergence is also unique because it explores op- portunities at the interface of scientific disciplines, but it is not the only way to advance science [2]. Convergence aims to foster mutual learning, innovative collaborations, and a trans- disciplinary language and knowledge integration to solve spe- cific problems [2]. A diagrammatic overview of the differ- ences between uni-, multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary sci- ences are outlined in Fig. 1. Importantly, there are still ongoing debates around the differentiation between inter- and transdis- ciplinary approaches to science and medical innovation [4]. Modern psychiatric research problems are characterized by their complexity, multi-systemic nature, and broad societal impact, hence making them poorly suited to siloed approaches of thinking and innovation. Psychiatry involves the integra- tion of insights from the mind, the brain, and behavior. The promotion of convergent approaches to psychiatry is thus im- portant for improving mental health. Convergence psychiatry is a novel term and refers to the expressed embedding of convergence science into the clinical psychiatric context, which may occur by engaging clinicians, researchers, and
Read full abstract